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Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Literature Review (view source)
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{{McNair ProjectsProject|Has project output=Content|Has imagesponsor= McNair Center
|Has title=Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Literature Review
|Has owner=Ramee Saleh
|Has start date=Spring 2017
|Has keywords=entrepreneurship, economic growth, innovation
}}
Below is a list of complete citations I have gathered for this project. I have broken them up by topic and those can be found on their respective pages. I have created the categories of [[General Entrepreneurship Citations]], [[Innovation Citations]], [[U.S. Specific Study Citations]], [[American Regional Differences Study Citations]], [[Venture Capital Policy Citations]], and [[International or Comparative Study Citations]].
note = {Google-Books-ID: ML8c8YPvTvsC},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / Microeconomics, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General}
The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern
@article{gans_product_2003,
series = {Special {Issue} on {Technology} {Entrepreneurship} and {Contact} {Information} for corresponding authors},
title = {The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs},
volume = {32},
issn = {0048-7333},
shorttitle = {The product market and the market for “ideas”},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302001038},
doi = {10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00103-8},
abstract = {This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the presence or absence of a “market for ideas”. By focusing on the operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Research Policy},
author = {Gans, Joshua S. and Stern, Scott},
month = feb,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Appropriability, Commercialization strategies, Ideas market, Product market, Technology entrepreneurs},
pages = {333--350},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BVZBMHTS/Gans and Stern - 2003 - The product market and the market for “ideas” com.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BR8CUQAE/S0048733302001038.html:text/html}
Clusters and entrepreneruship by Mercedes Delgado, Michael Porter, and Scott Stern
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653/Clusters-and-entrepreneurship},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9UJB7GDJ/Delgado et al. - 2010 - Clusters and entrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SPMPZECB/Clusters-and-entrepreneurship.html:text/html}
New Challenge to America's prosperity by Michael Porter and Scott Stern
@book{porter_new_1999,
title = {new challenge to {America}'s prosperity},
isbn = {978-1-889866-21-5},
url = {http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300034528},
language = {English},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
publisher = {Council on Competitiveness},
author = {Porter, Michael E. and 1947- and Stern, Scott and 1969-},
year = {1999},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/WEKHN8V3/search.html:text/html}
The Determinants of National Competitiveness by Mercedes Delgado, Christian Ketels, Michael Porter, and Scott Stern
@techreport{delgado_determinants_2012,
type = {Working {Paper}},
title = {The {Determinants} of {National} {Competitiveness}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w18249},
abstract = {We define foundational competitiveness as the expected level of output per working-age individual that is supported by the overall quality of a country as a place to do business. The focus on output per potential worker, a broader measure of national productivity than output per current worker, reflects the dual role of workforce participation and output per worker in determining a nation's standard of living. Our framework highlights three broad and interrelated drivers of foundational competitiveness: social infrastructure and political institutions, monetary and fiscal policy, and the microeconomic environment. We estimate this framework using multiple data sets covering more than 130 countries over the 2001-2008 period. We find a positive and separate influence of each driver on output per potential worker. The microeconomic environment has a positive effect on output per potential worker even after controlling for historical legacies. Using our framework we define a new concept, global investment attractiveness, which is the cost of factor inputs relative to a country's competitiveness. This analysis reveals important insight into the economic trajectory of individual countries. Our framework also offers a novel methodology for the estimation of a theoretically grounded and empirically validated measure of national competitiveness.},
number = {18249},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Ketels, Christian and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2012},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w18249},
file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/HXSAFKCF/Delgado et al. - 2012 - The Determinants of National Competitiveness.pdf:application/pdf}
Innovation Policy and the Economy by Adam Jaffe, Josh Lerne, and Scott Sterne
@book{jaffe_innovation_2001,
title = {Innovation {Policy} and the {Economy}},
isbn = {978-0-262-60041-5},
abstract = {This new annual series, sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research, will provide a forum for research on the interactions between public policy and the innovation process. Discussions will cover all types of policy that affect the ability of an economy to achieve scientific and technological progress or that affect the impact of science and technology on economic growth.},
language = {en},
publisher = {MIT Press},
author = {Jaffe, Adam B. and Lerner, Josh and Stern, Scott},
year = {2001},
note = {Google-Books-ID: Nc33ZS5nRa0C},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Technology \& Engineering / Industrial Technology, Technology \& Engineering / Nanotechnology \& MEMS}
The Government as Venture Capitalist: The Long-Run Effects of the SBIR Program by Josh Lerner
@techreport{lerner_government_1996,
type = {Working {Paper}},
title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Effects} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w5753},
abstract = {Public programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, have become commonplace in the United States and abroad. The long-run effectiveness of these programs, however, has attracted little empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the impact of the largest U.S. public venture capital initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms between 1983 and 1995. Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of firms over a ten-year period. The positive effects of SBIR awards were confined to firms based in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The findings are consistent with both the corporate finance literature on capital constraints and the growth literature on the importance of localization effects.},
number = {5753},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
month = sep,
year = {1996},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w5753},
file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/EHHIB8W6/Lerner - 1996 - The Government as Venture Capitalist The Long-Run.pdf:application/pdf}
The Venture Capital Revolution by Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner
@article{gompers_venture_2001,
title = {The {Venture} {Capital} {Revolution}},
volume = {15},
issn = {0895-3309},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696596},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {The Journal of Economic Perspectives},
author = {Gompers, Paul and Lerner, Josh},
year = {2001},
pages = {145--168}
Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation & Economic Growth by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner
@incollection{kortum_does_2001,
series = {Advances in the {Study} of {Entrepreneurship}, {Innovation} \& {Economic} {Growth}},
title = {Does venture capital spur innovation?},
volume = {13},
url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1048-4736%2801%2913003-1},
number = {13},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
booktitle = {Entrepreneurial inputs and outcomes: {New} studies of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}},
publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
author = {Kortum, Samuel and Lerner, Josh},
month = jan,
year = {2001},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1
DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1},
pages = {1--44},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/P8SJ5DJ9/S1048-4736(01)13003-1.html:text/html}
What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising? by Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner
@techreport{gompers_what_1999,
type = {Working {Paper}},
title = {What {Drives} {Venture} {Capital} {Fundraising}?},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w6906},
abstract = {We examine the determinants of venture capital fundraising in the U.S. over the past twenty-five years. We study industry aggregate, state-level, and firm-specific fundraising to determine if macroeconomic, regulatory, or performance factors affect venture capital activity. We find that shifts in demand for venture capital appear to have a positive and important impact on commitments to new venture capital funds. Commitments by taxable and tax-exempt investors seem equally sensitive to changes in capital gains tax rates that decreases in capital gains tax rates increase the demand for venture capital as more workers are incented to become entrepreneurs. Aggregate and state level venture fundraising are positively affected by easing of pension investment restrictions as well as industrial and academic R\&D expenditures. Fund performance and reputation also lead to greater fundraising by venture organizations.},
number = {6906},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Lerner, Josh},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w6906},
file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/T95N8SZ9/Gompers and Lerner - 1999 - What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising.pdf:application/pdf}
Does venture capital spur innovation? by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner
@incollection{kortum_does_2001-1,
series = {Advances in the {Study} of {Entrepreneurship}, {Innovation} \& {Economic} {Growth}},
title = {Does venture capital spur innovation?},
volume = {13},
url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1048-4736%2801%2913003-1},
number = {13},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
booktitle = {Entrepreneurial inputs and outcomes: {New} studies of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}},
publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
author = {Kortum, Samuel and Lerner, Josh},
month = jan,
year = {2001},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1
DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1},
pages = {1--44},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/Z27E3MFC/S1048-4736(01)13003-1.html:text/html}
An analysis of compensation in the U.S. venture capital partnership by Paul Gompers
@article{gompers_analysis_1999,
title = {An analysis of compensation in the {U}.{S}. venture capital partnership1},
volume = {51},
issn = {0304-405X},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X98000427},
doi = {10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00042-7},
abstract = {Venture capital limited partnerships are an attractive arena to study cross-sectional and time-series variations in compensation schemes. We empirically examine 419 partnerships. The compensation of new and smaller funds displays considerably less sensitivity to performance and less variation than that of other funds. The fixed base component of compensation is higher for younger and smaller firms. We observe no relation between incentive compensation and performance. Our evidence is consistent with a learning model, in which the pay of new venture capitalists is less sensitive to performance because reputational concerns induce them to work hard.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Journal of Financial Economics},
author = {Gompers, Paul and Lerner, Josh},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Contract, Limited partnership, Private equity, Venture capital},
pages = {3--44},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7IEC7R6C/Gompers and Lerner - 1999 - An analysis of compensation in the U.S. venture ca.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/HV9JFZX6/S0304405X98000427.html:text/html}
Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Why Public Efforts to Boost Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital Have Failed--and What to Do About It by Josh Lerner
@book{lerner_boulevard_2009,
title = {Boulevard of {Broken} {Dreams}: {Why} {Public} {Efforts} to {Boost} {Entrepreneurship} and {Venture} {Capital} {Have} {Failed}--and {What} to {Do} {About} {It}},
isbn = {978-1-4008-3163-0},
shorttitle = {Boulevard of {Broken} {Dreams}},
abstract = {Silicon Valley, Singapore, Tel Aviv--the global hubs of entrepreneurial activity--all bear the marks of government investment. Yet, for every public intervention that spurs entrepreneurial activity, there are many failed efforts that waste untold billions in taxpayer dollars. When has governmental sponsorship succeeded in boosting growth, and when has it fallen terribly short? Should the government be involved in such undertakings at all? Boulevard of Broken Dreams is the first extensive look at the ways governments have supported entrepreneurs and venture capitalists across decades and continents. Josh Lerner, one of the foremost experts in the field, provides valuable insights into why some public initiatives work while others are hobbled by pitfalls, and he offers suggestions for how public ventures should be implemented in the future. Discussing the complex history of Silicon Valley and other pioneering centers of venture capital, Lerner uncovers the extent of government influence in prompting growth. He examines the public strategies used to advance new ventures, points to the challenges of these endeavors, and reveals the common flaws undermining far too many programs--poor design, a lack of understanding for the entrepreneurial process, and implementation problems. Lerner explains why governments cannot dictate how venture markets evolve, and why they must balance their positions as catalysts with an awareness of their limited ability to stimulate the entrepreneurial sector. As governments worldwide seek to spur economic growth in ever more aggressive ways, Boulevard of Broken Dreams offers an important caution. The book argues for a careful approach to government support of entrepreneurial activities, so that the mistakes of earlier efforts are not repeated.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
month = sep,
year = {2009},
note = {Google-Books-ID: cv10iRcUXVgC},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / Finance / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}
Special Issue on Technology Entrepreneurship and Contact Information for corresponding authors by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern
@article{gans_product_2003-1,
series = {Special {Issue} on {Technology} {Entrepreneurship} and {Contact} {Information} for corresponding authors},
title = {The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs},
volume = {32},
issn = {0048-7333},
shorttitle = {The product market and the market for “ideas”},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302001038},
doi = {10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00103-8},
abstract = {This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the presence or absence of a “market for ideas”. By focusing on the operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Research Policy},
author = {Gans, Joshua S. and Stern, Scott},
month = feb,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Appropriability, Commercialization strategies, Ideas market, Product market, Technology entrepreneurs},
pages = {333--350},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KA9BZJQ2/Gans and Stern - 2003 - The product market and the market for “ideas” com.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/6HDNNZFW/S0048733302001038.html:text/html}
Private Equity and Long-Run Investment: The Case of Innovation by Josh Lerner, Morten Sorensen, and Per Stromberg
@article{lerner_private_2011,
title = {Private {Equity} and {Long}-{Run} {Investment}: {The} {Case} of {Innovation}},
volume = {66},
issn = {1540-6261},
shorttitle = {Private {Equity} and {Long}-{Run} {Investment}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01639.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01639.x},
abstract = {A long-standing controversy is whether leveraged buyouts (LBOs) relieve managers from short-term pressures from public shareholders, or whether LBO funds themselves sacrifice long-term growth to boost short-term performance. We examine one form of long-run activity, namely, investments in innovation as measured by patenting activity. Based on 472 LBO transactions, we find no evidence that LBOs sacrifice long-term investments. LBO firm patents are more cited (a proxy for economic importance), show no shifts in the fundamental nature of the research, and become more concentrated in important areas of companies' innovative portfolios.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {The Journal of Finance},
author = {Lerner, Josh and Sorensen, Morten and Strömberg, Per},
month = apr,
year = {2011},
pages = {445--477},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/FWCUXVTH/Lerner et al. - 2011 - Private Equity and Long-Run Investment The Case o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NTXHVB2K/abstract.html:text/html}
Opportunities and Entrepreneurship by Jonathan Eckhardt and Scott Shane
@article{eckhardt_opportunities_2003,
title = {Opportunities and {Entrepreneurship}},
volume = {29},
issn = {0149-2063},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920630302900304},
doi = {10.1177/014920630302900304},
abstract = {This article extends and elaborates the perspective on entrepreneurship articulated by Shane and Venkataraman (2000) and Venkataraman (1997) by explaining in more detail the role of opportunities in the entrepreneurial process. In particular, the article explains the importance of examining entrepreneurship through a disequilibrium framework that focuses on the characteristics and existence of entrepreneurial opportunities. In addition, the article describes several typologies of opportunities and their implications for understanding entrepreneurship.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Journal of Management},
author = {Eckhardt, Jonathan T. and Shane, Scott A.},
month = jun,
year = {2003},
pages = {333--349},
file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BM6E5PW7/Eckhardt and Shane - 2003 - Opportunities and Entrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf}
Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation by Scott Shane
@book{shane_academic_2004,
title = {Academic {Entrepreneurship}: {University} {Spinoffs} and {Wealth} {Creation}},
isbn = {978-1-84376-982-8},
shorttitle = {Academic {Entrepreneurship}},
abstract = {In this unique and timely volume, Scott Shane systematically explains the formation of university spinoff companies and their role in the commercialization of university technology and wealth creation in the United States and elsewhere. The importance of university spinoff activity is discussed and the historical development of university spinoff ventures is traced over time.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
author = {Shane, Scott Andrew},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {Google-Books-ID: fMRGAgAAQBAJ},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / General}
Technological Opportunities and New Firm Creation by Scott Shane
@article{shane_technological_2001,
title = {Technological {Opportunities} and {New} {Firm} {Creation}},
volume = {47},
issn = {0025-1909},
url = {http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.47.2.205.9837},
doi = {10.1287/mnsc.47.2.205.9837},
abstract = {Research on the creation of new high-technology companies has typically focused either on industry-level factors such as market structure and technology regime or on individual-level factors such as the work experience of entrepreneurs. This study complements these approaches by examining the effect of technological opportunities on firm formation. In particular, the study shows that the probability that an invention will be commercialized through firm formation is influenced by its importance, radicalness, and patent scope.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Management Science},
author = {Shane, Scott},
month = feb,
year = {2001},
pages = {205--220},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NB3TMCIX/Shane - 2001 - Technological Opportunities and New Firm Creation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/XBGW3B4J/mnsc.47.2.205.html:text/html}
Empirical studies of innovation and market structure by Wesley Cohen and Richard Levin
@article{cohen_chapter_1989,
title = {Chapter 18 {Empirical} studies of innovation and market structure},
volume = {2},
issn = {1573-448X},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1573448X89020066},
doi = {10.1016/S1573-448X(89)02006-6},
abstract = {This chapter discusses the perceptible movement of empirical scholars from a narrow concern with the role of firm size and market concentration toward a broader consideration of the fundamental determinants of technical change in industry. Although tastes, technological opportunity, and appropriability conditions themselves are subject to change over time, particularly in response to radical innovations that alter the technological regime, these conditions are reasonably assumed to determine inter-industry differences in innovative activity over relatively long periods. Although a substantial body of descriptive evidence has begun to accumulate on the way the nature and effects of demand, opportunity, and appropriability differ across industries, the absence of suitable data constrains progress in many areas. It has been observed that much of the empirical understanding of innovation derives not from the estimation of econometric models but from the use of other empirical methods. Many of the most credible empirical regularities have been established not by estimating and testing elaborate optimization models with published data but by the painstaking collection of original data, usually in the form of responses to relatively simple questions.},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Handbook of Industrial Organization},
author = {Cohen, Wesley M. and Levin, Richard C.},
month = jan,
year = {1989},
pages = {1059--1107},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SGM2ERHI/S1573448X89020066.html:text/html}
Entrepreneurship as Innovation by Joseph Schumpeter
@techreport{schumpeter_entrepreneurship_2000,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Entrepreneurship as {Innovation}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1512266},
abstract = {The chief characteristics of the entrepreneur are identified, one of which is the ability to combine already existing resources in creative ways. Distinguishing},
number = {ID 1512266},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Schumpeter, Joseph A.},
year = {2000},
keywords = {Capitalism, Creativity, Individual traits, Industrial organization, Innovation process, Leadership, Motivation, Personal success},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/3Q3Z47HA/papers.html:text/html}
The Politics and Aesthetics of Entrepreneurship: A Fourth Movements in Entrepreneurship Book by Daniel Jhorth and Chris Steyaert
@book{hjorth_politics_2010-1,
title = {The {Politics} and {Aesthetics} of {Entrepreneurship}: {A} {Fourth} {Movements} in {Entrepreneurship} {Book}},
isbn = {978-1-84844-607-6},
shorttitle = {The {Politics} and {Aesthetics} of {Entrepreneurship}},
abstract = {Stylish, bold, fiery, and full of zest, this book could well have been called Embodying Entrepreneurship . . . for perhaps the first time, we have a cultured, scholarly, in-the-flesh treatment of entrepreneurial life. Ranging from striptease to de Sade, t},
language = {en},
publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
author = {Hjorth, Daniel and Steyaert, Chris},
month = jan,
year = {2010},
note = {Google-Books-ID: \_CI5K8PG1TEC},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship}
Urban Entrepreneurship and the Sunbelt Frontier by William Angel
@article{angel_zenith_1980,
title = {{ZENITH} {REVISITED}: {URBAN} {ENTREPRENEURSHIP} {AND} {THE} {SUNBELT} {FRONTIER}},
volume = {61},
issn = {0038-4941},
shorttitle = {{ZENITH} {REVISITED}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/42860763},
number = {3/4},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
author = {ANGEL, WILLIAM D.},
year = {1980},
pages = {434--445}
Entrepreneurship and the City by Edward Galeser
@techreport{glaeser_entrepreneurship_2007,
type = {Working {Paper}},
title = {Entrepreneurship and the {City}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w13551},
abstract = {Why do levels of entrepreneurship differ across America's cities? This paper presents basic facts on two measures of entrepreneurship: the self-employment rate and the number of small firms. Both of these measures are correlated with urban success, suggesting that more entrepreneurial cities are more successful. There is considerable variation in the self-employment rate across metropolitan areas, but about one-half of this heterogeneity can be explained by demographic and industrial variation. Self-employment is particularly associated with abundant, older citizens and with the presence of input suppliers. Conversely, small firm size and employment growth due to unaffiliated new establishments is associated most strongly with the presence of input suppliers and an appropriate labor force. I also find support for the Chinitz (1961) hypothesis that entrepreneurship is linked to a large number of small firms in supplying industries. Finally, there is a strong connection between area-level education and entrepreneurship.},
number = {13551},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
author = {Glaeser, Edward L.},
month = oct,
year = {2007},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w13551},
file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/GGUKUU84/Glaeser - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and the City.pdf:application/pdf}
Entrepreneurship and welfare by Jagannadha Pawan Tamvada
@article{tamvada_entrepreneurship_2010,
title = {Entrepreneurship and welfare},
volume = {34},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-009-9195-5},
doi = {10.1007/s11187-009-9195-5},
abstract = {Here, I examine returns to entrepreneurship using a standard measure of welfare, the per-capita consumption expenditure. This analysis, using quantile regressions, reveals the existence of a welfare hierarchy in occupations. The results suggest that, across the welfare distribution, entrepreneurs who employ others have the highest returns in terms of consumption, while those entrepreneurs who work for themselves, that is, self-employed individuals, have slightly lower returns than the salaried employees. However, self-employment entails higher returns than casual labor and a relative escape from poverty.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Tamvada, Jagannadha Pawan},
month = jan,
year = {2010},
pages = {65--79},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/XCZDSSXS/Tamvada - 2010 - Entrepreneurship and welfare.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/52GUIKIW/s11187-009-9195-5.html:text/html}
The interaction of entrepreneurship and institutions by Magnus Henrekson and Tino Sanandaji
@article{henrekson_interaction_2011,
title = {The interaction of entrepreneurship and institutions},
volume = {7},
issn = {1744-1382, 1744-1374},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/interaction-of-entrepreneurship-and-institutions/DD9AF1A1BFA6DC0714066B09E9D52E0C},
doi = {10.1017/S1744137410000342},
abstract = {Abstract:Previous research, notably Baumol (1990), has highlighted the role of institutions in channeling entrepreneurial supply into productive, unproductive, or destructive activities. However, entrepreneurship is not only influenced by institutions – entrepreneurs often help shape institutions themselves. The bilateral causal relation between entrepreneurs and institutions is examined in this paper. Entrepreneurs affect institutions in at least three ways. Entrepreneurship abiding by existing institutions is occasionally disruptive enough to challenge the foundations of prevailing institutions. Entrepreneurs sometimes have the opportunity to evade institutions, which tends to undermine the effectiveness of the institutions, or cause institutions to change for the better. Lastly, entrepreneurs can directly alter institutions through innovative political entrepreneurship. Like business entrepreneurship, innovative political activity may be productive or unproductive, depending on the incentives facing entrepreneurs.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-03-27},
journal = {Journal of Institutional Economics},
author = {Henrekson, Magnus and Sanandaji, Tino},
month = mar,
year = {2011},
pages = {47--75},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/RMIM2R2C/DD9AF1A1BFA6DC0714066B09E9D52E0C.html:text/html}
High-growth firms: does location matter? by Jose Miguel Giner, Marian Santa-Maria, and Antonio Fuster
@article{miguel_giner_high-growth_2017,
title = {High-growth firms: does location matter?},
volume = {13},
issn = {1554-7191},
shorttitle = {High-growth firms},
doi = {10.1007/s11365-016-0392-9},
abstract = {The challenge for economies lies in boosting employment growth, not just by fostering entrepreneurship, but also by improving the growth potential of existing firms. Consequently, many studies have focused on assessing the dynamism of firms, and especially the capacity of high-growth firms (HGFs) to generate employment. This study aimed to identify HGFs in Spain during two periods, 2003-2006 and 2007-2010 and to analyse their characteristics and territorial distribution during the initial years of the economic crisis. Accordingly, a key area of inquiry of the study was the influence of agglomeration (in metropolitan areas, industrial districts and technological districts) on the locations of HGFs. To analyse the influence of location on the probability of firms being HGFs, a logit model was estimated. The main results supported the study's hypotheses that technological districts and large urban areas are significantly associated with the probability of firms being HGFs, because firms profit from comparative locational advantages offered by these areas. The importance of HGFs requires special emphasis in relation to Spain's context of economic crisis and high unemployment levels because of their significant contribution to employment generation.},
language = {English},
number = {1},
journal = {International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal},
author = {Miguel Giner, Jose and Jesus Santa-Maria, Maria and Fuster, Antonio},
month = mar,
year = {2017},
note = {WOS:000394301700003},
keywords = {Agglomeration, empirical-analysis, Firm growth, gazelles, geography, High-growth firms, Innovation, Job creation, Location, performance, smes, spillovers},
pages = {75--96}
The city as innovation machine by Richard Florida, Patrick Adler, and Charlotta Mellander
@article{florida_city_2017,
title = {The city as innovation machine},
volume = {51},
issn = {0034-3404},
doi = {10.1080/00343404.2016.1255324},
abstract = {The city as innovation machine. Regional Studies. This paper puts cities and urban regions at the very centre of the processes of innovation and entrepreneurship. It combines the insights of Jane Jacobs and recent urban research on the role of the city with the literature on innovation and entrepreneurship going back to Joseph Schumpeter. Innovation and entrepreneurship and their geography privileges the firm, industry clusters and/or the individual and poses the city as a container for them. By marrying Jacobs' insights on cities to those of Schumpeter on innovation, it is argued that innovation and entrepreneurship do not simply take in place in cities but in fact require them.},
language = {English},
number = {1},
journal = {Regional Studies},
author = {Florida, Richard and Adler, Patrick and Mellander, Charlotta},
month = jan,
year = {2017},
note = {WOS:000394438300008},
keywords = {academic research, cities, Creativity, economic-geography, Entrepreneurship, firm formation, geography, industry, Innovation, knowledge spillovers, life-cycle, patent citations, product innovation, regions, technological-change, united-states, urbanism},
pages = {86--96}
Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the United States: 1899–1988 by Scott Shane
@article{shane_explaining_1996,
title = {Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}: 1899–1988},
volume = {22},
issn = {0149-2063},
shorttitle = {Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149206396900215},
doi = {10.1016/S0149-2063(96)90021-5},
abstract = {This paper examines rates of entrepreneurship over time in the U.S. economy. It finds strong support for the argument that variations in rates of entrepreneurship follow a Schumpeterian model. Changes in rates of entrepreneurship appear to be driven by changes in technology. Some evidence is also found for the effects of the Protestant Ethic, interest rates, prior rates of entrepreneurship, risk-taking propensity, business failure rates, economic growth, immigration, and age distribution of the population.},
number = {5},
urldate = {2017-04-03},
journal = {Journal of Management},
author = {Shane, Scott},
month = jan,
year = {1996},
pages = {747--781},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/TATNEWCT/Shane - 1996 - Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/Z27SXHIS/S0149206396900215.html:text/html}
Entrepreneurship in the United States: The Future Is Now by Paul Reynolds
@book{reynolds_entrepreneurship_2007,
title = {Entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}: {The} {Future} {Is} {Now}},
isbn = {978-0-387-45671-3},
shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}},
abstract = {Entrepreneurship is among the most vibrant and important parts of the economy. This important book enhances understanding of entrepreneurial dynamics, providing the first analysis of changes in US entrepreneurial activity. Based on the unprecedented Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, it examines adult participation in new firm creation and differences in regional firm creation activity. Shedding light on the importance of new firms for job growth, productivity enhancements, innovation, and routes for social mobility, the author tracks the success or failure of entrepreneurs, including comparisons of different groups, such as women and minorities, along with different countries. All sectors of the population are making significant contributions. Significant implications for practitioners, educators and policy makers are discussed.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media},
author = {Reynolds, Paul D.},
month = sep,
year = {2007},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Management Science, Business \& Economics / Urban \& Regional, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}
The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom: A socioecological perspective by Martin Obschonka, Eva Schmitt-Rodermund, Rainer Silbereisen, and Samuel Gosling, and Jeff Potter
@article{obschonka_regional_2013,
title = {The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the {United} {States}, {Germany}, and the {United} {Kingdom}: {A} socioecological perspective},
volume = {105},
copyright = {(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved},
issn = {1939-1315 0022-3514},
shorttitle = {The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the {United} {States}, {Germany}, and the {United} {Kingdom}},
doi = {10.1037/a0032275},
abstract = {In recent years the topic of entrepreneurship has become a major focus in the social sciences, with renewed interest in the links between personality and entrepreneurship. Taking a socioecological perspective to psychology, which emphasizes the role of social habitats and their interactions with mind and behavior, we investigated regional variation in and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone Big Five profile. Specifically, we analyzed personality data collected from over half a million U.S. residents (N = 619,397) as well as public archival data on state-level entrepreneurial activity (i.e., business-creation and self-employment rates). Results revealed that an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile is regionally clustered. This geographical distribution corresponds to the pattern that can be observed when mapping entrepreneurial activity across the United States. Indeed, the state-level correlation (N = 51) between an entrepreneurial personality structure and entrepreneurial activity was positive in direction, substantial in magnitude, and robust even when controlling for regional economic prosperity. These correlations persisted at the level of U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (N = 15) and were replicated in independent German (N = 19,842; 14 regions) and British (N = 15,617; 12 regions) samples. In contrast to these profile-based analyses, an analysis linking the individual Big Five dimensions to regional measures of entrepreneurial activity did not yield consistent findings. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for interdisciplinary theory development and practical applications.},
language = {English},
number = {1},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
author = {Obschonka, Martin and Schmitt-Rodermund, Eva and Silbereisen, Rainer K. and Gosling, Samuel D. and Potter, Jeff},
year = {2013},
keywords = {*Entrepreneurship, *Personality Traits, *Regional Differences, Ecological Factors, Sociology},
pages = {104--122},
file = {APA Psycnet Fulltext PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NKW7AHQ9/Obschonka et al. - 2013 - The regional distribution and correlates of an ent.pdf:application/pdf}
Entrepreneurship: a weak link in the welfare state? by Magnus Henrekson
@article{henrekson_entrepreneurship:_2005,
title = {Entrepreneurship: a weak link in the welfare state?},
volume = {14},
issn = {0960-6491},
shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/14/3/437/679151/Entrepreneurship-a-weak-link-in-the-welfare-state},
doi = {10.1093/icc/dth060},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-04-03},
journal = {Industrial and Corporate Change},
author = {Henrekson, Magnus},
month = jun,
year = {2005},
pages = {437--467},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KKWH46HX/Henrekson - 2005 - Entrepreneurship a weak link in the welfare state.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CKQVD3IK/Entrepreneurship-a-weak-link-in-the-welfare-state.html:text/html}
Entrepreneurship, Economic Risks, and Risk Insurance in the Welfare State: Results with OECD Data by Pekka Ilmakunnas and Vesa Kanniainen
@article{ilmakunnas_entrepreneurship_2001,
title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Risks}, and {Risk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {State}: {Results} with {OECD} {Data} 1978–93},
volume = {2},
issn = {1468-0475},
shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Risks}, and {Risk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {State}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0475.00034/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/1468-0475.00034},
abstract = {We find evidence in the OECD cross-country data to support the Knightian view that non-diversifiable economic risks shape equilibrium entrepreneurship in an occupational choice model. Differential social insurance of entrepreneurial and labor risk is found to be statistically significant and detrimental to entrepreneurship. The crowding-out effect of public production of private goods on entrepreneurship dominates the crowding-in effect of public production of public goods in the OECD data. Weak evidence is found for the proposition that the rate of entrepreneurship is related to the degree of income inequality and to the union power in the economy. The results also suggest that in countries with low GDP per capita ratio, self-employment is high.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-04-03},
journal = {German Economic Review},
author = {Ilmakunnas, Pekka and Kanniainen, Vesa},
month = aug,
year = {2001},
pages = {195--218},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8ZVRACRP/abstract.html:text/html}
Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship by Christian Keuschnigg and Soren Nielsen
@article{keuschnigg_tax_2003,
series = {Proceedings of the {Trans} {Atlantic} {Public} {Economics} {Seminar} on ``{Taxation} of {Financial} {Incomet}`` 22-24 {May}, 2000.},
title = {Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship},
volume = {87},
issn = {0047-2727},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272701001700},
doi = {10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00170-0},
abstract = {The paper studies the effects of tax policy on venture capital activity. Entrepreneurs pursue a single high risk project each but have no own resources. Financiers provide funds, covering investment cost plus an upfront payment, in exchange for a share in the firm. The contract must include incentives to enlist full effort of entrepreneurs. Venture capitalists also assist with valuable business advice to enhance survival chances. The paper develops a general equilibrium framework with a traditional and an entrepreneurial sector and investigates the effects of taxes on the equilibrium level of managerial advice, entrepreneurship and welfare. It considers differential wage and capital income taxes, a comprehensive income tax, progressive taxation as well as investment and output subsidies to the entrepreneurial sector.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-04-03},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
author = {Keuschnigg, Christian and Nielsen, Soren Bo},
month = jan,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Moral hazard, Subsidies, Taxes, Venture capital},
pages = {175--203},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4RAXSM49/Keuschnigg and Nielsen - 2003 - Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4UBMTNG9/S0047272701001700.html:text/html}
Financial Distress, Employee}' Welfare and Entrepreneurship Among SMEs by John Inekwe
@article{inekwe_financial_2016,
title = {Financial {Distress}, {Employees}' {Welfare} and {Entrepreneurship} {Among} {SMEs}},
volume = {129},
issn = {0303-8300},
doi = {10.1007/s11205-015-1164-6},
abstract = {The study predicts ex-ante financial distress in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and examines its significance in entrepreneurial activity. Thus, the study provides the dynamic characterization of the link between financial distress, employment and the growth in the establishment of SMEs. The study further examines employees' welfare and financial distress of SMEs. The results reveal that financial ratios and market variables are significant in predicting financial distress risks. In the wake of financial distress, the results reveal contractions in the growth of SMEs. In addition, financial distress in SMEs induces an adverse effect on the level of employment and a reduction in employees' welfare.},
language = {English},
number = {3},
journal = {Social Indicators Research},
author = {Inekwe, John Nkwoma},
month = dec,
year = {2016},
note = {WOS:000387421700010},
keywords = {bankruptcy prediction, Clogit, Entrepreneur, Financial distress, market, models, risk, smes},
pages = {1135--1153}
Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Sander Wennekers and Roy Thurik
@article{wennekers_linking_1999,
title = {Linking {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}},
volume = {13},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008063200484},
doi = {10.1023/A:1008063200484},
abstract = {In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship, macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role of entrepreneurship in the process of economic growth requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. A first part of our synthesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). A second part is to gain insight in the causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and economic growth. A third part is to make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of) entrepreneurship and economic growth.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-04-03},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Wennekers, Sander and Thurik, Roy},
month = aug,
year = {1999},
pages = {27--56},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9QVV7PRD/10.html:text/html}
Employment Growth and Entrepreneurial Activity in Cities by Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington
@article{acs_employment_2004,
title = {Employment {Growth} and {Entrepreneurial} {Activity} in {Cities}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0034-3404},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000280938},
doi = {10.1080/0034340042000280938},
abstract = {Acs Z. J. and Armington C. (2004) Employment growth and entrepreneurial activity in cities, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Recent theories of economic growth have stressed the role of externalities in generating growth. Using data from the Census Bureau that tracks all employers in the whole US private-sector economy, the impact of these externalities, as measured by entrepreneurial activity, on employment growth in Local Market Areas are examined. Differences in levels of entrepreneurial activity, diversity among geographically proximate industries and the extent of human capital are positively associated with variation in growth rates, but the manufacturing sector appears to be an exception. Acs Z. J. et Armington C. (2004) La croissance de l'emploi et l'esprit d'entreprise dans les grandes villes, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Des théories récentes de la croissance économique ont souligné l'importance des effets externes. A partir des données provenant du Census Bureau, institut national de la statistique qui fait le suivi de tous les employeurs dans toute l'économie privée aux Etats-Unis, cet article cherche à examiner les retombées de ces effets externes-là, mesurés en termes de l'esprit d'entreprise, sur la croissance de l'emploi dans les bassins d'emplois locaux. Il s'avère que les écarts des les niveaux de l'esprit d'entreprise, la diversité des industries à proximité, et l'importance du capital humain sont en corrélation étroite avec la variation des taux de croissance, à une exception près, le secteur industriel. Acs Z. J. und Armington C. (2004) Zunahme der Arbeitsstellen und Unternehmertätigkeit in Städten, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Kürzlich aufgekommene Theorien wirtschaftlichen Wachstums haben die Rolle externer Effekte bei der Wachstumsentwicklung betont. Mit Hilfe von Daten des Census Bureaus, das sämtliche Arbeitgeber des Privatsektors der Wirtschaft der USA erfaßt, wird die Auswirkung dieser externen Effekte auf die Zunahme von Erwerbsstellen in 'Local Market Areas' durch Messung an Hand unternehmerischer Aktivität untersucht. Es wird festgestellt, daß Unterschiede der Stufen unternehmerischer Aktivität, Vielfalt in geographisch benachbarten Industrien und der Umfang des Menschenkapitals in positiver Verbindung mit Abweichungen bei Zuwachsraten auftreten, obschon der herstellende Sektor hierbei eine Ausnahme darstellt. Acs Z. J. y Armington C. (2004) Crecimiento en el empleo y actividad emprendedora en las ciudades, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Las teorías recientes sobre el crecimiento económico han enfatizado el rol de las externalidades en la generación de crecimiento. Utilizando datos de la Oficina del Censo que siguen la trayectoria de todos los empresarios en la totalidad de la economía del sector privado en los Estados Unidos, examinamos el impacto de estas externalidades, medido por medio del grado de actividad emprendedora, en el crecimiento del empleo en Áreas de Mercado Local. Encontramos que las diferencias en los niveles de actividad empresarial, la diversidad entre industrias que estÁn geogrÁficamente próximas, y el grado de capital humano estÁn positivamente asociados a una variación en los índices de crecimiento, pero el sector manufacturero parece presentar una excepción.},
number = {8},
urldate = {2017-04-03},
journal = {Regional Studies},
author = {Acs, Zoltan and Armington, Catherine},
month = nov,
year = {2004},
keywords = {Economic Growth, Entrepreneurship, Industry diversity, Knowledge spillovers},
pages = {911--927},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/35FA6H4D/0034340042000280938.html:text/html}
