Changes

•Any U.S. urban neighborhood in proximity to major medical centers could qualify regard less of geography, infrastructure, or presence of any high-tech, high-growth firm. Examples studied by group led by Katz include:

Philadelphia

Oklahoma City

Fort Worth

Houston (not extensively)

•Include some genuine success stories: Kendall Square, South Lake Union private-sector development where local government got out of the way, but do not focus on these examples.

•Include urban redevelopment projects. For example:

Detroit

South Boston Seaport

♣ Original plan included high-tech, high-growth entrepreneurs

♣ Subsequent development seems to have priced new firms out of space

oMany of jobs most accessible to less well-educated workers would be in the service sector. No evidence that these would be well-paying.

oClose examinations of Philadelphia and Oklahoma City suggest that residents from nearby impoverished zip codes are not taking jobs in the “innovation district.”

=Zip codes to compare for "Innovation Districts"=