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The reference data for the locations (which provides the longitude and latitudes) is taken from the (U.S.) [http://www.nga.mil National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency's] [http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmagaz/geonames4.asp GEOnet Names Server (GNS)] which covers the world excluding the U.S. and Antartica. The NGA site states: "There are no licensing requirements or restrictions in place for the use of the GNS data. Toponymic information is based on the Geographic Names ==Reference Data Base, containing official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names and maintained by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency."==
[http://www.geonames.org/ Geonames.org], a third-party website based in Switzerland, provides location name The reference data under for the creative commons attribution license. However, this data is drawn from the GNS for all locations except (which provides the US longitude and Canada, where data latitudes) is drawn taken from the [http://www.geonames.org/ (U.S. Geological Survey Geographic ) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency's [[GEOnet Names Information SystemServer]] and [http://wwwwhich covers the world excluding the U.geobaseS.ca wwwand Antartica.geobase The perl module (GNS.ca] respectively. Thus we recommend that users take advantage of the original sources pm) loads, indexes and respect the original licenses if applicableprovides key variables from this data.
==Details of the GEOnet Names Server (GNS)==
*Place names are recorded in [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html Romanized form]
*Country (and province/territory) names, as well as their assigned codes, are recorded using [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/FIPS10-4_match.pdf FIPS Standard #10]. Users should note that there are differences between the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) country names and the [[UN GeoRegion Codes |UN Country Names]].
*The [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/help.htm GNS output format] contains various custom codes. Of particular interest are:
**UNI - Unique Name Idenfier (a numeric value - often negative)
**LAT and LONG - Latitude and Longitude (Decimal - also available as DMS)
** NT - Name Type (Only A,P and L are of use in matching to addresses)
***A = Administrative region type feature
***P = Populated place type feature
***V = Vegetation type feature
***L = Locality or area type feature
***U = Undersea type feature
***R = Streets, highways, roads, or railroad type feature
***T = Hypsographic type feature
***H = Hydrographic type feature
***S = Spot type feature
**DC - Designation Code (DC provides a refinement of NT, details are in [http://www.edegan.com/repository/GNS-DesignationCodes.txt GNS-DesignationCodes.txt]
**SHORT_FORM - a Short Form of the name that is commonly used
**FULL_NAME - the Long Form of the name
**FULL_NAME_ND - the Long Form of the name without diacritics
no edit summary
This page details the various matching techniques used to Geocode inventor locations in the NBER patent data. Geocoding inventor locations entails matching the inventor addresses provided in the patent data to known locations through-out the world and recording their longitude and latitude.
==The Source And Reference Files==
