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<onlyinclude>Over the past century, the United States has witnessed two large-scale social trends involving [[Women in Entrepreneurship|women in entrepreneurship]] that have had a significant impact on the country's economic growth. First, huge numbers of women have made their way into the official labor force. Around this time 50 years ago (February 1966), women's labor force participation rate was 39.6%, but in February 2016, 56.8% of women participated in the labor force [https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/LNS11300002]. This demonstrates substantial growth in women's entry to the labor force participation rates. Second, women are achieving a higher degree of education than in years past. As labor market barriers to women have been lowered, the benefits of a college education grew have grown more for women than men, and females now outpace males in college enrollment. [http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/03/06/womens-college-enrollment-gains-leave-men-behind/] </onlyinclude>This has provided women with similar access to the same jobs as men. However, these trends have slowed from their early twenty-first century spikes; room for growth is smaller now than it was before. Economists predict that economic growth from these two trends is unlikely to be repeated to the same magnitude. With this, everyone is looking for the modern-day economy-boosting equivalent to women's entry to the labor force. Given the rising share of women among educated workers, it seems clear that the future of American economic growth is in the hands of women. Encouraging women to enter into fields of entrepreneurship, particularly high-growth entrepreneurship, might be the United States' silver bullet.
However, these trends have slowed from their early twenty-first century spikes; room for growth is smaller now than it was before. Economists predict that economic growth from these two trends is unlikely to be repeated to the same magnitude. With this, everyone is looking for the modern-day economy-boosting equivalent to women entering the labor force and achieving higher education. Given the slowing rates of business creation, the long-term pessimism about growth in the United States, and the rising share of women among educated workers, it seems clear that the future of American economic growth is in the hands of women. Encouraging women to enter into fields of entrepreneurship, particularly high-growth entrepreneurship, might be the United State's silver bullet.==Status Quo==
This issue brief aims to examine We examined all leaders in companies from 1980-2016 who have the role titles of either chariman, CEO, CFO, COO, CIO, CTO, board member, President, Vice President, Founder, and Director. Of company members with those titles, only 29.8% were women. Of those women in entrepreneurship today by examining their jobs leaders, 22% were CEOs, 14% chairwomen, 27% CFOs, 26% COOs, 31% CIOs, 12% CTOs, 25% board members, 20% presidents, 34% vice presidents, 23% founders, and 39% directors. (or lack thereoffrom tables, PercentWomenXCompany, where X is job title) in entrepreneurship and examine the effectiveness of current policy related to women in entrepreneurship.
==Status Quo==Generally, the percentage of women in "leadership roles" in companies has trended upwards since 1980. (from companywomentot table) However, the number of women CEOs over the past two decades has not dramatically increased or decreased, aside from a dramatic upward spike in women CEOs during 2015. (from PercentWomenCEOCompanybyyear table) Grouped by state, Michigan has highest percentage of women in leadership in its companies, coming in at 37.5%. Texas has 26.6%. Wyoming has a whopping 0%. (from womenstates) These data show that of the women listed as "Company Executives", only a very small percentage have positions of power. However, this number has grown since 1980, which demonstrates a slow but positive growth of women in executive positions in general.
*put our research info here*===Info from external sources===
→Our research
[[Women in Entrepreneurship Lit Review]]
=The Paper=
==Introduction==
This issue brief aims to examine the role of women in entrepreneurship today by examining their jobs (or lack thereof) in entrepreneurship related fields, and examine the effectiveness of current policy related to women in entrepreneurship.
===Our research===
Overall, women-owned businesses account for slightly less than 1/3 of all businesses in the United States. At first glance the statistics portray a positive picture for the field's growth: the number of women-owned firms has grown 68 percent since 2007, compared to only 47 percent for all businesses. [http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/04/women-are-owning-more-and-more-small-businesses/390642/]. However, these women owned businesses are typically only run by the woman herself; among employer firms, women-owned businesses account for only 16% of the total, and their shares of revenue and employees are in the single digits. [http://www.kauffman.org/~/media/kauffman_org/research%20reports%20and%20covers/2014/11/sources_of_economic_hope_womens_entrepreneurship.pdf]
The few women in entrepreneurial leadership roles also have to deal with negative societal perceptions of their jobs. According to data from a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, 43% of Americans believe that the U.S. is not prepared to hire women for top-tier executive positions. A relatively smaller, but still significant, number of Americans (23%) believe that women don’t have the time to hold an executive position, given their “family responsibilities”. [http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/09/where-can-female-entrepreneurs-find-the-most-success/406987/]
The American public's generally negative perception of women in entrepreneurship presents itself institutionally as well. Even though female founders perform equal to or better than their male counterparts when raising money online, only 10 percent of startups which raised Series A last year had female founders. 90% of today's venture capital funds never see a female founder. [http://www.inc.com/lisa-calhoun/30-surprising-facts-about-female-founders.html] Texas claims the worst record of supporting women seeking venture capital. Last year, 42 Texas startups got Series A rounds, yet not a single startup had female founders. In terms of venture capital structure, ninety-four percent of decision makers at venture capital funds are male, and 90% of today's venture capital funds never see a female founder. Among chief executives of S.&P. 1500 firms, for each woman, there are four men named John, Robert, William or James. [http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/03/upshot/fewer-women-run-big-companies-than-men-named-john.html?_r=2] But venture capital firms with women partners are more than twice as likely to invest in companies with a woman on the executive team and three times as likely to invest in companies with women CEOs.
Though at first glance women-owned business growth seems striking, the numbers are deceptive in that their shares of revenue and employees are in single digits. Furthermore, women who do go into entrepreneurship face societal disapproval of their actions, with a plurality of Americans believing not only that the country is not prepared to hire women to executive positions, but also that women are incapable of holding these positions due to their family responsibilities. Further, women get start-up capital for their companies 2-3 times as often from women-led VC funds, but only 6% of decision makers at VC funds are women. It's no wonder women are vastly underrepresented in this field.
Jessica Milli, senior research associate at the Institute of Women’s Policy Research, said things like the Jobs Act and SBA's programs for women "really aim to put women-owned businesses...at a competitive advantage. (They) restrict competition, which has really helped to boost revenues and help more businesses get into the industry.” But such policies can’t, and haven't, solved all the challenges inherent to being a female entrepreneur. Even with targeted legislation, women business owners still face a significant wage gap and continually have smaller amounts of start-up capital than their male peers.
==Conclusion==
As women's prevalence in the United States workforce has increased, the United States has experienced an economic boom. However, women's numbers are still small in entrepreneurial fields, and even more microscopic in leadership positions in those fields. Current policy fails because it doesn't properly address women's lack of access to capital and mentorship. Moving forward, the United States must seek strategies to incentivize more women to enter the entrepreneurial workforce.
=The Research=
*SQL info can also be found on researcher@128.42.44.181 in the Women folder. Called "women.sql".
==creating basic tables==
DROP TABLE companyreal;
CREATE TABLE companyreal(
datefounded date,
companyname varchar(100),
prefix varchar(5),
firstname varchar(100),
lastname varchar(100),
jobtitle varchar(100),
companystate varchar(100),
companycity varchar(100),
industrygroup varchar(100),
amtinvestedthous float,
rounds int
);
\COPY companyreal FROM 'womencompanieslast-normal.txt' WITH DELIMITER AS E'\t' HEADER NULL AS '' CSV
--129536
DROP TABLE fundreal;
CREATE TABLE fundreal(
datefounded date,
fundname varchar(100),
prefix varchar(5),
firstname varchar(100),
lastname varchar(100),
jobtitle varchar(100),
fundstate varchar(100),
fundcity varchar(100),
fundtargetsizemil float,
firmname varchar(100)
);
\COPY fundreal FROM 'womenfundslast-normal.txt' WITH DELIMITER AS E'\t' HEADER NULL AS '' CSV
--156005
==adding variable where if person is woman, adds value of 1 to their name==
DROP TABLE manwomanfund;
CREATE TABLE manwomanfund AS
SELECT prefix, lastname, datefounded, jobtitle, fundname, fundcity, fundstate,
removeinitial(firstname) as firstname,
CASE WHEN prefix='Ms' THEN 1::int
WHEN prefix='Mr' THEN 0::int
ELSE Null::int END AS womanman FROM fundreal;
--156005
DROP TABLE manwomancompany;
CREATE TABLE manwomancompany AS
SELECT prefix, lastname, datefounded, jobtitle, companyname, companycity, companystate, industrygroup,
removeinitial(firstname) as firstname, amtinvestedthous, rounds,
CASE WHEN prefix='Ms' THEN 1::int
WHEN prefix='Mr' THEN 0::int
ELSE Null::int END AS womanman FROM companyreal;
--129536
==for people without a prefix, trying to assign gender variable to them based on list of common names==
DROP TABLE manwomanfund2;
CREATE TABLE manwomanfund2 AS
SELECT datefounded, prefix, firstname, lastname, fundname, jobtitle, womanman AS origwomanman, mf,
fundcity, fundstate,
CASE WHEN womanman IS NULL AND mf IS NOT NULL THEN mf
WHEN womanman IS NOT NULL THEN womanman
ELSE NULL::int END AS womanman
FROM manwomanfund LEFT JOIN commonnamesclean ON firstname = name
WHERE firstname IS NOT NULL;
--152819
DROP TABLE manwomancompany2;
CREATE TABLE manwomancompany2 AS
SELECT datefounded, prefix, firstname, lastname, companyname, jobtitle, womanman AS origwomanman, mf,
companycity, companystate, industrygroup, rounds, amtinvestedthous,
CASE WHEN womanman IS NULL AND mf IS NOT NULL THEN mf
WHEN womanman IS NOT NULL THEN womanman
ELSE NULL::int END AS womanman
FROM manwomancompany LEFT JOIN commonnamesclean ON lower(firstname) = lower(name)
WHERE firstname IS NOT NULL;
--123278
--%, state, city, round no
==me playing around, these tables not relevant==
DROP TABLE fundWomenCEOs;
CREATE TABLE fundwomentot AS
SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM datefounded), AVG(womanman) AS PercentWomen
FROM manwomanfund2 GROUP BY EXTRACT(YEAR FROM datefounded);
--37
DROP TABLE companyWomen;
CREATE TABLE companywomentot AS
SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM datefounded), AVG(womanman) AS PercentWomen
FROM manwomancompany2 GROUP BY EXTRACT(YEAR FROM datefounded);
--36
DROP TABLE womencompanystate;
CREATE TABLE womencompanystate AS
SELECT companystate, AVG(womanman) AS WomenPerState
FROM manwomancompany2 GROUP BY companystate;
--51
DROP TABLE womenfundstate;
CREATE TABLE womencfundstate AS
SELECT fundstate, AVG(womanman) AS WomenPerState
FROM manwomanfund2 GROUP BY fundstate;
--51
DROP TABLE womencompanycity;
CREATE TABLE womencompanycity AS
SELECT companycity, AVG(womanman) AS WomenPerCity
FROM manwomancompany2 GROUP BY companycity;
==assigning variable to titles==
DROP TABLE titles01;
CREATE TABLE titles01(
title varchar(100),
chairman int,
CEO int,
CFO int,
COO int,
CIO int,
CTO int,
boardmember int,
president int,
vicepresident int,
founder int,
director int
);
\COPY titles01 FROM 'impotitleslast.txt' WITH DELIMITER AS E'\t' HEADER NULL AS '' CSV
DROP TABLE title02;
==massive conglomeration table==
DROP TABLE ManWomanCompany3;
CREATE TABLE ManWomanCompany3 AS
SELECT Manwomancompany2.*,
CASE WHEN chairman IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS chairman,
CASE WHEN CEO IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS CEO,
CASE WHEN CFO IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS CFO,
CASE WHEN COO IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS COO,
CASE WHEN CIO IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS CIO,
CASE WHEN CTO IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS CTO,
CASE WHEN boardmember IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS boardmember,
CASE WHEN president IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS president,
CASE WHEN vicepresident IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS vicepresident,
CASE WHEN founder IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS founder,
CASE WHEN director IS NOT NULL THEN 1::int ELSE 0::int END AS director
FROM ManwomanCompany2
LEFT JOIN titles01 ON manwomancompany2.jobtitle=titles01.title;
==tables for percent of women in a given job title==
DROP TABLE PercentWomenCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3;
--.29812
DROP TABLE PercentWomenCEOsCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenCEOsCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE ceo = 1;
--.22597
DROP TABLE PercentWomenChairmanCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenChairmanCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE chairman = 1;
--.142417
DROP TABLE PercentWomenCFOCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenCFOCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE cfo = 1;
--.27087
DROP TABLE PercentWomenCOOCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenCOOCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE coo = 1;
--.26353
DROP TABLE PercentWomenCIOCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenCIOCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE cio = 1;
--.31707
DROP TABLE PercentWomenCTOCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenCTOCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE cto = 1;
--.12588
DROP TABLE PercentWomenboardmemberCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenboardmemberCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE boardmember = 1;
--.2545
DROP TABLE PercentWomenPresidentCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenPresidentCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE president = 1;
--.19646
DROP TABLE PercentWomenVPCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenVPCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE vicepresident = 1;
--.3468
DROP TABLE PercentWomenfounderCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomenfounderCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE founder = 1;
--.2394
DROP TABLE PercentWomendirectorCompany;
CREATE TABLE PercentWomendirectorCompany AS
SELECT sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 WHERE director = 1;
--.38625
==table for finding percentage of women in companies by state==
DROP TABLE womenstates;
CREATE TABLE womenstates AS
SELECT companystate, sum(mf)/count(mf) FROM ManWomanCompany3 GROUP BY companystate;
==Example output data==
Year CEOs Founders Start-ups Partners FundExecs
-------------------------------------------------------------
1980 2% 2% 4% 1% 2%
1981 ...
*Table on money raised?
*Data on likelihood of follow-on round
==still to do:==
#this data still discounts a (small) percentage of data (doctors who didn't have a common name)
#have data organized, now we need to figure out how to extract it in meaningful terms for the report.
