Changes

=SummaryActs with pages==The following acts have their own pages:*114, Ways & Means Committee, [[Innovation Promotion Act]]. See also https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2605*114, H.R.9 [[Innovation Act]]. See also [[H.R. 9: Innovation Act]]*114, S.1137 [[Protecting American Talent and Entrepreneurship (PATENT) Act]]*114, H.R.2045 [[Targeting Rogue and Opaque Letters (TROL) Act]]*114, S.632 [[Support Technology and Research for Our Nation’s Growth (STRONG) Patents Act]]*114, H.R.1896 [[Demand Letter Transparency Act]]*114, H.R.1832 [[Innovation Protection Act]]*112, H.R.1249 [[America Invents Act]]*112, S. 1138 [[United States Patent Prize Fund for HIV/AIDS Act]]*113, S. 627 and Trademark Office115, S. 295 [[Medical Innovation Prize Fund Act]]=*113, H.R.845 [[The United States Shield Act]]*113, S. 2146 [[Patent Fee Integrity Act]]*114, S.1137 [[PATENT Act]]*114, S.632 [[STRONG Patents Act]]*114, [[S. 1890: Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016]]  {| {{table}}| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Bill'''| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Congress'''| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Sponsor'''| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Committee'''| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Reports'''| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Last Action'''|-| [[Innovation Promotion Act|H.R.2605 - Manufacturing Innovation in America Act of 2013]]||113th Congress (2013-2014)||Rep. Schwartz, Allyson Y. [D-PA-13] (Introduced 06/28/2013)||House - Ways and Trademark Office is Means||||06/28/2013 Referred to the organization within the United States government that examines House Committee on Ways and grants patents and trademarksMeans.|-| [[H.R. 9: Innovation Act|H.R.9 - Innovation Act]]||114th Congress (2015-2016)||Rep. Established under the Department of Commerce on July 19Goodlatte, 1952Bob [https:R-VA-6] (Introduced 02/05/www2015)||House - Judiciary||H.federalregisterRept.gov114-235||02/agencies25/patent2016 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Hearings held.|-| [[Protecting American Talent andEntrepreneurship (PATENT) Act|S.1137 - PATENT Act]]||114th Congress (2015-trademark2016)||Sen. Grassley, Chuck [R-officeIA] by 35 U(Introduced 04/29/2015)||Senate - Judiciary||||02/25/2016 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship.SHearings held.|-| [[Targeting Rogue and Opaque Letters (TROL) Act|H.R.2045 - Targeting Rogue and Opaque Letters Act of 2015]]||114th Congress (2015-2016)||Rep.Burgess, Michael C. §1[http:R-TX-26] (Introduced 04/28/www2015)||House - Energy and Commerce||H.gpoRept.gov114-877||12/16/fdsys2016 Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 688.|-| [[Support Technology and Research for Our Nation’s Growth (STRONG) Patents Act|S.632 - STRONG Patents Act of 2015]]||114th Congress (2015-2016)||Sen. Coons, Christopher A. [D-DE] (Introduced 03/pkg03/USCODE-20132015)||Senate -title35Judiciary||||02/html25/USCODE2016 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Hearings held.|-2013| [[Demand Letter Transparency Act|H.R.1896 -title35Demand Letter Transparency Act of 2015]]||114th Congress (2015-partI2016)||Rep. Polis, Jared [D-chap1CO-sec1.htm2], the USPTO is intended (Introduced 04/20/2015)||House - Judiciary||||05/15/2015 Referred to fulfill the mandate in Article ISubcommittee on Courts, Section 8Intellectual Property, Clause 8 of and the United States Constitution "Internet.|-| [[Innovation Protection Act|H.R.1832 - Innovation Protection Act]]||114th Congress (2015-2016)||Rep. Conyers, John, Jr. [D-MI-13] (Introduced 04/16/2015)||House - Judiciary||||05/15/2015 Referred to promote the Progress of Science and useful ArtsSubcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and DiscoveriesInternet.|-| [[America Invents Act|H.R.1249 - Leahy-Smith America Invents Act]]||112th Congress (2011-2012)||Rep."Smith, Lamar [httpsR-TX-21] (Introduced 03/30/2011)||House - Judiciary; Budget||H. Rept. 112-98||09/16/2011 Became Public Law No:112-29. (TXT | PDF)|-| [[Prize Fund for HIV/AIDS Act|S.1138 - Prize Fund for HIV/wwwAIDS Act]]||112th Congress (2011-2012)||Sen. Sanders, Bernard [I-VT] (Introduced 05/26/2011)||Senate - Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions||||05/15/2012 Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 112-570.|-| [[Medical Innovation Prize Fund Act|S.constituteproject495 - Medical Innovation Prize Fund Act]]||115th Congress (2017-2018) | Get alerts||Sen.orgSanders, Bernard [I-VT] (Introduced 03/02/2017)||Senate - Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions||||03/constitution02/United_States_of_America_19922017 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.|-| [[The Shield Act|H.R.845 - Saving High-Tech Innovators from Egregious Legal Disputes Act of 2013]]||113th Congress (2013-2014)||Rep. Since 1790DeFazio, the USPTO has issued more than 6Peter A.5 million patents[http:D-OR-4] (Introduced 02/27/2013)||House - Judiciary||||04/08/www2013 Referred to the Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, And The Internet.|-| [[Patent Fee Integrity Act|S.uspto2146 - Patent Fee Integrity Act]]||113th Congress (2013-2014)||Sen.govFeinstein, Dianne [D-CA] (Introduced 03/13/about2014)||Senate -usJudiciary||||03/news13/2014 Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.|-| [[PATENT Act|S.1137 - PATENT Act]]||114th Congress (2015-2016)||Sen. Grassley, Chuck [R-updatesIA] (Introduced 04/uspto29/2015)||Senate -webJudiciary||||02/25/2016 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Hearings held.|-database| [[STRONG Patents Act|S.632 -nowSTRONG Patents Act of 2015]]||114th Congress (2015-includes2016)||Sen. Coons, Christopher A. [D-allDE] (Introduced 03/03/2015)||Senate -patentsJudiciary||||02/25/2016 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Hearings held.|-dating| [[S. 1890: Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016|S.1890 -1790Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016]]||114th Congress (2015-2016)||Sen. The agency's main offices reside in AlexandriaHatch, Virginia, with several satellite offices around the countryOrrin G. [R-UT] (Introduced 07/29/2015)||Senate - Judiciary | House - Judiciary||S. Rept. 114-220; H. Rept. 114-529||05/11/2016 Became Public Law No: 114-153.(TXT | PDF)|-| |} =United States Patent and Trademark Office= {{#section:United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office|USPTO}}{{#section:United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office|USPTO2}}

Patent pools are agreements between "two or more patent owners to share, or cross-license one or more of , their own patents to with one another or to third parties." [http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-competition/en/studies/patent_pools_report.pdf (WIPO)] Generally, patent pools cover mature and complex technologies that require complementary patents to develop compatible products and services. [http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-competition/en/studies/patent_pools_report.pdf (WIPO)] Patent pools . Complementary patents are useful when new products patents that are based on multiple existing patents or on one invention with patents on many must be used together for the development of its components. a specific new product, and therefore, necessitate shared licensing [http://www.theglobalipcenterwipo.comint/export/sites/defaultwww/filesip-competition/reportsen/documentsstudies/Prizes__Patent_Poolspatent_pools_report.pdf (GIPCWIPO)].

===Benefits===Ideally, companies are able to reduce costs during product development by using Opponents criticize patent pools for the potential of anti-competitive behavior and collusion, primarily with regards to share intellectual property assetssubstitute patents. Patent pools would Substitute or non-essential patents cover competing technologies that can be able to increase efficiency and positively affect competition and innovation. developed in parallel without risk of infringement [http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-competition/en/studies/patent_pools_report.pdf (WIPO)] In a situation in which two companies own different IP assets that are not enough . Certain patent pools have been found to create specific products, these companies would be blocking each other's patents share competitively sensitive information such as marketing and pricing strategies and preventing the introduction of an innovative product or service to the market. Patent pools deals with these inefficiencies by organizing complementary IP assets under one contractR&D findings. [http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-competition/en/studies/patent_pools_report.pdf] The Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission stated that patent pools may create barriers to entry for new firms since the required patents will be inaccessible [http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2007/07/11/222655.pdf (WIPODOJ)]

Companies can also reduce In order to address the amount spent on litigation by settling disputes with concerns raised against patent pools, the creation Department of Justice (DOJ) has taken steps to standardize patent poolsin order to prevent violations of antitrust laws. This would benefit small- and medium-sized businesses that usually cannot afford The DOJ requires the costs of expensive litigation. [httpfollowing characteristics for a patent pool://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-competition/en/studies/patent_pools_report.pdf (WIPO)]

Patent These restrictions allow for patentees and standard setting organizations to maximize the benefits of creating patent pools have many flaws. The creation of patent pools mainly benefits the owners of complementary and essential patents. Essential patents are patents required for a product or process to meet a given sector's technical standards. Cross-licensing between companies in a patent pool facilitates building upon previous technologies and increases the efficiency of innovation by organizing complementary intellectual property assets under one contract [http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-competition/en/studies/patent_pools_report.pdf (WIPO)]. Mutually blocking patents often slow technological developments as neither party can make use of its technology without infringing on the other party's patent. By forming a patent pool, which may explain why they have been used so infrequentlyboth parties can develop substitute technologies without risk of infringement. Companies can also reduce the amount spent on litigation by settling disputes with the creation of patent pools. This would benefit small- and medium-sized businesses that usually cannot afford the costs of expensive litigation. [http://www.theglobalipcenterwipo.comint/export/sites/defaultwww/filesip-competition/reportsen/documentsstudies/Prizes__Patent_Poolspatent_pools_report.pdf (GIPCWIPO)]Transaction costs as well as royalties can also be lowered in a patent pool.

'''Elimination of Competition''' Opponents criticize patent pools for the potential of anti-competitive behavior and collusion. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, "a patent pool may be regarded as a cartel." [http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-competition/en/studies/patent_pools_report.pdf (WIPO)] ==Patent pools potentially create a way for companies to share competitively sensitive information, such as pricing, marketing strategies, or R&D information among its members." [http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-competition/en/studies/patent_pools_report.pdf (WIPO)]Trolls==

'''Licensing Practices''' If a patent pool restricts its members from licensing its patents independently{{#section:The Truth Behind Patent Trolls|trolls}}Currently, it lowers there is no systematic data that proves the incentive to produce alternatives and inflates the costs existence of goods or technology for consumers. The Department of Justice patent trolls and Federal Trade Commission state that restrictions quantifies their financial effects on licensing may create "a barrier to entry if existing relationships make it harder for 'new firms to come in and overcome the patent thicket'." [http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2007/07/11/222655companies.pdf (DOJ)]

=[[America Invents Act]]={{#section:Leahy_Smith_America_Invents_Act|aia}} =Proposed Patent TrollsReform= <section begin=Patent_Reform />Patent Trolls are an innovation bogeymen, with numerous research articles and legislation addressing ways to curb troll activity. Patent Trolls, also known as '''[[Patent Assertion EntitiesInnovation Act]] (PAEs), generate revenue through suing or threatening to sue businesses that infringe on patents. Experts dispute terms for such corporations, labeling them as either [[Patent Assertion Entities]] (PAEs) or [[Non-Practicing Entities]] (NPEs). There is no widely agreed upon definition of 'Patent Troll', because it is often used interchangeably with the terms ':{{#section:Innovation_Act| summary}}'''[[Patent Assertion Entities]] Protecting American Talent and [[Non-Practicing EntitiesEntrepreneurship (PATENT) Act]], whereas we make a distinction between these three terms. For our study, we define Patent Trolls as a 'person or entity that attempts to enforce patent rights against supposed infringement far beyond the patent's actual value'[https:{{#section:Protecting_American_Talent_and_Entrepreneurship_(PATENT)_Act| PatentAct}}<section end=Patent_Reform //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll]. Their asked damages are far beyond the market value of the patent. This > ===Bills Relevant to Innovation=== Below is a tactic used to scare small businesses in table containing brief overviews of the initial demand letter, when pressing them bills pertaining to pay the fee to license innovation that have been passed or introduced by the patent114th Congress.

{| class="wikitable"|-! Bill! Prognosis! Sponsor!Full Title!Date Introduced!Status|-|[[S. 1890: Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016]] [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/s1890]|Enacted|Orrin Hatch (R-Utah)|A bill to amend chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code, to provide Federal jurisdiction for the theft of trade secrets, and for other purposes.|JUL 29, 2015|Enacted — Signed by the President on May 11, 2016|-|[[H.R. 9: Innovation Act]] [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr9]|36% | Bob Goodlatte (R-Virginia)| To amend title 35, United States Code, and the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act to make improvements and technical corrections, and for other purposes.|Feb 5, 2015|Reported by Committee on Jun 11, 2015|-|[[S. 1137: PATENT Act]] [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/s1137]|36% | Charles “Chuck” Grassley (D-Iowa)|A bill to amend title 35, United States Code, and the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act to make improvements and technical corrections, and for other purposes.|Apr 29, 2015|Reported by Committee on Jun 4, 2015|-|[[H.R. 2045: Targeting Rogue and Opaque Letters Act of 2015]] [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr2045]|24% | Michael Burgess (R-Texas)|To provide that certain bad faith communications in connection with the assertion of a United States patent are unfair or deceptive acts or practices, and for other purposes.|Apr 28, 2015|Reported by Committee on Apr 29, 2015|-|[[H.R. 1832: Innovation Protection Act]] [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr1832]|5%| John Conyers Jr. (D-Michigan)|To provide for the permanent funding of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and for other purposes.|Apr 16, 2015|Referred to Committee on Apr 16, 2015|-|[[S. 632: STRONG Patents Act of 2015]] [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/s632]|4%| Chris Coons (D-Delaware)|A bill to strengthen the position of the United States as the world's leading innovator by amending title 35, United States Code, to protect the property rights of the inventors that grow the country''Hypothesiss economy.|Mar 3, 2015|Referred to Committee on Mar 3, 2015|-|[[S. 926: Grace Period Restoration Act of 2015]] [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/s926]|4%| Tammy Baldwin (D-Wisconsin)|A bill to amend the patent law to promote basic research, to stimulate publication of scientific documents, to encourage collaboration in scientific endeavors, to improve the transfer of technology to the private sector, and for other purposes.|Apr 14, 2015|Referred to Committee on Apr 14, 2015|-|[[H.R. 2370: End Anonymous Patents Act]] [https: Patent trolls will generally push //www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr2370]|0%| Theodore Deutch (D-Florida)|To amend title 35, United States Code, to require disclosure of ownership and transfers of ownership of patents, and for settlements other purposes.|May 15, 2015|Referred to Committee on May 15, 2015|-|[[H.R. 1896: Demand Letter Transparency Act of 2015]] [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr1896]|0%| Jared Polis (D-Colorado)|To amend chapter 26 of title 35, United States Code, to require the disclosure of information related to patent ownership, and jury trialsfor other purposes.'''|Apr 20, 2015|Referred to Committee on Apr 20, 2015|}

In all == Market of the cases eDekka filed in 2015, each one asked for trial by jury.Ideas ==However, another company that is considered a big patent troll, Oberalis does not file for trial by jury.<section begin=Market_of_Ideas />[[Market of Ideas Research Notes]]

<ref name="GovTrack"> [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr9#] 'H.R. 9: Innovation Act', govtrack.us. </ref><ref name=Prize System for "innovationactsummary"> [https://judiciary.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/782015_InnovationAct3.pdf] 'The InnovationAct', ''Judiciary Committee: Chairman Bob Goodlatte'', (Washington, D.C.). </ref><ref name="PAsummary"> [https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Patents,%2004-29-15,%20PATENT%20Act%20-%20One%20Pager.pdf] 'The Protecting American Talent and Entrepreneurship Act (PATENT) Act: Short Summary', "Senate Committee on the Judiciary" (Washington, D.C). </ref><ref name="patentactgovtrack"> [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/s1137] 'S.1137: PATENT Act', 'govtrack.us'. </ref><ref name=History of "USPTO report"> [http://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY15PAR.pdf] 'United States Patent Reform?=and Trademark Office Performance and Accountability Report: Fiscal Year 2015', "United States Patent and Trademark Office", (Alexandria, Virginia). </ref>[[Category: Internal]]=Current Patent Reform=[[Category:Innovation Policy]]