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 ==About==Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up key words papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data.The academic papers can be found in E drive -> McNair -> Projects -> Agglomeration -> Literature Review. ==Startups==Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil. Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2) @article{peer_are_2013, title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival}, volume = {28}, issn = {0883-9026}, shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004}, abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup densityexperiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-10-31}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas}, month = may, year = {2013}, keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival}, pages = {354--372} Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2) @article{peer_who_2008, title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises}, volume = {6}, issn = {1476-1270}, shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007}, doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007}, abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984—98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-10-31}, journal = {Strategic Organization}, author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew}, month = may, year = {2008}, pages = {119--149} Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2) @techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014, address = {Rochester, NY}, title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668}, abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.}, number = {ID 2518668}, urldate = {2017-11-06}, institution = {Social Science Research Network}, author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.}, month = sep, year = {2014}, keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg} Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262. @article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005, clustering title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process}, volume = {17}, issn = {0898-5626}, shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs}, url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049} doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049}, abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-10-28}, journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development}, author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars}, month = mar, year = {2005}, pages = {109--127} Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2). @article{chatman_firm_2016, title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}}, volume = {2598}, issn = {0361-1981}, url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01}, doi = {10.3141/2598-01}, abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomerationwhile controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.}, urldate = {2017-10-31}, journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board}, author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.}, month = jan, year = {2016}, pages = {1--10}

Venture Capitalists Clusters and Cooperative Start-up Commercialization Strategy entrepreneurship by David HMercedes Delgado. HsuFit in category (1) and (2) @article{hsu_venture_2006delgado_clusters_2010, title = {Venture {Capitalists} Clusters and {Cooperative} {Start}-up {Commercialization} {Strategy}entrepreneurship}, volume = {5210}, issn = {00251468-19092702}, url = {httphttps://pubsonlineacademic.informsoup.orgcom/doijoeg/absarticle/10.1287/mnsc.1050.04804/495/913653}, doi = {10.12871093/mnsc.1050.0480jeg/lbq010}, abstract = {This paper article examines the possible impact role of venture capital (VC) backing regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the commercialization direction distinct influences of technology-based start-ups by asking: To what extent (if at all) do VC-funded start-ups engage convergence and agglomeration on growth in cooperative commercialization strategies (strategic alliances or technology licensing, or both) relative to a comparable set the number of start-ups, and with what consequences? To address up firms as well as in employment in these questions, I assemble a novel data set that matches new firms receiving in a federal research given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and development subsidy through diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the U.S. Small Business Innovative Research program to VCregion-funded firms by observable characteristics industry level can result in five technologya convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-intensive industriesbased complementarities are realized. These data allow decoupling of cooperative activity resulting The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from start-up development via the passage Longitudinal Business Database of calendar time from that due to association with VCsthe Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. An analysis Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the 696 positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-ups up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in the sample regions with strong clusters (split by an external funding sourcei.e. a large presence of other related industries) suggests substantial boosts experience higher growth in both cooperative activity new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with VC-backed the formation of new establishments of existing firms and in , thus influencing the likelihood location decision of an initial public offeringmulti-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.}, number = {24}, urldate = {2017-1011-2706}, journal = {Management ScienceJournal of Economic Geography}, author = {HsuDelgado, David HMercedes and Porter, Michael E.and Stern, Scott}, month = febjul, year = {20062010}, pages = {204495--219518} ==Agglomeration in Economics==

==startup clustering==SuperChapter 49 -peer-based Routing Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and Clustering Strategies for RDF-based Peer-to-peer Networks William C. Strange. Cited by Wolfgang Nejdi2427. @inproceedingsincollection{nejdl_super-peer-based_2003, address = {New York, NY, USA}rosenthal_chapter_2004, series = {Cities and {WWWGeography} '03}, title = {Super-peerChapter 49 -based {RoutingEvidence} and on the {ClusteringNature} and {StrategiesSources} for {RDF}-based of {PeerAgglomeration}-to-peer {NetworksEconomies}}, isbn volume = {97815811368074}, url = {http://doiwww.acmsciencedirect.orgcom/science/10.1145article/775152.775229}, doi = {10.1145pii/775152.775229S1574008004800063}, abstract = {RDF-based P2P networks have a number This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of advantages compared with simpler P2P networks such as Napsterurban increasing returns, Gnutella or with approaches based on distributed indices such also known as CAN and CHORDagglomeration economies. RDF-based P2P networks allow complex and extendable descriptions An important aspect of resources instead these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of fixed and limited onesagglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and they provide complex query facilities against these metadata instead temporal scope of simple keyword-based searcheseconomic agglomeration economies.In previous paperseach case, we have described the Edutella infrastructure and different kinds of Edutella peers implementing such an RDF-based P2P networkliterature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. In this paper we will discuss these RDF-based P2P networks as a specific example Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of a new type external economies of P2P networks, schema-based P2P networks and describe the use scale. The best known of super-peer based topologies for these networks. Super-peer based networks can provide better scalability than broadcast based networkssources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, and do provide perfect support for inhomogeneous schema-based networksinput sharing, which support different metadata schemas and ontologies (crucial for the Semantic Web)knowledge spillovers. Furthermore, as we will show in this paper, they are able Evidence to support sophisticated routing and clustering strategies based on date supports the metadata schemaspresence of all three of these forces. In addition, attributes and ontologies used. Especially helpful in this context there is the RDF functionality to uniquely identify schemasalso evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, attributes and ontologies. The resulting routing indices can be built using dynamic frequency counting algorithms and support local mediation and transformation rulesconsumption opportunities, and we will sketch some first ideas for implementing these advanced functionalities as wellrent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.}, urldate = {2017-10-2728}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}}, publisher = {ACMElsevier}, author = {NejdlRosenthal, Wolfgang Stuart S. and WolpersStrange, Martin and SiberskiWilliam C.}, Wolf and Schmitz editor = {Henderson, Christoph J. Vernon and SchlosserThisse, Mario and BrunkhorstJacques-François}, Ingo and Löser month = jan, Alexander year = {2004}, year note = {2003DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3}, keywords = {distributed RDF repositoriesagglomeration economies, peer-to-peerexternal economies, microfoundations, schema-based routingproductivity, semantic weburban growth}, pages = {5362119--5432171}

Lowest-ID with adaptive ID reassignment Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by DEberts and McMillen. GavalasCited by 252 @inproceedingsincollection{gavalas_lowest-id_2006eberts_chapter_1999, title series = {Lowest-Applied {IDUrban} with adaptive {IDEconomics} reassignment: a novel mobile ad-hoc networks clustering algorithm}, shorttitle title = {Lowest-Chapter 38 {IDAgglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure} with adaptive , volume = {ID} reassignment3}, doi url = {10.1109http://ISWPCwww.2006sciencedirect.1613559com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078}, abstract = {Clustering is a promising approach for building hierarchies This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and simplifying urban public infrastructure. Theory links the routing process two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in mobile ad-hoc network environmentsan urban area share a public good as an input to production. The main objective One type of clustering shareable input is to identify suitable node representativesthe close proximity of businesses and labor, ithat generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases.e. cluster heads (CHs)The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, to store routing general knowledge and topology information and maximize clusters stabilitypersonal contacts. Traditional clustering algorithms suggest CH election exclusively based on node IDs or location information and involve frequent broadcasting Another perhaps more tangible type of control packetsshareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, even when network topology remains unchanged. More recent works take into account additional metrics (such as energy highways, water treatment facilities, and mobility) communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and optimize initial clusteringimproving worker productivity. HoweverThe literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in many situations (e.gseveral countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in relatively static topologies) re-clustering procedure is hardly ever invoked; hence initially elected CHs soon reach battery exhaustion. Hereinsome cases statistically insignificant, we introduce an efficient distributed clustering algorithm that uses both mobility and energy metrics to provide stable cluster formationseffects of public capital stock on productivity. CHs Most of these studies are initially elected based on at the time national and cost-efficient lowest-ID methodstate levels. During clustering maintenance phase thoughOnly a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, node IDs are re-assigned according to nodes mobility and energy status, ensuring even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that nodes with low-mobility both spatial proximity and sufficient energy supply are assigned low IDs and, hence, are elected as CHsphysical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. Our algorithm also reduces control traffic volume since broadcast period More research is adjusted according needed to explore the nodes mobility pattern: we employ infrequent broadcasting for relative static network topologies, interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and increase broadcast frequency for highly mobile network configurations. Simulation results verify that energy consumption is uniformly distributed among network nodes to open the “black box” of agglomeration economies and that signaling overhead is significantly decreasedestimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.}, urldate = {2017-11-07}, booktitle = {2006 1st Handbook of {InternationalRegional} and {SymposiumUrban} on {WirelessEconomics} {Pervasive} , publisher = {Computing}Elsevier}, author = {Gavalas, D. and Pantziou, G. and KonstantopoulosEberts, CRandall W. and MamalisMcMillen, BDaniel P.},

year = {20061999}, keywords note = {Ad hoc networks, Batteries, Broadcasting, Clustering algorithms, Communication system traffic control, Intrusion detection, Network topology, Nominations and elections, Routing, Stability, ad hoc networks, adaptive ID reassignment, battery exhaustion, broadcast period, broadcasting, cluster heads, clustering maintenance, control packets, control traffic volume, costDOI: 10.1016/S1574-efficient lowest0080(99)80007-ID method8}, distributed clustering algorithm keywords = {Agglomeration economies, energy metricsoptimal city size, highly mobile network configurationsproductivity, infrequent broadcasting, mobile ad-hoc networks clustering algorithm, mobile radio, nodes mobility, nodes mobility pattern, relative static network topologies, routing process, stable cluster formations, telecommunication network routing, telecommunication network topology, topology informationurban public infrastructure}, pages = {5 pp.1455--1495}

A P2P hierarchical clustering live video streaming system Economics of Agglomeration by De-Kai Liu Masahisa Fujita and Renacques-Hung HwangFrançois Thisse. Cited by 1055 @inproceedingsarticle{liu_p2p_2003fujita_economics_1996, title = {A Economics of {Agglomeration}}, volume = {10}, issn = {P0889-1583}2P hierarchical clustering live video streaming system, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210}, doi = {10.11091006/ICCCNjjie.20031996.12841580021}, abstract = {This paper describes P2broadcast, We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a novel live video streaming system small number of places? The main reasons for P2P networks which organizes peers into hierarchical the formation of economic clusters to reduce startup latency involving firms and the service interruption probability. P2broadcast has two key features/or households are analyzed: highly available (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and efficient join, and low service interruption probability(iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. The highly available We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and efficient join algorithm uses RTT of two peers as identify a hint few general principles governing the organization of available bandwidth between themeconomic space. As a consequenceA few alternative, the startup latency can be shortened and overhead can be reducednew approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ. In addition, P2broadcast constructs a "short December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and wide" overlay tree which reduces the probability University of service interruption due to the leave or failure of a peer. Our simulation results show that P2broadcast outperforms in startup latency Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and service interrupt probability over existing approaches in the literatureCERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).}, booktitle number = {Proceedings. 12th {International4} , urldate = {Conference2017-11-06} on , journal = {Computer} {Communications} Journal of the Japanese and {Networks} ({IEEE} {Cat}. {No}.03EX712)International Economies}, author = {LiuFujita, De-Kai Masahisa and HwangThisse, RenJacques-HungFrançois}, month = octdec, year = {2003}, keywords = {Availability, Bandwidth, Clustering algorithms, Computer science, Delay estimation, IP networks, Information retrieval, Internet, Network servers, Scalability, Streaming media, application level multicasting, hierarchical clustering, live video streaming system, multicast communication, overlay tree network, peer broadcast, peer-to-peer network, round trip time, service interruption probability, startup latency1996}, pages = {115339--120378}

University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public by Joshua Powers @article{powers_university_2005, title = {University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public: a resource-based view of academic entrepreneurship}, volume = {20}, issn = {0883-9026}, shorttitle = {University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902604000291}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.008}, abstract = {Although academic entrepreneurship is a topic receiving some attention in the literature, higher education's appetite for expanding technology transfer activities suggests that more research is needed to inform practice. This study investigates the effects of particular resource sets on two university commercialization activities: the number of start-up companies formed and the number of initial public offering (IPO) firms to which a university had previously licensed a technology. Utilizing multisource data on 120 universities and a resource-based view of the firm framework, a set of university financial, human capital, and organizational resources were found to be significant predictors of one or both outcomes.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-10-27}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, author = {Powers, Joshua B. and McDougall, Patricia P.}, month = may, year = {2005}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Industry, Start-up formation, University}, pages = {291--311} A taxonomy of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size by Sue Birley and Paul Westhead @article{birley_taxonomy_1994, title = {A taxonomy of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size}, volume = {9}, issn = {0883-9026}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883902694900248}, doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(94)90024-8}, abstract = {Based on a survey of 405 principal owner-managers of new independent business in Great Britain this paper explores two research questions— are there any differences in the reasons that owner-managers articulate for starting their businesses, and, if there are, do they appear to affect the subsequent growth and size of the businesses? The results of the study indicate an affirmative answer to the first question. From the 23 diverse reasons leading to start-up that were identified in the literature, an underlying pattern emerged via the Principal Components Analysis. Moreover, these were similar to those found in earlier studies. Thus, five of the seven components identified by the model correspond to those identified by Scheinberg and MacMillan (1988) in their eleven-country study of motivations to start a business: “Need for Approval,” “Need for Independence,” “Need for Personal Development,” “Welfare Considerations,” and “Perceived Instrumentality of Wealth.” Two further components were identified by this current study. The first vindicates the decision to add a question not included in the previous study that related to “Tax Reduction and Indirect Benefits,” and the second, the desire to “Follow Role Models” was identified by Dubini (1988) in her study in Italy. In order to take account of possible multiple motivations in the start-up period, cluster analysis was used to provide a classification of founder “types.” The seven generalized “types” of owner-managers were named as follows—the insecure (104 founders), the followers (49 founders), the status avoiders (169 founders), the confused (15 founders), the tax avoiders (18 founders), the community (49 founders), and the unfocused (1 founder). Further, evidence from the final discriminant analysis model suggested that the seven-cluster classification of owner-managers was appropriate and optimal. However, despite these clear differences between clusters, this was not found to be an indicator of subsequent size or growth, as measured by sales and employment levels. The answer to the second research question would be in the negative. Therefore, we conclude that, whereas new businesses are founded by individuals with significantly different reasons leading to start-up, once the new ventures are established these reasons have a minimal influence on the growth of new ventures and upon the subsequent wealth creation and job generation potential. This result is important for investors and policy-makers. It suggests that strategies for “picking winners” solely based upon the characteristics of owner-managers and their stated reasons for wanting to go into business are not supported. Thus, for example, targeting scarce resources to those with high opportunistic and materialistic reasons for venture initiation would miss those with a wider sense of community or those with personal needs for independence who establish similarly sized businesses with comparable levels of wealth creation.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-10-27}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, author = {Birley, Sue and Westhead, Paul}, month = jan, year = {1994}, pages = {7--31} The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: Areview A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.

abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identilies identities four separate strains in thc the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowlcdgeknowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head. @article{head_agglomeration_1995, title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}}, volume = {38}, issn = {0022-1996}, shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R}, doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R}, abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-11-06}, journal = {Journal of International Economics}, author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah}, month = may, year = {1995}, keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment}, pages = {223--247} The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship by Zoltan Acs. Cited by 1037 @article{acs_knowledge_2009, title = {The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship}, volume = {32}, issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3}, abstract = {Contemporary theories of entrepreneurship generally focus on the recognition of opportunities and the decision to exploit them. Although the entrepreneurship literature treats opportunities as exogenous, the prevailing theory of economic growth suggests they are endogenous. This paper advances the microeconomic foundations of endogenous growth theory by developing a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers, which allow entrepreneurs to identify and exploit opportunities.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-11-10}, journal = {Small Business Economics}, author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Braunerhjelm, Pontus and Audretsch, David B. and Carlsson, Bo}, month = jan, year = {2009}, pages = {15--30} Corporate Growth Convergence in Europe by Paul Geroski and Klaus Gugler. Cited by 179 @article{geroski_corporate_2004, title = {Corporate {Growth} {Convergence} in {Europe}}, volume = {56}, issn = {0030-7653}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488800}, abstract = {It is widely believed that the implementation of the Single Market Programme in 1992 has induced a transformation in industrial structures across Europe. Some people believe that it has driven Europe towards a common industrial structure. However, using a newly available database covering nearly every firm above 100 employees in 14 European countries over the time period 1994 to 1998, the hypothesis of convergence in corporate sizes within industries is unambiguously rejected by the data. A Gibrat process best describes the growth of very large and mature firms, but smaller and younger firms depart from this prediction. Pre-post 1992 comparisons using another database for larger listed firms reveal that the speed of convergence actually decreased post-1992.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-11-10}, journal = {Oxford Economic Papers}, author = {Geroski, Paul and Gugler, Klaus}, year = {2004}, pages = {597--620} Regional Advantage by AnnaLee Saxenian. Cited by 11567 @misc{noauthor_regional_nodate, title = {Regional {Advantage} — {AnnaLee} {Saxenian} {\textbar} {Harvard} {University} {Press}}, url = {http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674753402}, abstract = {Why is it that business in California's Silicon Valley flourished while along Route 128 in Massachusetts declined in the 90s? The answer, Saxenian suggests, has to do with the fact that despite similar histories and technologies, Silicon Valley developed a decentralized but cooperative industrial system while Route 128 came to be dominated by independent, self-sufficient corporations. The result of more than one hundred interviews, this compelling analysis highlights the importance of local sources of competitive advantage in a volatile world economy.}, urldate = {2017-11-10} ==GIS mapping==Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)

urldate = {2017-1011-2806},

Chapter 49 - Evidence on Where is Creativity in the Nature City? Integrating Qualitative and Sources of Agglomeration Economies GIS Methods by Stuart S. Rosenthal Chris Brennan-Horley and William C. StrangeChris Gibson @incollectionarticle{rosenthal_chapter_2004, series = {Cities and {Geography}}brennan-horley_where_2009, title = {Chapter 49 - Where is {EvidenceCreativity} on in the {NatureCity} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}}, volume = ? {4Integrating}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063Qualitative}, abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.}, urldate = {2017-10-28GIS}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {EconomicsMethods}}, publisher volume = {Elsevier41}, author issn = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.}, editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques0308-François518X}, month = jan, year shorttitle = {2004}, note = Where is {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3Creativity}, keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth}, pages = {2119--2171} Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of in the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid @article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005, title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up processCity}, volume = {17}, issn = {0898-5626}, shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs?}, url = {httphttps://rsadoi.tandfonline.com/doi/absorg/10.10801068/08985620500074049a41406}, doi = {10.10801068/08985620500074049a41406}, abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and paper discusses a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination blend of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are methods developed to test answer the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds question of reaching the different milestones where creativity is in the business start-up processcity. The study is based on interviews Experimentation with new methods was required because of a representative sample empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as where nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996economic activities occur outside the formal sector, 1997 and 1999governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In additionresponse we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, regional data at based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the municipality level is included to measure the available pool task of environmental resourcesdocumenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business startcity—and hard-up processcopy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business startResults from this interview-up mapping processwere accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-10-28}, journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development}, author = {Rotefoss, Beate Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and Kolvereid, Lars}, month = mar, year = {2005}, pages = {109--127} @article{peer_who_2008imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence showed how types of capabilities sites and initial resource endowments on spaces of the location choices city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of de novo enterprises}, volume = {6}, issn = {1476-1270}, shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007}, doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007}, abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access creativity enabled the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability teasing out of new firms to appropriate benefit contradictory and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model divergent stories of the interplay between the attributes location of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear creativity in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regionsurban landscape.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984—98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments how economic activities are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms‘lived’ by workers, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate situated in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrencesocial networks, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate reproduced in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firmseveryday, material, and thus suggest amendments to theories spaces of location choice when modeling the decisions of new venturescity are described.}, language = {en}, number = {211}, urldate = {2017-1011-3107}, journal = {Strategic Organization}, author = {Pe'er, Aviad Environment and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, AndrewPlanning A}, month = may, year = {2008}, pages = {119--149} @article{peer_are_2013, title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival}, volume = {28}, issn = {0883-9026}, shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004}, abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-10-31}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas}, month = may, year = {2013}, keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival}, pages = {354Brennan--372}  @article{chatman_firm_2016, title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}Horley, Chris and {Dallas}Gibson, {Texas}Chris}, volume = {2598}, issn = {0361-1981}, url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01}, doi = {10.3141/2598-01}, abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.}, urldate = {2017-10-31}, journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board}, author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.}, month = jannov, year = {20162009}, pages = {12595--102614}