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tags={Industry Commentary, Private Mechanisms, Licensing},
filename={Schmidt (2007) - Negotiating The Rnai Patent Thicket.pdf}
}
===Discard From Uncertain Group===
@article{arora2001markets,
title={Markets for technology and their implications for corporate strategy},
author={Arora, Ashish and Fosfuri, Andrea and Gambardella, Alfonso},
journal={Industrial and corporate change},
volume={10},
number={2},
pages={419--451},
year={2001},
abstract={We study a rich class of noncooperative games that includes models of oligopoly competition, macroeconomic coordination failures, arms races, bank runs, technology adoption and diffusion, R&D competition, pretrial bargaining, coordination in teams, and many others. For all these games, the sets of pure strategy Nash equilibria, correlated equilibria, and rationalizable strategies have identical bounds. Also, for a class of models of dynamic adaptive choice behavior that encompasses both best-response dynamics and Bayesian learning, the players' choices lie eventually within the same bounds. These bounds are shown to vary monotonically with certain exogenous parameters.},
iscipline={Mgmt},
research_type={Discussion},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
hicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Arora Fosfuri Gambardella (2001) - Markets For Technology And Their Implications For Corporate Strategy.pdf}
}
@article{beath1989strategic,
title={Strategic R \& D Policy},
author={Beath, John and Katsoulacos, Yannis and Ulph, David},
journal={The Economic Journal},
volume={99},
number={395},
pages={74--83},
year={1989},
abstract={},
discipline={Econ},
research_type={Theory},
industry={},
hicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
hicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Beath Katsoulacos Ulph (1989) - Strategic R And D Policy.pdf}
}
@techreport{bloom2007identifying,
title={Identifying technology spillovers and product market rivalry},
author={Bloom, Nicholas and Schankerman, Mark and Van Reenen, John},
year={2007},
institution={National Bureau of Economic Research}
abstract={Government policies to support R&D are predicated on empirical evidence of R&D “spillovers” between firms. But there are two countervailing R&D spillovers: positive effects from technology spillovers and negative effects from business stealing by product market rivals. We develop a general framework showing that technology and product market spillovers have testable implications for a range of performance indicators, and exploit these using distinct measures of a firm’s position in technology space and product market space. We show using panel data on U.S firms between 1981 and 2001 that both technology and product market spillovers operate, but that net social returns are several times larger than private returns. The spillover effects are also revealed when we analyze three high-tech sectors in detail – pharmaceuticals, computer hardware and telecommunication equipment. Using the model we evaluate three R&D subsidy policies and show that the typical focus of support for small and medium firms may be misplaced.},
discipline={Econ},
research_type={Measures, Empirical},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Bloom Schankerman VanReenen (2007) - Identifying Technology Spillovers And Product Market Rivalry.pdf}
}
@article{freeman1979centrality,
title={Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification},
author={Freeman, Linton C},
journal={Social networks},
volume={1},
number={3},
pages={215--239},
year={1979},
abstract={The intuitive background for measures of structural centrality in social networks is reviewed and existing measures are evaluated in terms of their consistency with intuitions and their interpretability. Three distinct intuitive conceptions of centrality are uncovered and existing measures are refined to embody these conceptions. Three measures are developed for each concept, one absolute and one relative measure of the centrality of positions in a network, and one reflecting the degree of centralization of the entire network. The implication of these measures for the experimental study of small groups is examined.},
discipline={Sociology},
research_type={Measures},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Freeman (1979) - Centrality In Social Networks Conceptual Clarification.pdf}
}
@article{gilbert1997antitrust,
title={Antitrust issues in the licensing of intellectual property: The nine no-no's meet the nineties},
author={Gilbert, Richard and Shapiro, Carl and Kaplow, Louis and Gertner, Robert},
journal={Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics},
volume={1997},
pages={283--349},
year={1997},
abstract={},
discipline={Law, Econ},
research_type={Discussion, Measures},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Gilbert Shapiro Kaplow Gertner (1997) - Antitrust Issues In The Licensing Of Intellectual Property.pdf}
}
@article{hall2005market,
title={Market value and patent citations},
author={Hall, Jaffe, Trajtenberg},
year={2005},
abstract={This paper explores the usefulness of patent citations as a measure of the importance of a firm’s patents, as indicated by the stock market valuation of the firm’s intangible stock of knowledge. Using patents and citations for 1963-1999, we estimate Tobin’s q equations on the ratios of R&D to assets stocks, patents to R&D, and citations to patents. We find that each ratio significantly impacts market value, with an extra citation per patent boosting market value by 3%. Further findings indicate that “unpredictable” citations have a stronger effect than the predictable portion, and that self-citations are more valuable than external citations.},
discipline={Mgmt},
research_type={Measures, Discussion},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Hall (2005) - Market Value And Patent Citations.pdf}
}
@article{harhoff1999citation,
title={Citation frequency and the value of patented inventions},
author={Harhoff, Dietmar and Narin, Francis and Scherer, Frederic M and Vopel, Katrin},
journal={Review of Economics and statistics},
volume={81},
number={3},
pages={511--515},
year={1999},
abstract={Through a survey, private economic value estimates were obtained on 964 inventionis made in the United States and Germany and on which German patent renewal fees were paid to full-term expiration in 1995. A search of subsequent U.S. and German patents yielded counts of citations to those patents. Patents renewed to full-term were significantly more highly cited than patents allowed to expire before their full term. The higher an invention's economic value estimate was, the more the patent was subsequently cited.},
discipline={Econ},
research_type={Empirical},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Harhoff Narin Scherer Vopel (1999) - Citation Frequency And The Value Of Patented Inventions.pdf}
}
@misc{hausman1984econometric,
title={Econometric models for count data with an application to the patents-R\&D relationship},
author={Hausman, Jerry A and Hall, Bronwyn H and Griliches, Zvi},
year={1984},
abstract={This paper focuses on developing and adapting statistical models of counts (nonnegative integers) in the context of panel data and using them to analyze the relationship between patents and R&D expenditures. Since a variety of other economic data come in the form of repeated counts of some individual actions or events, the methodology should have wide applications. The statistical models we develop are applications and generalizations of the Poisson distribution. Two important issues are (i) Given the panel nature of our data, how can we allow for separate persistent individual (fixed or random) effects? (ii) How does one introduce the equivalent of disturbance-in-the-equation into the analysis of Poisson and other discrete probability functions? The first problem is solved by conditioning on the total sum of outcomes over the observed years, while the second problem is solved by introducing an additional source of randomness, allowing the Poisson parameter to be itself randomly distributed, and compounding the two distributions. Lastly, we develop a lest statistic for the presence of serial correlation when fixed effects estimators are used in nonlinear conditional models.},
discipline={Econ},
research_type={Empirical, Measures},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Hausman Hall Griliches (1984) - Econometric Models For Count Data With An Application To The Patents R And D Relationship.pdf}
}
@article{henderson2006measuring,
title={Measuring competence? Exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research},
author={Henderson, Rebecca and Cockburn, Iain},
journal={Strategic management journal},
volume={15},
number={S1},
pages={63--84},
year={2006},
abstract={Renewed interest in the resource-based theory of the firm has focused attention on the role of heterogeneous organizational 'competence' in competition. This paper attempts to measure the importance of these effects in the context of pharmaceutical research. We distinguish between 'component' and 'architectural' competence, and using internal firm data at the program level from 10 major pharmaceutical companies show that together the two forms of competence appear to explain a signijicant fraction of the variance in research productivity across firms. Our results raise some intriguing questions about the nature of competencies and the ways in which they diffuse over time.},
discipline={Mgmt},
research_type={Measures},
industry={Biomedical},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Henderson Cockburn (2006) - Measuring Competence Exploring Firm Effects In Pharmaceutical Research.pdf}
}
@misc{jaffe1986technological,
title={Technological opportunity and spillovers of R\&D: Evidence from firms' patents, profits and market value},
author={Jaffe, Adam B},
year={1986},
publisher={National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, Mass., USA}
abstract={This paper quantifies the effects on the productivity of firms' R&D of exogenous variations in the state of technology (technological opportunity) and of the R&D of other firms (spillovers of R&D). The R&D productivity is increased by the R&D of "technological neighbors," though neighbors' R&D lowers the profits and market value of low-R&D-intensity firms. Firms are shown to adjust the technological composition of their R&D in response to technological opportunity.},
discipline={Econ, Mgmt},
research_type={Empirical},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Jaffe (1986) - Technological Opportunity And Spillovers Of R And D.pdf}
}
@techreport{jaffe1998international,
title={International knowledge flows: evidence from patent citations},
author={Jaffe, Adam B and Trajtenberg, Manuel},
year={1998},
institution={National Bureau of Economic Research}
abstract={This paper explores the patterns of citations among patents taken out by inventors in the U.S., the U.K., France, Germany, and Japan. We find (1) patents assigned to the same firm are more likely to cite each other, and come sooner than other citations; (2) patents in the same patent class are approximately 100 times as likely to cite each other as patents from different patent classes, but there is not a strong time pattern to this effect; (3) patents whose inventors reside in the same country are typically 30-80% more likely to cite each other than inventors from other countries, and these citations come sooner; and (4) there are clear country-specific citation tendencies, e.g., Japanese citations typically come sooner than those of other countries.},
discipline={Econ},
research_type={Empirical},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Jaffe Trajtenberg (1998) - International Knowledge Flows Evidence From Patent Citations.pdf},
}
@article{jaffe1993geographic,
title={Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations},
author={Jaffe, Adam B and Trajtenberg, Manuel and Henderson, Rebecca},
journal={the Quarterly journal of Economics},
volume={108},
number={3},
pages={577--598},
year={1993},
abstract={We compare the geographic location of patent citations with that of the cited patents, as evidence of the extent to which knowledge spillovers are geographically localized. We find that citations to domestic patents are more likely to be domestic, and more likely to come from the same state and SMSA as the cited patents, compared with a "control frequency" reflecting the pre-existing concentration of related research activity. These effects are particularly significant at the local (SMSA) level. Localization fades over time, but only very slowly. There is no evidence that more "basic" inventions diffuse more rapidly than others.},
discipline={Econ},
research_type={Discussion, Empirical},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Jaffe Trajtenberg Henderson (1993) - Geographic Localization Of Knowledge Spillovers As Evidenced By Patent Citations.pdf}
}
@article{lichtman2006patent,
title={Patent Holdouts and the Standard-Setting Process},
author={Lichtman, Douglas},
journal={U Chicago Law and Economics, Olin Working Paper},
number={292},
year={2006}
abstract={},
discipline={Law, Mgmt},
research_type={Discussion},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Lichtman (2006) - Patent Holdouts And The Standard Setting Process.pdf}
}
@book{merrill2004patent,
title={A patent system for the 21st century},
author={Merrill, Stephen A and Levin, Richard C and Myers, Mark B and others},
year={2004},
abstract={},
discipline={},
research_type={},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={} ,
filename={Merrill Levin Myers others (2004) - A Patent System For The 21st Century.pdf}
}
@article{smith2004innovation,
title={Innovation and Intellectual Property Protection in the Software Industry: An Emerging Role for Patents?},
author={Smith, Bradford L and Mann, Susan O},
journal={The University of Chicago Law Review},
pages={241--264},
year={2004},
abstract={},
discipline={Law},
research_type={Discussion},
industry={Software},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={},
filename={Smith Mann (2004) - Innovation And Intellectual Property Protection In The Software Industry.pdf}
}
@book{wasserman1994social,
title={Social network analysis: Methods and applications},
author={Wasserman, Stanley and Faust, Katherine},
volume={8},
year={1994},
abstract={},
discipline={},
research_type={},
industry={},
thicket_stance={},
thicket_stance_extract={},
thicket_def={},
thicket_def_extract={},
tags={} ,
filename={Wasserman Faust (1994) - Social Network Analysis Methods And Applications.pdf}
}
