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@article{morris_dilemma_2006,
title = {The {Dilemma} of {Growth}: {Understanding} {Venture} {Size} {Choices} of {Women} {Entrepreneurs}},
volume = {44},
issn = {1540-627X},
shorttitle = {The {Dilemma} of {Growth}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x},
abstract = {In recent years the number of women-owned firms with employees has expanded at three times the rate of all employer firms. Yet women remain underrepresented in their proportion of high-growth firms. A number of plausible explanations exist. To develop richer insights, a two-stage research project was undertaken. A mail survey was sent to a sample of female entrepreneurs to assess motives, obstacles, goals and aspirations, needs, and business identity. Based on the survey results, follow-up, in-depth interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs, selecting equally from modest-growth and high-growth ventures. In terms of quantitative findings, growth orientation was associated with whether a woman was “pushed” or “pulled” into entrepreneurship, was motivated by wealth or achievement factors, had a strong women's identity in the venture, had equity partners, and believed women faced unique selling obstacles. The qualitative research made clear that modest- and high-growth entrepreneurs differ in how they view themselves, their families, their ventures, and the larger environment. The results of both stages suggest that growth is a deliberate choice and that women have a clear sense of the costs and benefits of growth and make careful trade-off decisions.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-03-28},
journal = {Journal of Small Business Management},
author = {Morris, Michael H. and Miyasaki, Nola N. and Watters, Craig E. and Coombes, Susan M.},
month = apr,
year = {2006},
pages = {221--244},
file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/BNJ4C7HC/Morris et al. - 2006 - The Dilemma of Growth Understanding Venture Size .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/MHXNUBKG/Morris et al. - 2006 - The Dilemma of Growth Understanding Venture Size .html:text/html}
}
@article{menzies_examining_2004ahern_changing_2012, title = {Examining The {VentureChanging}-related of the {Boards}: {The} {Impact} on {Firm} {Valuation} of {MythsMandated} {ConcerningFemale} {WomenBoard} {EntrepreneursRepresentation}}, volume = {9127}, copyright issn = {Copyright Norfolk State University Foundation Aug 20040033-5533}, issn shorttitle = {10849467The {Changing} of the {Boards}}, url = {httphttps://searchacademic.proquestoup.com/docviewqje/article/127/2084283101/abstract137/E7779CA6B1314111PQ1832366/1}, abstract = {Despite The-Changing-of-the increasing number of women who are starting businesses, distinct hurdles exist for them. For instance, there is a lower occurrence of females as business owners and a paucity of academic research -Boards-The-Impact-on the topic of female entrepreneurs. Another major hurdle is the presence of "derogatory myths" like those specified in the U.S. Diana Project. A random sample of nascent entrepreneurs in Canada is utilized to examine these myths about women entrepreneurs. Although many of the myths were unsubstantiated, the findings show that perhaps women do not have the right educational background to start large businesses and they may be starting businesses unattractive to venture capitalists. These findings are a clear wake-up call for the implementation of new programs and policies to increase the number of females studying computer and engineering sciences and to encourage and nurture a higher incidence of females as lead entrepreneurs. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]Firm}, language doi = {English10.1093/qje/qjr049}, number = {21}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship; NorfolkEconomics}, author = {MenziesAhern, Teresa VKenneth R. and DiochonDittmar, Monica and Gasse, YvonAmy K.}, month = augfeb, year = {20042012}, keywords = {Business And Economics, Education, Entrepreneurs, Gender equity, Studies, Women owned businesses}, pages = {89137--107}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/F7FGQ8IA/Menzies et al. - 2004 - Examining Venture-related Myths Concerning Women E.pdf:application/pdf197} }
@article{brush_role_2002brush_exploration_2001, title = {The role Exploration of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firmsthe {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}: {AIs} framework for future research{Gender}, volume = an {4Issue}, issn = {1369-1066?}, shorttitle = {The role Exploration of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firmsthe {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}}, url = {http://dx.doidigitalknowledge.org/10babson.1080edu/1369106022000024897}, doi = {10.1080eshppw/136910602200002489717}, abstract = {Equity capital fuels growth companies and yields high returns for investors. The process of equity investment and ultimate harvesting of innovative companies has created significant wealth among fund investors, venture capitalists, angels and new entrepreneurs. Extensive research investigates all phases of the venture capital investment process, industry characteristics and returns to investors. Surprisingly absent from current research are studies including women, on both the supply (equity provider) and demand (equity seeker) sides. Women make significant contributions to the US economy in the workforce and as business owners, yet research about women as recipients of equity capital and providers of equity is extremely scarce. This raises a question–are women being left out of the wealth creation process? Our paper addresses this question by exploring women's role in supply and demand of equity capital. We utilize a social capital perspective to develop a conceptual framework and focus our analysis on early stage and angel investment. The paper concludes with directions for future research.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Venture Capital}, author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth}, month = octjan, year = {20022001}, keywords = {Business Angels, Social Capital, Venture Capital, Venture Capitalists, Women Entrepreneurs}, pages = {305--323}, file = {SnapshotUntitled Attachment:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/SIT8QJDSFBFSEK3R/Brush et al. - 2002 2001 - The role Exploration of social capital and gender in linking fthe Venture Capital Industry Is Ge.html:text/html} }
@articletechreport{chaganti_management_1986brush_gatekeepers_2004, title address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {Management in {WomenSSRN}-{OwnedScholarly} {EnterprisesPaper}}, volume title = {24Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} on the {Role} and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}}, issn shorttitle = {0047-2778Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}}, url = {https://wwwpapers.questiassrn.com/library/journal/1G1-4587541/management-in-women-owned-enterprisesabstract=1260385}, abstract = {MANAGEMENT IN WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISES According to recent statistics, Women have received a disproportionately low share of available venture capital in the United States. This study provides the first overview of women are starting small...decision}, language number = {engID 1260385}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal institution = {Journal of Small Business ManagementSocial Science Research Network}, author = {ChagantiBrush, RadhaCandida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra}, month = oct, year = {19862004}, pages keywords = {18Barriers to growth, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Females, Managers, Venture capital, Venture capitalists}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/UKSZF5DFXD84WIHI/Chaganti Brush et al. - 1986 2004 - Management in Women-Owned EnterprisesGatekeepers of Venture Growth A Diana Project Rep.html:text/html} }
@articletechreport{brush_use_2006brush_diana_2008, title address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {The use of bootstrapping by women entrepreneurs in positioning for growth{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, volume title = {8The {Diana} {Project}: {Women} {Business} {Owners} and {Equity} {Capital}: {The} {Myths} {Dispelled}}, issn shorttitle = {1369-1066The {Diana} {Project}}, url = {httphttps://wwwpapers.tandfonlinessrn.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691060500433975}, doi abstract= {10.1080/136910605004339751262312}, abstract = {The number of women entrepreneurs is rising rapidly and many are creating substantial businesses. For most women-led ventures, growth is funded by personal investment and debt, although a small percentage draw on private equity investment to fuel high growth. Of those that seek growth, not only do they face higher obstacles in obtaining capital, but little is known about ways they position ventures for growth. This paper addresses report from the question: ‘How do women develop financing strategies to prove Diana Project explores the business concept, meet early stage milestones, and demonstrate to external investors the value and potential extent of their businesses?’ Data are drawn from phone interviews with 88 US female entrepreneurs seeking an equity investment to grow their businesses. The analysis examines the correspondence between bootstrapping and stage of business development. Results show significant differences investments in the use of bootstrap options utilized by women-led ventures depending on stage of business developmentowned businesses. Companies that have not achieved sales Surveyed were more likely to emphasize bootstrapping to reduce labour1, while those companies with greater sales were more likely 700 applicants to minimize cost of operations. Implications for future research and education are suggested.the 2000 Springboard f}, number = {1ID 1262312}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal institution = {Venture CapitalSocial Science Research Network}, author = {Brush, Professor Candida G. Candy and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra M.}, month = jansep, year = {20062008}, keywords = {bootsrappingEquity capital, growthFemale entrepreneurs, private equityFemale owned businesses, Women entrepreneurs}Firm growth, pages = {15--31}Gender, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/7EFAH2QI/Brush et al. - 2006 - The use of bootstrapping by women entrepreneurs in.html:text/htmlVenture capital} }
@article{gundry_ambitious_2001brush_role_2002, title = {The ambitious entrepreneurrole of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms: {HighA} growth strategies of women-owned enterprisesframework for future research}, volume = {164}, issn = {08831369-90261066}, shorttitle = {The ambitious entrepreneurrole of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms}, url = {http://wwwdx.sciencedirectdoi.comorg/science/article10.1080/pii/S08839026990005921369106022000024897}, doi = {10.10161080/S0883-9026(99)00059-21369106022000024897}, abstract = {During the last two decades, researchers have sought to develop categories of entrepreneurs Equity capital fuels growth companies and their businesses along a variety yields high returns for investors. The process of dimensions to better comprehend equity investment and analyze the entrepreneurial growth process. Some ultimate harvesting of this research innovative companies has focused on differences related to industrial sectorscreated significant wealth among fund investors, firm size, the geographical region in which a business is located, the use of high-technology or low-technologyventure capitalists, angels and the life-cycle stage of the firm (i.e., start-up vs. more mature, formalized companies). Researchers have also considered ways in which new entrepreneurs can be differentiated from small business managers. One of these classifications is based on the entrepreneur's desire to grow the business rapidly. This is the focus of our study. To date, the media have paid considerable attention to rapidly growing new ventures. However, still lacking are large-scale Extensive research studies guided by theory through which we can expand our knowledge investigates all phases of the underlying factors supporting ambitious expansion plans. Some research has identified factors that enhance or reduce the willingness of the entrepreneur to grow the business. Factors include the strategic origin of the business (i.e.venture capital investment process, the methods and paths through which the firm was founded); previous experience of the founder/owner; and the ability of the entrepreneur to set realistic, measurable goals industry characteristics and returns to manage conflict effectivelyinvestors. Our study attempted to identify the strategic paths chosen by entrepreneurs and the relation of those paths to the growth orientation of the firm. The entrepreneurs sampled in this study Surprisingly absent from current research are studies including women entrepreneurs across a wide range of industrial sectors. Recent reviews of entrepreneurship research have suggested the need for more studies comparing high-growth firms with slower-growth firms to better delineate their differences in strategic choices and behaviors. Our study sought to answer the following questions: What characterizes a “high growth-oriented entrepreneur?” Is this distinction associated with specific strategic intentions, prior experience, equity held in previous firms, the type of company structure in place, or success factors on both the entrepreneur perceives are important to the business? Do “high growth” entrepreneurs show greater entrepreneurial “intensity” supply (i.e., commitment to the firm's successequity provider)? Are they willing to “pay the price” for their own and their firm's success? demand (iequity seeker) sides.e., Women make significant contributions to the US economy in the “opportunity costs” associated with business success workforce and growth). Other relationships under investigation included different patterns of financing the as business' start-up and early growth. Do “high-growth” entrepreneurs use unique sources of funding compared with “lower-growth” entrepreneurs? Eight hundred thirty-two entrepreneurs responded to a survey in which they were asked to describe their growth intentions along nineteen strategic dimensionsowners, yet research about women as well as respond to the foregoing questions. Some recipients of the strategic activity measures included adding a new product or service, expanding operations, selling to a new market, and applying for a loan to expand operations. Actual growth rates based on sales revenues were calculated, equity capital and average annualized growth rates providers of the industrial sectors represented in the sample were obtainedequity is extremely scarce. This study showed that high-growth-oriented entrepreneurs were clearly different from low-growth-oriented entrepreneurs along several dimensions. The former were much more likely to select strategies for their firms that permitted greater focus on market expansion and new technologies, to exhibit greater intensity towards business ownership (“my business is raises a question–are women being left out of the most important activity wealth creation process? Our paper addresses this question by exploring women's role in my life”), supply and to be willing to incur greater opportunity costs for the success demand of their firms (“I would rather own my own business than earn a higher salary while employed by someone else”)equity capital. The high-growth–oriented entrepreneurs tended to have We utilize a more structured approach social capital perspective to organizing their businesses, which suggests develop a more disciplined perception of managing the firm. In summary, results showed the group of high-growth–oriented entrepreneurs, labeled “ambitious,” as having the following distinctions: strategic intentions that emphasize market growth conceptual framework and technological change, stronger commitment to the success of the business, greater willingness to sacrifice focus our analysis on behalf of the business, earlier planning for the growth of the business, utilization of a team-based form of organization design, concern for reputation early stage and quality, adequate capitalization, strong leadership, and utilization of a wider range of financing sources for the expansion of the ventureangel investment. The purpose in uncovering these differences is to enable entrepreneurs and researchers to identify more clearly the attributes of rapid-growth ventures and their founders and to move closer to a field-based model of the entrepreneurial growth process which will help delineate the alternative paths to venture growth and organizational changepaper concludes with directions for future research.}, number = {54}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Business VenturingVenture Capital}, author = {GundryBrush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Lisa K Myra M. and WelschGatewood, Harold PElizabeth}, month = sepoct, year = {20012002}, keywords = {Business Angels, Social Capital, Venture Capital, Venture Capitalists, Women Entrepreneurs}, pages = {453305--470323}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDFSnapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/98R9EGFMSIT8QJDS/Gundry and Welsch Brush et al. - 2001 2002 - The ambitious entrepreneur High growth strategies.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/5VID9HCF/Gundry role of social capital and Welsch - 2001 - The ambitious entrepreneur High growth strategiesgender in linking f.html:text/html} }
@article{de_bruin_advancing_2007brush_use_2006, title = {Advancing a {Framework} The use of bootstrapping by women entrepreneurs in positioning for {Coherent} {Research} on {Women}'s {Entrepreneurship}growth}, volume = {318}, issn = {15401369-65201066}, url = {http://onlinelibrarywww.wileytandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00176.x1080/abstract13691060500433975}, doi = {10.11111080/j13691060500433975}, abstract = {The number of women entrepreneurs is rising rapidly and many are creating substantial businesses.1540For most women-6520led ventures, growth is funded by personal investment and debt, although a small percentage draw on private equity investment to fuel high growth. Of those that seek growth, not only do they face higher obstacles in obtaining capital, but little is known about ways they position ventures for growth. This paper addresses the question: ‘How do women develop financing strategies to prove the business concept, meet early stage milestones, and demonstrate to external investors the value and potential of their businesses?’ Data are drawn from phone interviews with 88 US female entrepreneurs seeking an equity investment to grow their businesses.2007The analysis examines the correspondence between bootstrapping and stage of business development.00176Results show significant differences in the use of bootstrap options utilized by women-led ventures depending on stage of business development.x}Companies that have not achieved sales were more likely to emphasize bootstrapping to reduce labour, language = {enwhile those companies with greater sales were more likely to minimize cost of operations. Implications for future research and education are suggested.}, number = {31}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and PracticeVenture Capital}, author = {De BruinBrush, Professor Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Anne Elizabeth J. and BrushGreene, Candida Patricia G. and WelterHart, FriederikeMyra M.}, month = mayjan, year = {20072006}, keywords = {bootsrapping, growth, private equity, Women entrepreneurs}, pages = {32315--33931}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/HARBD3QD7EFAH2QI/De Bruin Brush et al. - 2007 2006 - Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on WomThe use of bootstrapping by women entrepreneurs in.html:text/html} }
@article{brush_exploration_2001, title = {Exploration Interviews of the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}: {Is} {Gender} an {Issue}?}, shorttitle = {Exploration of the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}}, url = {http://digitalknowledge.babson.edu/eshppw/17}, journal = {Venture Capital}, author = {Brush, Candida}, month = jan, year = {2001}, file = {Untitled Attachment:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/FBFSEK3R/Brush - 2001 - Exploration of the Venture Capital Industry Is Ge.html:text/html}}women entreps about growth strategy
@article{teresa_nelson_women_2009,
title = {Women entrepreneurs and venture capital: managing the shadow negotiation},
volume = {1},
issn = {1756-6266},
shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs and venture capital},
url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/17566260910942345},
doi = {10.1108/17566260910942345},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-03-28},
journal = {International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship},
author = {{Teresa Nelson} and {Sylvia Maxfield} and {Deborah Kolb}},
month = mar,
year = {2009},
pages = {57--76},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/SJKTSKCI/Teresa Nelson et al. - 2009 - Women entrepreneurs and venture capital managing .html:text/html}
}
@article{sass_rubin_venture_2010chaganti_management_1986, title = {Venture Management in {CapitalWomen} and -{UnderservedOwned} {CommunitiesEnterprises}}, volume = {4524}, issn = {10780047-08742778}, url = {httphttps://journalswww.sagepubquestia.com/doilibrary/absjournal/10.11771G1-4587541/1078087410361574management-in-women-owned-enterprises}, doi = {10.1177/1078087410361574}, abstract = {Access MANAGEMENT IN WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISES According to equity capital is critical for the growth of businessesrecent statistics, especially for young companies, which lack the cash flows necessary to repay loans. To meet this need, a thriving venture capital industry has evolved, fostering job creation, economic growth, and innovation in the United Stateswomen are starting small. Not all companies, however, have been equally able to access such investments. Firms owned by women and people of color and those located in rural and distressed urban regions of the country have been underserved by the venture capital industry. This note analyzes the factors responsible for this and proposes policies designed to ensure a more equitable economic landscape.}, language = {en}, number = {6eng}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Urban Affairs ReviewJournal of Small Business Management}, author = {Sass RubinChaganti, JuliaRadha}, month = juloct, year = {20101986}, pages = {821--83518}, file = {SAGE PDF Full TextSnapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/GQM5CSIWUKSZF5DF/Sass Rubin Chaganti - 2010 1986 - Management in Women- Venture Capital and Underserved CommunitiesOwned Enterprises.pdfhtml:applicationtext/pdfhtml} }
@article{kim_klyver_entrepreneurial_2007, title = {Entrepreneurial network composition: {An} analysis across venture development stage and gender}, volume = {22}, issn = {0964-9425}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurial network composition}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/09649420710836344}, doi = {10.1108/09649420710836344}, number = {8}, urldate = {2017-03"entrepreneurial mode" vs "feminine mode" of leadership for women-28}owned enterprises (WOEs), journal = {Women in Management Review}, author = {{Kim Klyver} and {Siri Terjesen}}, month = nov, year = {2007}, pages = {682--688}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/KUW4S3SB/Kim Klyver and Siri Terjesen - 2007 - Entrepreneurial network composition An depth analysis a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/UIR9JTUZ/Kim Klyver and Siri Terjesen - 2007 - Entrepreneurial network composition An analysis a.html:text/html}}of 8 WOEs
@article{sila_women_2016,
title = {Women on board: {Does} boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk?},
volume = {36},
issn = {0929-1199},
shorttitle = {Women on board},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929119915001248},
doi = {10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.10.003},
abstract = {We investigate the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm risk. To identify a causal effect of gender on risk, we use a dynamic model that controls for reverse causality and for gender and risk being influenced by unobservable firm factors. We find no evidence that female boardroom representation influences equity risk. We also show that findings of a negative relationship between the two variables are spurious and driven by unobserved between-firm heterogeneous factors.},
urldate = {2017-03-28},
journal = {Journal of Corporate Finance},
author = {Sila, Vathunyoo and Gonzalez, Angelica and Hagendorff, Jens},
month = feb,
year = {2016},
keywords = {Board of directors, Endogeneity, Equity risk, Gender diversity},
pages = {26--53},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/TVIJSMZQ/Sila et al. - 2016 - Women on board Does boardroom gender diversity af.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/463QZXFT/Sila et al. - 2016 - Women on board Does boardroom gender diversity af.html:text/html}
}
@miscarticle{noauthor_pg_nodatechrisman_comparison_1990, type title = {TextA comparison of assistance needs of male and female pre-venture entrepreneurs}, title volume = {Pg 22 {\textbar5} , issn = {Corporate} {Governance}0883-9026}, url = {http://www.catalystsciencedirect.orgcom/science/knowledgearticle/topicspii/corporate088390269090019P}, doi = {10.1016/0883-governance9026(90)90019-P}, abstract = {Pg 22 {In spite of the proliferation of studies of female entrepreneurs, few researchers have attempted to directly compare female and male entrepreneurs in terms of their problems, the assistance received in addressing these problems, the value of outside consulting services, and the number of startups subsequent to counseling. Such studies are needed, not only to determine if there are differences in the problems male and female entrepreneurs face, but more importantly, to determine if any of these differences affect the successful development of new ventures. The fact that the SBA recently established a special training program for women entrepreneurs funded by a new \textbar} Leadership at $10 million grant, approved by Congress in 1988 (H.R. 5050), makes the top issue even more timely and pertinent. To address this issue, this article compares samples of corporations shapes companiesaspiring male and female entrepreneurs who received consulting assistance from a state-level Small Business Development Center (SBDC). The two groups were compared in terms of: (1) the strategic, communitiesadministrative, and societiesoperating assistance received; (2) their evaluation of the value of the consulting services; and (3) their propensity to initiate ventures after receiving SBDC assistance. A genderThe study was based on the results of two surveys of the entire population of 457 long-term pre-diverse board venture clients that received counseling from one SBDC state system between July 1, 1985, and June 30, 1987. All clients were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning the kinds of directors assistance sought, the quality of the service received, and senior leadership team whether or not they subsequently went into business. We received 162 (C35.4\%) usable responses, of which 94 were from males (58.0\%) and 68 were from females (42.0\%). T-tests and chi-square tests of independence and goodness-of-suite) will help corporations lead fit were used to test hypotheses pertaining to the assistance needs of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs. Results indicated that male and female clients of the SBDC are virtually identical in terms of their assistance needs. Females do not appear to need more assistance than males, nor do they appear to require different types of assistance. The virtually identical ratings of service value among males and manage sustainablefemales also indicates that both genders are equally satisfied with the assistance received. Taken together, these findings suggest that females suffer no significant entrepreneurial disadvantages compared to males. If they had, it would be logical to assume that females, effective business strategieswho received the same types and amounts of assistance as males, role model employee opportunitieswould find such levels of service inadequate, and enhance consequently, rate it less favorably. Furthermore, the fact that the proportion of female clients was statistically equal to the proportion of net new businesses operated by women refutes the notion that general-assistance programs such as the SBDC are not equally accessible to both genders. The fact that female client start-ups were significantly higher than their reputationproportional representation in the region further supports this conclusion.The primary implication for public policy makers and outside consultants is that little evidence exists to warrant special treatment or special programs for females, especially at a cost of \$10 million. In terms of research implications, our results suggest that it would be better if future studies concentrated on behaviors and strategic factors affecting the performance of new ventures (whether male-or female-owned), rather than merely comparing the characteristics of the entrepreneurs who start them.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {CatalystJournal of Business Venturing}, author = {Chrisman, James J. and Carsrud, Alan L. and DeCastro, Julio and Herron, Lanny}, month = jul, year = {1990}, pages = {235--248}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/2KEMBAB6/Chrisman et al. - 1990 - A comparison of assistance needs of male and femal.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/5KCNCMT39BBM2EQV/Pg 22 Corporate GovernanceChrisman et al. - 1990 - A comparison of assistance needs of male and femal.html:text/html} }
@article{greene_patterns_2001, title = {Patterns Survey of venture capital funding: {Is} gender a factor?}, volume = {3}, issn = {1369-1066}, shorttitle = {Patterns of venture capital funding}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691060118175}, doi = {10.1080/13691060118175}, abstract = {Since the early 1980s, new ventures with high growth potential and large capital needs have found an ever-increasing pool of venture capital available to support their growth. However, the flow of venture capital investment to women-led businesses remains meager in spite of the fact that participants in the US and Europe an increasing number of businesses are owned by women. The apparent disparity between potential investment opportunity and actual deals made between venture capital firms and womenstate-led businesses raises the question of whether gender is an issuelevel Small Business Development Center programs (U. The majority of venture capital studies investigate equity funds flows, investor criteria and the nature of the investor-investee relationship. Research on women entrepreneurs focuses on psychological dimensions, business characteristics and performance. Questions about the intersection of gender and venture capital financing are largely unexamined. This exploratory study utilizes longitudinal data to track US venture capital investments by proportion, stage, industry and gender. The descriptive statistics and our analysis of the findings suggest several hypotheses to explain the apparent gender gap.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Venture Capital}, author = {Greene, Patricia GS. and Brush, Candida G. and Hart, Myra M. and Saparito, Patrick},) month = jan, year = {2001}, keywords = {Gender, Human Capital, Strategic Choice, Structural Barriers}, pages = {63-Pre-83}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/DPQSX9X2/Greene et al. - 2001 - Patterns of venture capital funding Is gender a f.html:text/html}}Men & women entreps have same needs
@misc{teare_first_nodate,
title = {The first comprehensive study on women in venture capital and their impact on female founders},
url = {http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/04/19/the-first-comprehensive-study-on-women-in-venture-capital/},
abstract = {The CrunchBase Women in Venture report is the third study in our ongoing analysis of women and their participation in the startup ecosystem. This report..},
urldate = {2017-03-28},
journal = {TechCrunch},
author = {Teare, Gené and Desmond, Ned},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/DN65KRJK/Teare and Desmond - The first comprehensive study on women in venture .html:text/html}
}
@bookarticle{hart_emergence_2003de_bruin_advancing_2007, title = {The Advancing a {EmergenceFramework} of for {EntrepreneurshipCoherent} {PolicyResearch}: on {GovernanceWomen}, 's {StartEntrepreneurship}-{Ups}, and volume = {Growth} in the {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}31}, isbn issn = {978-1-1391540-44078-36520}, shorttitle url = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00176.x/abstract}, abstract doi = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy10. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish1111/j. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy1540-makers and researchers in this area6520.2007. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation00176.x}, language = {en}, publisher number = {3}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Cambridge University PressEntrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, author = {HartDe Bruin, David MAnne and Brush, Candida G.and Welter, Friederike}, month = octmay, year = {20032007}, note pages = {Google323-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C339}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics Snapshot:/ Economics Users/ General, Business \& Economics carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/ General, Business \& Economics Profiles/ Industrial Management, Political Science c5jhnzb8.default/ General, Political Science zotero/ Public Policy storage/ Economic Policy, Social Science HARBD3QD/ Sociology De Bruin et al. - 2007 - Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on Wom.html:text/ Generalhtml} }
@articlemisc{shrader_women_1997noauthor_female-founded_nodate, title = {Women Female-founded, {InVC} -funded: {ManagementThe} numbers behind venture investment in women [datagraphic] {And} {Firm} {Financial} {Performance}: {An\textbar} {ExploratoryPitchBook} {StudyNews}}, volume = {9}, issn shorttitle = {1045Female-3695}founded, shorttitle = {Women {In} {Management} {And} {Firm} {Financial} {PerformanceVC}-funded}, url = {httphttps://wwwpitchbook.jstor.orgcom/news/stablearticles/40604152female-founded-vc-funded-the-numbers-behind-venture-investment-in-women-datagraphic}, abstract = {This study explores relationships In honor of women in management positions with firm financial performance. Utilizing the resource-based theory of competitive advantage, as well as stakeholder and diversity arguments, we hypothesize that firms employing greater percentages of women managers at the general management, top managementWomen’s History Month, and board we’re releasing a collection of director levels will experience relatively better financial performance. Examining data from the Wall Street Journal for 200 large firms, we find positive relationships between the firm's total percentage of women managers and ROS, ROA, ROI, and ROE. High percentages of women top managers and board members did not predict performanceon female-founded companies with VC backing.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal file = {Journal of Managerial Issues}, author = {Shrader, Charles BSnapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8. and Blackburndefault/zotero/storage/VVKVZBFS/Female-founded, Virginia BVC-funded The numbers behind vent. and Iles, Paul}, year = {1997}, pages = {355--372html:text/html} }
@techreportarticle{brush_diana_2008greene_patterns_2001, address title = {Rochester, NYPatterns of venture capital funding: {Is} gender a factor?}, type volume = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}3}, title issn = {The {Diana} {Project}: {Women} {Business} {Owners} and {Equity} {Capital}: {The} {Myths} {Dispelled}1369-1066}, shorttitle = {The {Diana} {Project}Patterns of venture capital funding}, url = {httpshttp://papersdx.doi.ssrnorg/10.com1080/abstract13691060118175}, doi =1262312{10.1080/13691060118175}, abstract = {This report from Since the Diana Project explores early 1980s, new ventures with high growth potential and large capital needs have found an ever-increasing pool of venture capital available to support their growth. However, the extent flow of venture capital investment to women-led businesses remains meager in spite of equity investments the fact that in the US and Europe an increasing number of businesses are owned by women. The apparent disparity between potential investment opportunity and actual deals made between venture capital firms and women-owned led businessesraises the question of whether gender is an issue. The majority of venture capital studies investigate equity funds flows, investor criteria and the nature of the investor-investee relationship. Research on women entrepreneurs focuses on psychological dimensions, business characteristics and performance. Questions about the intersection of gender and venture capital financing are largely unexamined. Surveyed were 1This exploratory study utilizes longitudinal data to track US venture capital investments by proportion, stage,700 applicants industry and gender. The descriptive statistics and our analysis of the findings suggest several hypotheses to explain the 2000 Springboard fapparent gender gap.}, number = {ID 12623121}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, institution journal = {Social Science Research NetworkVenture Capital}, author = {BrushGreene, Candy and Carter, Nancy MPatricia G. and GatewoodBrush, Elizabeth JCandida G. and GreeneHart, Patricia GMyra M. and HartSaparito, MyraPatrick}, month = sepjan, year = {20082001}, keywords = {Equity capitalGender, Female entrepreneursHuman Capital, Female owned businessesStrategic Choice, Firm growthStructural Barriers}, Gender pages = {63--83}, Venture file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/DPQSX9X2/Greene et al. - 2001 - Patterns of venture capitalfunding Is gender a f.html:text/html} }
@miscarticle{noauthor_female-founded_nodategundry_ambitious_2001, title = {Female-founded, {VC}-fundedThe ambitious entrepreneur: {TheHigh} numbers behind venture investment in growth strategies of women [datagraphic] {\textbar-owned enterprises} , volume = {PitchBook16} , issn = {News}0883-9026}, shorttitle = {Female-founded, {VC}-fundedThe ambitious entrepreneur}, url = {httpshttp://pitchbookwww.sciencedirect.com/newsscience/article/pii/articlesS0883902699000592}, doi = {10.1016/femaleS0883-9026(99)00059-2}, abstract = {During the last two decades, researchers have sought to develop categories of entrepreneurs and their businesses along a variety of dimensions to better comprehend and analyze the entrepreneurial growth process. Some of this research has focused on differences related to industrial sectors, firm size, the geographical region in which a business is located, the use of high-technology or low-technology, and the life-cycle stage of the firm (i.e., start-up vs. more mature, formalized companies). Researchers have also considered ways in which entrepreneurs can be differentiated from small business managers. One of these classifications is based on the entrepreneur's desire to grow the business rapidly. This is the focus of our study. To date, the media have paid considerable attention to rapidly growing new ventures. However, still lacking are large-scale research studies guided by theory through which we can expand our knowledge of the underlying factors supporting ambitious expansion plans. Some research has identified factors that enhance or reduce the willingness of the entrepreneur to grow the business. Factors include the strategic origin of the business (i.e., the methods and paths through which the firm was founded); previous experience of the founder/owner; and the ability of the entrepreneur to set realistic, measurable goals and to manage conflict effectively. Our study attempted to identify the strategic paths chosen by entrepreneurs and the relation of those paths to the growth orientation of the firm. The entrepreneurs sampled in this study are women entrepreneurs across a wide range of industrial sectors. Recent reviews of entrepreneurship research have suggested the need for more studies comparing high-vcgrowth firms with slower-fundedgrowth firms to better delineate their differences in strategic choices and behaviors. Our study sought to answer the following questions: What characterizes a “high growth-oriented entrepreneur?” Is this distinction associated with specific strategic intentions, prior experience, equity held in previous firms, the type of company structure in place, or success factors the entrepreneur perceives are important to the business? Do “high growth” entrepreneurs show greater entrepreneurial “intensity” (i.e., commitment to the firm's success)? Are they willing to “pay the price” for their own and their firm's success? (i.e., the “opportunity costs” associated with business success and growth). Other relationships under investigation included different patterns of financing thebusiness' start-numbersup and early growth. Do “high-behindgrowth” entrepreneurs use unique sources of funding compared with “lower-venturegrowth” entrepreneurs? Eight hundred thirty-two entrepreneurs responded to a survey in which they were asked to describe their growth intentions along nineteen strategic dimensions, as well as respond to the foregoing questions. Some of the strategic activity measures included adding a new product or service, expanding operations, selling to a new market, and applying for a loan to expand operations. Actual growth rates based on sales revenues were calculated, and average annualized growth rates of the industrial sectors represented in the sample were obtained. This study showed that high-growth-oriented entrepreneurs were clearly different from low-investmentgrowth-oriented entrepreneurs along several dimensions. The former were much more likely to select strategies for their firms that permitted greater focus on market expansion and new technologies, to exhibit greater intensity towards business ownership (“my business is the most important activity inmy life”), and to be willing to incur greater opportunity costs for the success of their firms (“I would rather own my own business than earn a higher salary while employed by someone else”). The high-womengrowth–oriented entrepreneurs tended to have a more structured approach to organizing their businesses, which suggests a more disciplined perception of managing the firm. In summary, results showed the group of high-datagraphic}growth–oriented entrepreneurs, labeled “ambitious,” as having the following distinctions: strategic intentions that emphasize market growth and technological change, stronger commitment to the success of the business, greater willingness to sacrifice on behalf of the business, earlier planning for the growth of the business, abstract = {In honor utilization of a team-based form of Women’s History Monthorganization design, concern for reputation and quality, adequate capitalization, strong leadership, we’re releasing and utilization of a collection wider range of data on femalefinancing sources for the expansion of the venture. The purpose in uncovering these differences is to enable entrepreneurs and researchers to identify more clearly the attributes of rapid-growth ventures and their founders and to move closer to a field-founded companies with VC backingbased model of the entrepreneurial growth process which will help delineate the alternative paths to venture growth and organizational change.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, author = {Gundry, Lisa K and Welsch, Harold P}, month = sep, year = {2001}, pages = {453--470}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/98R9EGFM/Gundry and Welsch - 2001 - The ambitious entrepreneur High growth strategies.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/VVKVZBFS5VID9HCF/FemaleGundry and Welsch -founded, VC2001 -funded The numbers behind ventambitious entrepreneur High growth strategies.html:text/html} }
@article{harrison_does_2007, title = {Does {Gender} {Matter}? {Women} {Business} {Angels} and the {Supply} of {Entrepreneurial} {Finance}}, volume = {31}, issn = {1540-6520}, shorttitle = {Does {Gender} {Matter}?}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00182.x/abstract}, doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00182.x}, abstract = {There is a substantial literature on the relationship between gender and access to finance. However, most studies have been concerned with access to debt finance. More recently, the focus of this research has broadened to examine women and venture capital. This article extends the focus further by examining the role survey of women in the business angel market, which is more important than the formal venture capital market in terms of both the number of ventures supported and total capital flows. Based on a detailed analysis of business angels in the U.K.entreps, the study concludes that women investors who are active they interested in the market differ from their male counterparts in only limited respects. Future research into women business angels, and the possible existence of gender differences, needs to be based on more fully elaborated standpoint epistemologies that focus on the experience of the woman angel investor per se, and center on the examination of the role of homophily, social capital, networking, and competition in investment behavior.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, author = {Harrison, Richard T. and Mason, Colin M.}, month = may, year = {2007}, pages = {445--472}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/QUVINADF/Harrison and Mason - 2007 - Does Gender Matter Women Business Angels and the .html:text/html}}HTHG?
@techreport{brush_gatekeepers_2004,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} on the {Role} and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}},
shorttitle = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1260385},
abstract = {Women have received a disproportionately low share of available venture capital in the United States. This study provides the first overview of women decision},
number = {ID 1260385},
urldate = {2017-03-28},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra},
year = {2004},
keywords = {Barriers to growth, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Females, Managers, Venture capital, Venture capitalists},
file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/XD84WIHI/Brush et al. - 2004 - Gatekeepers of Venture Growth A Diana Project Rep.html:text/html}
}
@article{chrisman_comparison_1990harrison_does_2007, title = {A comparison Does {Gender} {Matter}? {Women} {Business} {Angels} and the {Supply} of assistance needs of male and female pre-venture entrepreneurs{Entrepreneurial} {Finance}}, volume = {531}, issn = {08831540-90266520}, shorttitle = {Does {Gender} {Matter}?}, url = {http://wwwonlinelibrary.sciencedirectwiley.com/sciencedoi/article10.1111/piij.1540-6520.2007.00182.x/088390269090019Pabstract}, doi = {10.10161111/0883j.1540-9026(90)90019-P6520.2007.00182.x}, abstract = {In spite of There is a substantial literature on the proliferation of relationship between gender and access to finance. However, most studies of female entrepreneurs, few researchers have attempted been concerned with access to directly compare female and male entrepreneurs in terms of their problems, the assistance received in addressing these problemsdebt finance. More recently, the value focus of outside consulting services, this research has broadened to examine women and the number of startups subsequent to counselingventure capital. Such studies are needed, not only to determine if there are differences in This article extends the problems male and female entrepreneurs face, but more importantly, to determine if any of these differences affect focus further by examining the successful development role of new ventures. The fact that the SBA recently established a special training program for women entrepreneurs funded by a new \$10 million grant, approved by Congress in 1988 (H.R. 5050)the business angel market, makes which is more important than the issue even more timely and pertinent. To address this issue, this article compares samples of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs who received consulting assistance from a state-level Small Business Development Center (SBDC). The two groups were compared formal venture capital market in terms of: (1) both the strategic, administrative, and operating assistance received; (2) their evaluation number of the value of the consulting services; ventures supported and (3) their propensity to initiate ventures after receiving SBDC assistancetotal capital flows. The study was based Based on the results of two surveys of the entire population of 457 long-term pre-venture clients that received counseling from one SBDC state system between July 1, 1985, and June 30, 1987. All clients were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning the kinds detailed analysis of assistance sought, business angels in the quality of the service received, and whether or not they subsequently went into businessU. We received 162 (35K.4\%) usable responses, of which 94 were from males (58.0\%) and 68 were from females (42.0\%). T-tests and chi-square tests of independence and goodness-of-fit were used to test hypotheses pertaining to the assistance needs of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs. Results indicated study concludes that male and female clients of the SBDC women investors who are virtually identical active in terms of the market differ from their assistance needsmale counterparts in only limited respects. Females do not appear to need more assistance than malesFuture research into women business angels, nor do they appear to require different types of assistance. The virtually identical ratings of service value among males and females also indicates that both genders are equally satisfied with the assistance received. Taken togetherpossible existence of gender differences, these findings suggest that females suffer no significant entrepreneurial disadvantages compared needs to males. If they had, it would be logical to assume based on more fully elaborated standpoint epistemologies that females, who received focus on the same types and amounts experience of assistance as males, would find such levels of service inadequatethe woman angel investor per se, and consequently, rate it less favorably. Furthermore, the fact that center on the proportion examination of female clients was statistically equal to the proportion role of net new businesses operated by women refutes the notion that general-assistance programs such as the SBDC are not equally accessible to both genders. The fact that female client start-ups were significantly higher than their proportional representation in the region further supports this conclusion. The primary implication for public policy makers and outside consultants is that little evidence exists to warrant special treatment or special programs for femaleshomophily, social capital, especially at a cost of \$10 million. In terms of research implicationsnetworking, our results suggest that it would be better if future studies concentrated on behaviors and strategic factors affecting the performance of new ventures (whether male-or female-owned)competition in investment behavior.}, rather than merely comparing the characteristics of the entrepreneurs who start them. language = {en}, number = {43}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Business VenturingEntrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, author = {ChrismanHarrison, James JRichard T. and CarsrudMason, Alan LColin M. and DeCastro, Julio and Herron, Lanny}, month = julmay, year = {19902007}, pages = {235445--248472}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDFSnapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/2KEMBAB6QUVINADF/Chrisman et al. - 1990 - A comparison of assistance needs of male Harrison and femal.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/9BBM2EQV/Chrisman et al. Mason - 1990 2007 - A comparison of assistance needs of male Does Gender Matter Women Business Angels and femalthe .html:text/html} }
URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x/full} }
@article{scottincrease},
title={Why More Women Are Becoming Entrepreneurs},
author={Scott, Carole E.},
journal={Journal of Small Business Management}
abstract={From 1972 to 1982 the number of self-employed women in the United States increased by 69 percent. This represented a rate of increase five times greater than that for men in the same period. From 1977 to 1980 the proportion of non-farm, sole proprietorships operated by women increased from 22.6 percent to 26.1 percent. In addition, the number of non-farm, sole proprietorships operated by couples soared from 284,405 in 1981 to 440,000 in 1982. To find out why women are turning to entrepreneurship in increasing numbers, two surveys were conducted: one of women entrepreneurs in the state of Georgia, and another of both male and female entrepreneurs in the Atlanta area for purposes of comparison.},
URL={https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-4587543/why-more-women-are-becoming-entrepreneurs}
}
Says number of self employed women skyrocked between 1972-1982 (of course, this could just be because more women were entering the workplace in general during this time).
URL={https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/127/1/137/1832366/The-Changing-of-the-Boards-The-Impact-on-Firm?redirectedFrom=fulltext} }
@article{sila2016firmrisk},
title={Women on board: Does boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk?},
author={Sila, Vathunyoo and Gonzalez, Angelica},
journal={Journal of Corporate Finance}
volume={36}
page={26-53}
abstract={We investigate the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm risk. To identify a causal effect of gender on risk, we use a dynamic model that controls for reverse causality and for gender and risk being influenced by unobservable firm factors. We find no evidence that female boardroom representation influences equity risk. We also show that findings of a negative relationship between the two variables are spurious and driven by unobserved between-firm heterogeneous factors.},
URL={http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929119915001248}
}
URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2007.00570.x/full} }
@article{langowitz2007propensity},
title={The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women},
author={Langowitz, Nan and Minniti, Maria},
year={2007},
journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}
volume={31}
issue={3}
pages={341-364}
abstract={Entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly important source of employment for women across many countries. The level of female involvement in entrepreneurial activity, however, is still significantly lower than that of men. We take a behavioral economics approach and, using a large sample of individuals in 17 countries, we investigate what variables influence the entrepreneurial propensity of women and whether those variables have a significant correlation with differences across genders. In addition to demographic and economic variables, we include a number of perceptual variables. Our results show that subjective perceptual variables have a crucial influence on the entrepreneurial propensity of women and account for much of the difference in entrepreneurial activity between the sexes. Specifically, we find that women tend to perceive themselves and the entrepreneurial environment in a less favorable light than men across all countries in our sample and regardless of entrepreneurial motivation. Our results suggest that perceptual variables may be significant universal factors influencing entrepreneurial behavior.},
URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00177.x/full}
}
@article{carter1992family},
URL={http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/47694/} }
@article{birley1987training},
title={Do Women Entrepreneurs Require Different Training?},
author={Birley, Sue, Moss, Caroline, Peter, Saunders},
journal={American Journal of Small Business},
year={1987},
abstract={This paper analyzes the characteristics of male and female participants attending pioneering entrepreneurship development programs, which form part of an economic strategy directed at increasing the quality and quantfty of new firms. The participants did not need to have a business plan, finance available or formal education, but must have had a “reasonably feasible idea”. The results show significant differences between the characteristics of the male and female entrepreneurs, and the businesses which they form. .},
URL={https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/137594.pdf}
}
@article{demartino2003mba},
volume={18} pages={815-832} issue={6}
URL={http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088390260300003X} }
@article{langowitz2007propensity}, title={The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women}, author={Langowitz, Nan and Minniti, Maria}, year={2007}, journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice} volume={31} issue={3} pages={341-364} abstract={Entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly important source of employment for women across many countries. The level of female involvement in entrepreneurial activity, however, is still significantly lower than that of men. We take a behavioral economics approach and, using a large sample of individuals in 17 countries, we investigate what variables influence the entrepreneurial propensity of women and whether those variables have a significant correlation with differences across genders. In addition to demographic and economic variables, we include a number of perceptual variables. Our results show that subjective perceptual variables have a crucial influence on the entrepreneurial propensity of women and account for much of the difference in entrepreneurial activity between the sexes. Specifically, we find that women tend to perceive themselves and the entrepreneurial environment in a less favorable light than men across all countries in our sample and regardless of entrepreneurial motivation. Our results suggest that perceptual variables may be significant universal factors influencing entrepreneurial behavior.}, URL={http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00177.x/full} } Papers using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) dataWomen tend to perceive themselves and the entrepreneurial environment in a less favorable light than men across all countries in our sample and regardless of entrepreneurial motivation. @article{zapalska1997psychpoland},
pages={76-82}
URL={http://search.proquest.com/docview/220989307?pq-origsite=gscholar} }
@article{cohoon2010differences},
title={Are Successful Women Entrepreneurs Different from Men?},
author={Cohoon, J, Wadhwa, Vivek, Mitchell, Lesa},
journal={Journal of Small Business Management},
pages={1-16}
year={2010},
abstract={Women are one particularly understudied group of entrepreneurs. We know very little about female entrepreneurs, and our ignorance of this important demographic is a serious blind spot in any effort to increase the total number of entrepreneurs participating in our economy. What little we do know suggests that women are not nearly as active in the entrepreneurial space as they could be. This study attempts to address part of this knowledge gap. This based on data were collected in 2008-2009 from 549 respondents from randomly selected high-tech companies who were invited to participate. It compares the backgrounds, and experiences and motivations of men and women entrepreneurs. Our findings show that successful women and men entrepreneurs are similar in almost every respect. They had equivalent levels of education (slightly less than half earned graduate degrees), early interest in starting their own business (about half had at least some interest), a strong desire to build wealth or capitalize on a business idea, access to funding, and they largely agreed on the top issues and challenges facing any entrepreneur. The data also identify some small but potentially informative gender differences among successful entrepreneurs. For instance, motivations for starting a business differed slightly between men and women. The latter were more likely to cite a business partner’s encouragement as a key incentive to take the plunge. Women also were more likely than men to get early funding from their business partners.}
URL={http://search.proquest.com/docview/220989307?pq-origsite=gscholar}
}
This study found that male and female entrepreneurs don't differ too much psychologically, only minutely in their reasons for starting a business.
@article{stephan2007entrepreneurial,
title={The entrepreneurial puzzle: explaining the gender gap},
author={Stephan, Paula E and El-Ganainy, Asmaa},
journal={The Journal of Technology Transfer},
volume={32},
number={5},
pages={475--487},
year={2007},
publisher={Springer}
}
}
@article{klapper2010gender,
title={Gender and the business environment for new firm creation},
author={Klapper, Leora F and Parker, Simon C},
journal={The World Bank Research Observer},
volume={26},
number={2},
pages={237--257},
year={2010},
publisher={Oxford University Press}
}
@article{aterido2013access,
title={Access to finance in sub-Saharan Africa: Is there a gender gap?},
author={Aterido, Reyes and Beck, Thorsten and Iacovone, Leonardo},
journal={World Development},
volume={47},
pages={102--120},
year={2013},
publisher={Elsevier}
StathamArfken, AnneDeborah E. 1987, Stephanie L. Bellar, and Marilyn M. Helms. 2004a. “The Gender Model Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: Differences in the Management Styles The Presence of Women on Corporate Boards.” Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2):177–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98.———. 2004b. “The Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: The Presence of Men and Womenon Corporate Boards.” Sex Roles 16 Journal of Business Ethics 50 (7–82):409–30177–86. https://doi.org/10.10071023/BF00289552B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98. @article{statham_gender_1987arfken_ultimate_2004, title = {The gender model revisited{Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}: {DifferencesThe} {Presence} in the management styles of men and women{Women} on {Corporate} {Boards}}, volume = {1650}, issn = {03600167-00254544, 1573-27620697}, shorttitle = {The gender model revisited{Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.10071023/BF00289552B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98}, doi = {10.10071023/BF00289552B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98}, abstract = {Qualitative data from 22 women and 18 men managers and their secretaries were analyzed to provide insights into gender differences Has the diversity of corporate boards of directors improved? Should it? What role does diversity play in reducing corporate wrongdoing? Will diversity result in managerial styles. Traditional management style topologies, based largely on studies a more focused board of directors or more board autonomy? Examining the state of men's behaviorsTennessee as a case study, were called into question. Using an approach that allowed other topologies to emerge from the authors collected data, on the respondents perceived that women were both task board composition of publicly traded corporations and people oriented, while men appeared image engrossed and autonomy investedcompared those data to an original study conducted in 1995. Respondents reported Data indicate only a strong preference modest improvement in board diversity. This article discusses reasons for their gender-appropriate model the scarcity of women on boards and misunderstandingconcludes that, even exasperationto enhance strategic decisions, with those using board membership should reflect the alternative approachcorporation's consumer population. The existence of such different modelsThus, especially if unrecognized, would place women at a disadvantage, since their success as managers is usually assessed by men who are likely to have a strong preference critical but overlooked resource. Areas for the male-typed approach. The findings future research are also suggest possible modifications to existing measures of managerial styles, particularly a consideration of image-engrossed approaches. Future research is suggested to further explore and confirm these findingsconsidered.},
}
Eagly, Alice H., and Blair T. Johnson. 1990. “Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 108 (2):233.
@article{eagly_gender_1990,
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}
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author = {Brewer, Neil and Mitchell, Patricia and Weber, Nathan},
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}
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title = {Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: {Understanding} the scarcity of female {CEOs}},
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shorttitle = {Gender-based barriers to senior management positions},
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}
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title = {Any difference? {An} analysis of gender and divisional management styles in a large airline},
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}
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}
Smith, Patricia L., and Ellwood F. Oakley. 1997. “Gender-Related Differences in Ethical and Social Values of Business Students: Implications for Management.” Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1):37–45.
@article{smith_gender-related_1997,
title = {Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students: {Implications} for management},
volume = {16},
shorttitle = {Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students},
number = {1},
journal = {Journal of Business Ethics},
author = {Smith, Patricia L. and Oakley, Ellwood F.},
year = {1997},
pages = {37--45}
}
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@article{cotter_glass_2001,
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title = {Shatter the glass ceiling: {Women} may make better managers},
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shorttitle = {Shatter the glass ceiling},
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}
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@article{powell_investigating_1994,
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volume = {37},
shorttitle = {Investigating the “glass ceiling†phenomenon},
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}
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@article{mattis_women_2004,
title = {Women entrepreneurs: out from under the glass ceiling},
volume = {19},
issn = {0964-9425},
shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs},
url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09649420410529861},
doi = {10.1108/09649420410529861},
number = {3},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Women in Management Review},
author = {Mattis, Mary C.},
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year = {2004},
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}
Arfken, Deborah E., Stephanie L. Bellar, and Marilyn M. Helms. 2004a. “The Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: The Presence of Women on Corporate Boards.” Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2):177–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98.
———. 2004b. “The Ultimate Glass Ceiling Revisited: The Presence of Women on Corporate Boards.” Journal of Business Ethics 50 (2):177–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98.
@article{arfken_ultimate_2004,
title = {The {Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}: {The} {Presence} of {Women} on {Corporate} {Boards}},
volume = {50},
issn = {0167-4544, 1573-0697},
shorttitle = {The {Ultimate} {Glass} {Ceiling} {Revisited}},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98},
doi = {10.1023/B:BUSI.0000022125.95758.98},
abstract = {Has the diversity of corporate boards of directors improved? Should it? What role does diversity play in reducing corporate wrongdoing? Will diversity result in a more focused board of directors or more board autonomy? Examining the state of Tennessee as a case study, the authors collected data on the board composition of publicly traded corporations and compared those data to an original study conducted in 1995. Data indicate only a modest improvement in board diversity. This article discusses reasons for the scarcity of women on boards and concludes that, to enhance strategic decisions, board membership should reflect the corporation's consumer population. Thus, women are a critical but overlooked resource. Areas for future research are also considered.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Journal of Business Ethics},
author = {Arfken, Deborah E. and Bellar, Stephanie L. and Helms, Marilyn M.},
month = mar,
year = {2004},
pages = {177--186}
ByrnesSmith, James PPatricia L., David C. Miller, and William DEllwood F. SchaferOakley. 19991997. Gender “Gender-Related Differences in Risk TakingEthical and Social Values of Business Students: A Meta-AnalysisImplications for Management. American Psychological Association” Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1):37–45. @bookarticle{byrnes_gender_1999smith_gender-related_1997, title = {Gender -related differences in risk takingethical and social values of business students: {AImplications} meta-analysis.for management}, volume = {16}, shorttitle = {Gender -related differences in risk takingethical and social values of business students}, publisher number = {American Psychological Association1}, journal = {Journal of Business Ethics}, author = {ByrnesSmith, James PPatricia L. and MillerOakley, David CEllwood F. and Schafer}, William D. year = {1997}, year pages = {199937--45}
FaccioStatham, Mara, Maria-Teresa Marchica, and Roberto MuraAnne. 20161987. “CEO “The Gender, Corporate Risk-Taking, and Model Revisited: Differences in the Efficiency Management Styles of Capital AllocationMen and Women.” Journal of Corporate Finance 39Sex Roles 16 (7–8):409–30. https:193–209//doi.org/10.1007/BF00289552. @article{faccio_ceo_2016statham_gender_1987, title = {The gender model revisited: {Differences} in the management styles of men and women}, volume = {16}, issn = {0360-0025, 1573-2762}, shorttitle = {CEOThe gender model revisited}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00289552}, doi = {10.1007/BF00289552} , abstract = {Qualitative data from 22 women and 18 men managers and their secretaries were analyzed to provide insights into genderdifferences in managerial styles. Traditional management style topologies, based largely on studies of men's behaviors, were called into question. Using an approach that allowed other topologies to emerge from the data, the respondents perceived that women were both task and people oriented, corporate riskwhile men appeared image engrossed and autonomy invested. Respondents reported a strong preference for their gender-takingappropriate model and misunderstanding, even exasperation, and with those using the alternative approach. The existence of such different models, especially if unrecognized, would place women at a disadvantage, since their success as managers is usually assessed by men who are likely to have a strong preference for the efficiency male-typed approach. The findings also suggest possible modifications to existing measures of managerial styles, particularly a consideration of capital allocationimage-engrossed approaches. Future research is suggested to further explore and confirm these findings.}, language = {en}, volume number = {7-8}, urldate = {392018-01-23}, journal = {Journal of Corporate FinanceSex Roles}, author = {FaccioStatham, Mara and MarchicaAnne}, Maria-Teresa and Mura, Roberto} month = apr, year = {20161987}, pages = {193409--209430}
PowellData from 15 different experiments shows that women invest less & are more risk adverse (economic experiments) Colquitt, MelanieJason A., Brent A. Scott, and David AnsicJeffery A. LePine. 19972007. “Gender Differences in Trust, Trustworthiness, and Trust Propensity: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Unique Relationships with Risk Behaviour in Financial Decision-Making: An Experimental AnalysisTaking and Job Performance.” Journal of Economic Psychology 18 (6):605–628American Psychological Association. @articlebook{powell_gender_1997colquitt_trust_2007, title = {Gender differences in Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: a meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk behaviour in financial decision-making: {An} experimental analysistaking and job performance.}, volume shorttitle = {18}Trust, shorttitle = {Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making}trustworthiness, number = {6and trust propensity}, journal publisher = {Journal of economic psychologyAmerican Psychological Association}, author = {PowellColquitt, Jason A. and Scott, Melanie Brent A. and AnsicLePine, DavidJeffery A.}, year = {1997}, pages = {605--6282007}
HeSurvey of mutual fund investors, Xin, J. Jeffrey Inman, and Vikas Mittal. 2008. “Gender Jeopardy in Financial Risk Taking.” Journal women "exhibit less risk-taking" but "the impact of Marketing Research 45 (4):414–424. @article{he_gender_2008, title = {Gender jeopardy in financial gender on risk taking}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal is significantly weakened when investor knowledge of Marketing Research}, author = {He, Xin financial markets and Inman, J. Jeffrey and Mittal, Vikas}, year = {2008}, pages = {414--424}investments is controlled in regression equation" }
MaxfieldWomen CEOs are more risk adverse. The more women on board of directors the more likely they are to appoint female CEO. Use Execucomp & Compustat Faccio, SylviaMara, Mary Shapiro, Vipin GuptaMaria-Teresa Marchica, and Susan HassRoberto Mura. 20102016. “Gender and Risk: Women“CEO Gender, Corporate Risk -Taking , and Risk Aversionthe Efficiency of Capital Allocation.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 25 (7)of Corporate Finance 39:586–604193–209. @article{maxfield_gender_2010faccio_ceo_2016, title = {Gender and risk: women{CEO} gender, corporate risk -taking , and risk aversionthe efficiency of capital allocation}, volume = {25}, shorttitle = {Gender and risk}, number = {739}, journal = {Gender in Management: An International Journalof Corporate Finance}, author = {MaxfieldFaccio, Sylvia Mara and ShapiroMarchica, Mary and Gupta, Vipin Maria-Teresa and HassMura, SusanRoberto}, year = {20102016}, pages = {586193--604209}
ColquittHardies, Jason A.Kris, Brent A. ScottDiane Breesch, and Jeffery A. LePineJoël Branson. 20072013. Trust, Trustworthiness, “Gender Differences in Overconfidence and Trust PropensityRisk Taking: A MetaDo Self-Analytic Test of Their Unique Relationships with Risk Taking Selection and Job Performance. American Psychological AssociationSocialization Matter?” Economics Letters 118 (3):442–444. @bookarticle{colquitt_trust_2007hardies_gender_2013, title = {Trust, trustworthiness, Gender differences in overconfidence and trust propensityrisk taking: a meta{Do} self-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking selection and job performance.socialization matter?}, volume = {118}, shorttitle = {TrustGender differences in overconfidence and risk taking}, trustworthiness, and trust propensity number = {3}, publisher journal = {American Psychological AssociationEconomics Letters}, author = {ColquittHardies, Jason A. Kris and ScottBreesch, Brent A. Diane and LePineBranson, Jeffery A.Joël}, year = {20072013}, pages = {442--444}
SchubertHe, RenateXin, Martin Brown, Matthias GyslerJ. Jeffrey Inman, and Hans Wolfgang BrachingerVikas Mittal. 19992008. “Financial Decision-Making: Are Women Really More Risk-Averse?” The American Economic Review 89 (2):381–385. @article{schubert_financial_1999, title = {“Gender Jeopardy in Financial decision-making: are women really more risk-averse?}, volume = {89}, shorttitle = {Financial decision-making}, number = {2}, journal = {The American economic review}, author = {Schubert, Renate and Brown, Martin and Gysler, Matthias and Brachinger, Hans Wolfgang}, year = {1999}, pages = {381--385} } Olsen, Robert A., and Constance M. Cox. 2001. “The Influence of Gender on the Perception and Response to Investment Risk: The Case of Professional InvestorsTaking.” The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets 2 Marketing Research 45 (1):29–36. @article{olsen_influence_2001, title = {The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk: {The} case of professional investors}, volume = {2}, shorttitle = {The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk}, number = {1}, journal = {The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets}, author = {Olsen, Robert A. and Cox, Constance M.}, year = {2001}, pages = {29--36} } Harris, Christine R., Michael Jenkins, and Dale Glaser. 2006. “Gender Differences in Risk Assessment: Why Do Women Take Fewer Risks than Men?” Judgment and Decision Making 1 (14):48414–424. @article{harris_gender_2006he_gender_2008, title = {Gender differences in risk assessment: why do women take fewer risks than men?}, volume = {1}, shorttitle = {Gender differences jeopardy in financial risk assessment}, number = {1}, journal = {Judgment and Decision making}, author = {Harris, Christine R. and Jenkins, Michael and Glaser, Dale}, year = {2006}, pages = {48} } Jianakoplos, Nancy Ammon, and Alexandra Bernasek. 1998. “Are Women More Risk Averse?” Economic Inquiry 36 (4):620–630. @article{jianakoplos_are_1998, title = {Are women more risk averse?taking}, volume = {3645},
CraverJianakoplos, Charles B.Nancy Ammon, and David W. BarnesAlexandra Bernasek. 1998. “Gender, “Are Women More Risk Taking, and Negotiation Performance.Averse?” Mich. J. Gender & L. 5Economic Inquiry 36 (4):299620–630. @article{craver_gender_1998jianakoplos_are_1998, title = {Gender, Are women more risk takingaverse?}, and negotiation performance volume = {36}, volume number = {54}, journal = {Mich. J. Gender \& L.Economic inquiry}, author = {CraverJianakoplos, Charles B. Nancy Ammon and BarnesBernasek, David W.Alexandra},
MacCrimmon==Gender and Venture Capital=====All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren=== Amatucci, Kenneth RFrances M., and Donald AJeffrey E. WehrungSohl. 19902004. “Characteristics of Risk Taking Executives“Women Entrepreneurs Securing Business Angel Financing: Tales from the Field.” Management Science 36 Venture Capital 6 (42–3):422–435181–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579. @article{maccrimmon_characteristics_1990amatucci_women_2004, title = {Characteristics of risk taking executivesWomen entrepreneurs securing business angel financing: tales from the field}, volume = {366}, issn = {1369-1066}, shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs securing business angel financing}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579}, doi = {10.1080/1369106042000223579}, abstract = {While women-led businesses are the fastest growing segment of venture creation in the US economy, the amount of private equity capital investment they receive is disproportionately small. Informal venture capital, or business angel, investment is as large as venture capital activity, and business angels provide the majority of the critical seed and start-up stage capital. This research explores the investment decision process involving women entrepreneurs and business angels from the perspective of demand. Successful strategies of women entrepreneurs are investigated using in-depth interviews. In particular, pre-investment processes, trust, comprehensiveness, the post-investment relationship and gender are examined.}, number = {42-3}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {Management scienceVenture Capital}, author = {MacCrimmonAmatucci, Kenneth RFrances M. and WehrungSohl, Donald AJeffrey E.}, month = apr, year = {19902004}, keywords = {Venture capital, Gender, Business Angels, Women Entrepreneurs}, pages = {422181--435196}
HardiesBrooks, KrisAlison Wood, Diane BreeschLaura Huang, Sarah Wood Kearney, and Joël BransonFiona E. Murray. 2014. 2013“Investors Prefer Entrepreneurial Ventures Pitched by Attractive Men. “Gender Differences in Overconfidence and Risk Taking: Do Self-Selection and Socialization Matter?” Economics Letters 118 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (312):442–4444427–31. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321202111. @article{hardies_gender_2013brooks_investors_2014, title = {Gender differences in overconfidence and risk takingInvestors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men}, volume = {111}, issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, url = {http: //www.pnas.org/content/111/12/4427}, doi = {Do10.1073/pnas.1321202111} self, abstract = {Entrepreneurship is a central path to job creation, economic growth, and prosperity. In the earliest stages of start-selection up business creation, the matching of entrepreneurial ventures to investors is critically important. The entrepreneur’s business proposition and previous experience are regarded as the main criteria for investment decisions. Our research, however, documents other critical criteria that investors use to make these decisions: the gender and physical attractiveness of the entrepreneurs themselves. Across a field setting (three entrepreneurial pitch competitions in the United States) and two experiments, we identify a profound and socialization consistent gender gap in entrepreneur persuasiveness. Investors prefer pitches presented by male entrepreneurs compared with pitches made by female entrepreneurs, even when the content of the pitch is the same. This effect is moderated by male physical attractiveness: attractive males were particularly persuasive, whereas physical attractiveness did not matter?among female entrepreneurs.}, volume language = {118en}, shorttitle number = {Gender differences in overconfidence and risk taking12}, number urldate = {32018-01-23}, journal = {Economics LettersProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {HardiesBrooks, Kris Alison Wood and BreeschHuang, Diane Laura and BransonKearney, JoëlSarah Wood and Murray, Fiona E.}, month = mar, year = {20132014}, pmid = {24616491}, keywords = {persuasion, physical appearance}, pages = {4424427--4444431}
==Gender and Venture Capital=====All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren=== TinklerBrush, Candida G., Justine ENancy M.Carter, Kjersten Bunker WhittingtonElizabeth J. Gatewood, Manwai CPatricia G. KuGreene, and Andrea Rees DaviesMyra Hart. 20152004. “Gender and “Gatekeepers of Venture Capital Decision-MakingGrowth: The Effects A Diana Project Report on the Role and Participation of Technical Background and Social Women in the Venture Capital on Entrepreneurial EvaluationsIndustry.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1260385. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research 51 (May):1–16Network. https://doipapers.org/10ssrn.1016com/j.ssresearch.2014.12.008abstract=1260385. @articletechreport{tinkler_gender_2015brush_gatekeepers_2004, title address = {Gender and venture capital decision-making: {The} effects of technical background and social capital on entrepreneurial evaluationsRochester, NY}, volume type = {51{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, issn title = {0049-089XGatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} on the {Role} and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}}, shorttitle = {Gender and venture capital decision-makingGatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}}, url = {httphttps://wwwpapers.sciencedirectssrn.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14002324}, doi abstract= {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.0081260385}, abstract = {Research on gender and workplace Women have received a disproportionately low share of available venture capital in the United States. This study provides the first overview of women decision-making tends makers in the venture capital industry. Data from Pratt's Guide to address either supply-side disparities between men’s Venture Capital Sources for 1995 and women’s human 2000 was analyzed to identify the numbers and social capital, or demand-side differences in the status expectations characteristics of women and men workersin management positions. In addition, this work often relies on causal inferences drawn from empirical data collected on worker characteristics and their workplace outcomeshigh-profile women venture capitalists were interviewed. In this The study, we demonstrate how tangible education and work history credentials – typically associated with supplytested the hypothesis that the presence of more women in decision-side characteristics – work making roles in tandem with cultural beliefs about gender to influence the evaluative process that underlies venture capital decisions made in high-growth, high-tech entrepreneurshipindustry would provide greater access to capital for women entrepreneurs. Using an experimental designThree key points were considered: (1) whether highly visible, we simulate funding decisions by experienced women venture capitalists exist in the venture capital industry; (VCs2) for men and whether such women entrepreneurs that differ venture capitalists influence decision making in technical background their firms; and (3) whether such women venture capitalists increase the presence flow of important social tieswomen-led deals to their firms. We demonstrate Results indicate that the presence of two distinct aspects of VCs’ evaluation: venture capital industry is overwhelmingly male; that of the pre-existing relationships provide an important link between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists; and that of the entrepreneurwomen venture capitalists do not give preferential treatment to women, and find although 70 percent are in partnerships that have closed deals with women-led companies. It appears that the gender presence of more women venture capitalists would lead to the entrepreneur influences evaluations most when the person, rather than the following: increased network connections between venture, is the target of evaluation. Technical background qualifications moderate the influence of gendered expectations, capitalists and women receive more entrepreneurs; increased numbers of proposals to women venture capitalists; a payoff than men from having greater likelihood that firms will invest in women-owned firms; an increase in women's access to capital; and a close contact to more powerful voice for women in the evaluating VC. We discuss the implications for future research on gender and workcountry's entrepreneurial progress.}, language = {en}, number = {ID 1260385},
journal institution = {Social Science ResearchNetwork}, author = {TinklerBrush, Justine ECandida G. and Bunker WhittingtonCarter, Kjersten Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and KuGreene, Manwai CPatricia G. and DaviesHart, Andrea ReesMyra}, month = may, year = {20152004}, keywords = {Venture capital, GenderVenture Capitalists, Barriers to growth, Gender biasFemale entrepreneurs, Social psychologyFemale owned businesses, Technology}Females, pages = {1--16Managers}
Cooper, Arnold C., F. Javier Gimeno-Gascon, and Carolyn Y. Woo. 1994. “Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance.” Journal Analysis of Business Venturing 9 (5):371–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2. @article{cooper_initial_1994, title = {Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance}, volume = {9}, issn = {0883-9026}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883902694900132}, doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(94)90013-2}, abstract = {This research seeks to predict the performance of new ventures based on factors that can be observed presenters at the time of start-up. Indicators of initial human and financial capital are considered to determine how they bear upon the probability of three possible performance outcomes: Springboard 2000 (1) failure, (2) marginal survival, or (3) high growth. Four categories grp with goal of initial human and financial capital are examined. General human capital, represented here by the entrepreneurincreasing women's education, gender, and race, may reflect the extent to which the entrepreneur has had the opportunity access to develop relevant skills and contacts. Management know-how, embodied in the entrepreneur or available through advisors or partners, reflects management-specific skills and knowledge, without regard to the kind of business. Industry-specific know-how reflects specific experience in similar businesses. Financial equity capital is one of the most visible resources); it can create a buffer against random shocks and allow the pursuit of more capital-intensive strategies, which are better protected use database from imitation. The study utilizes a longitudinal study of 1053 new ventures, representative of all industry sectors and geographical regions. The research departs VenturExpert??; women VCs from most previous studies in considering different measures of performance (marginal survival and growth) and in considering explicitly whether the factors contributing to marginal survival differ from those contributing to high growth. It was found that measures of general human capital influenced both survival and growth (except for gender, with women-owned ventures being less likely to grow, but just as likely to survive). Management know-how variables had more limited impact. Having parents who had owned a business contributed to marginal survival, but not to growth. Number of partners contributed to growth but not to survival. Management level, prior employment in non-profit organizations or not having been in the labor force, and the use of professional advisors did not have significant effects. Industry-specific know-how contributed to both survival and growth. Amount of initial financial capital also contributed to both. The usefulness of the model is enhanced by the fact that the resource variables considered are relatively easy to assess and all can be considered at the time of start-up. Although some of the human capital variables cannot easily be changed, the benefits or risks associated with each can be assessed. In some cases, potential problems can be identified so that plans can be modified to improve prospects. Overall it appears that, using a model based upon the initial human and financial capital of the venture, it is possible to predict the performance of new ventures with some degree of confidence.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, author = {Cooper, Arnold C. and Gimeno-Gascon, F. Javier and Woo, Carolyn Y.}, month = sep, year = {1994}, pages = {371--395}Pratt's Venture Capital }
}
Brush, Candida G., Nancy M. Carter, Elizabeth J. Gatewood, Patricia G. Greene, and Myra Hart. 2004. “Gatekeepers of Venture Growth: A Diana Project Report on the Role and Participation of Women in the Venture Capital Industry.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1260385. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1260385.
@techreport{brush_gatekeepers_2004,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}: {A} {Diana} {Project} {Report} on the {Role} and {Participation} of {Women} in the {Venture} {Capital} {Industry}},
shorttitle = {Gatekeepers of {Venture} {Growth}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1260385},
abstract = {Women have received a disproportionately low share of available venture capital in the United States. This study provides the first overview of women decision makers in the venture capital industry. Data from Pratt's Guide to Venture Capital Sources for 1995 and 2000 was analyzed to identify the numbers and characteristics of women in management positions. In addition, high-profile women venture capitalists were interviewed.The study tested the hypothesis that the presence of more women in decision-making roles in the venture capital industry would provide greater access to capital for women entrepreneurs. Three key points were considered: (1) whether highly visible, experienced women venture capitalists exist in the venture capital industry; (2) whether such women venture capitalists influence decision making in their firms; and (3) whether such women venture capitalists increase the flow of women-led deals to their firms.Results indicate that the venture capital industry is overwhelmingly male; that pre-existing relationships provide an important link between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists; and that women venture capitalists do not give preferential treatment to women, although 70 percent are in partnerships that have closed deals with women-led companies. It appears that the presence of more women venture capitalists would lead to the following: increased network connections between venture capitalists and women entrepreneurs; increased numbers of proposals to women venture capitalists; a greater likelihood that firms will invest in women-owned firms; an increase in women's access to capital; and a more powerful voice for women in the country's entrepreneurial progress.},
language = {en},
number = {ID 1260385},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Brush, Candida G. and Carter, Nancy M. and Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and Greene, Patricia G. and Hart, Myra},
year = {2004},
keywords = {Venture capital, Venture Capitalists, Barriers to growth, Female entrepreneurs, Female owned businesses, Females, Managers}
}
Hart, David M. 2003. The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-Ups, and Growth in the U.S. Knowledge Economy. Cambridge University Press.
@book{hart_emergence_2003,
title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {Start}-{Ups}, and {Growth} in the {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}},
isbn = {978-1-139-44078-3},
shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}},
abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
author = {Hart, David M.},
month = oct,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / General, Social Science / Sociology / General, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Political Science / General, Business \& Economics / Industrial Management, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy},
annote = {Google-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C}
}
Amatucci, Frances M., and Jeffrey E. Sohl. 2004. “Women Entrepreneurs Securing Business Angel Financing: Tales from the Field.” Venture Capital 6 (2–3):181–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579.
@article{amatucci_women_2004,
title = {Women entrepreneurs securing business angel financing: tales from the field},
volume = {6},
issn = {1369-1066},
shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs securing business angel financing},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369106042000223579},
doi = {10.1080/1369106042000223579},
abstract = {While women-led businesses are the fastest growing segment of venture creation in the US economy, the amount of private equity capital investment they receive is disproportionately small. Informal venture capital, or business angel, investment is as large as venture capital activity, and business angels provide the majority of the critical seed and start-up stage capital. This research explores the investment decision process involving women entrepreneurs and business angels from the perspective of demand. Successful strategies of women entrepreneurs are investigated using in-depth interviews. In particular, pre-investment processes, trust, comprehensiveness, the post-investment relationship and gender are examined.},
number = {2-3},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Venture Capital},
author = {Amatucci, Frances M. and Sohl, Jeffrey E.},
month = apr,
year = {2004},
keywords = {Venture capital, Gender, Business Angels, Women Entrepreneurs},
pages = {181--196}
BrooksCooper, Alison Wood, Laura Huang, Sarah Wood KearneyArnold C., and Fiona E. Murray. 2014. “Investors Prefer Entrepreneurial Ventures Pitched by Attractive Men.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (12):4427–31. https://doi.org/10F.1073/pnas.1321202111. @article{brooks_investors_2014, title = {Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men}, volume = {111}, issn = {0027Javier Gimeno-8424Gascon, 1091-6490}, url = {http://www.pnasand Carolyn Y.org/content/111/12/4427}, doi = {10Woo.1073/pnas1994.1321202111}, abstract = {Entrepreneurship is a central path to job creation, economic growth, and prosperity. In the earliest stages of start-up business creation, the matching of entrepreneurial ventures to investors is critically important. The entrepreneur’s business proposition “Initial Human and previous experience are regarded Financial Capital as the main criteria for investment decisions. Our research, however, documents other critical criteria that investors use to make these decisions: the gender and physical attractiveness Predictors of the entrepreneurs themselves. Across a field setting (three entrepreneurial pitch competitions in the United States) and two experiments, we identify a profound and consistent gender gap in entrepreneur persuasiveness. Investors prefer pitches presented by male entrepreneurs compared with pitches made by female entrepreneurs, even when the content of the pitch is the same. This effect is moderated by male physical attractiveness: attractive males were particularly persuasive, whereas physical attractiveness did not matter among female entrepreneurs.}, language = {en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author = {Brooks, Alison Wood and Huang, Laura and Kearney, Sarah Wood and Murray, Fiona E.}, month = mar, year = {2014}, pmid = {24616491}, keywords = {persuasion, physical appearance}, pages = {4427--4431} } Robb, Alicia M., and John Watson. 2012. “Gender Differences in Firm New Venture Performance: Evidence from New Ventures in the United States.” Journal of Business Venturing 27 9 (5):544–58371–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.0020883-9026(94)90013-2. @article{robb_gender_2012cooper_initial_1994, title = {Gender differences in firm Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance: {Evidence} from new ventures in the {United} {States}}, volume = {279},
shorttitle = {Gender differences in firm performance}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S08839026110008750883902694900132}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.0020883-9026(94)90013-2}, abstract = {Prior studies examining This research seeks to predict the performance of female- and male-owned firms have generally reported new ventures based on factors that female-owned firms underperform malecan be observed at the time of start-owned firmsup. However, it is conceivable that Indicators of initial human and financial capital are considered to determine how they bear upon the probability of three possible performance measures used outcomes: (1) failure, (2) marginal survival, or (3) high growth. Four categories of initial human and financial capital are examined. General human capital, represented here by previous studies the entrepreneur's education, gender, and/or their inability race, may reflect the extent to control for key demographic differences may have contributed which the entrepreneur has had the opportunity to this findingdevelop relevant skills and contacts. For exampleManagement know-how, embodied in the entrepreneur or available through advisors or partners, few studies use size adjusted performance measures reflects management-specific skills and yet we knowledge, without regard to the kind of business. Industry-specific know that female-owned firms tend to be smaller than their male counterpartshow reflects specific experience in similar businesses. Similarly, risk Financial capital is typically not considered even though evidence suggests that women tend to be one of the most visible resources; it can create a buffer against random shocks and allow the pursuit of more risk averse than mencapital-intensive strategies, which are better protected from imitation. We use The study utilizes a longitudinal (five-year) database study of more than 4000 1053 new ventures that began operations in the U.S. in 2004 to determine whether potential differences in the performances , representative of female- and male-owned firms disappear when appropriate performance measures are used all industry sectors and important demographic differences are controlled for in the modelsgeographical regions. The research departs from most previous studies in considering different measures of performance measures we examine include: 4-year closure rates; return on assets (ROA); marginal survival and a risk-adjusted measure (Sharpe ratiogrowth). Univariate test results confirm our expectation (based on both liberal and social feminist theory) that there is no difference in considering explicitly whether the performance factors contributing to marginal survival differ from those contributing to high growth. It was found that measures of female- general human capital influenced both survival and malegrowth (except for gender, with women-owned new ventures provided performance is appropriately measured. Furtherbeing less likely to grow, these results are supported by our multivariate analyses, which control for demographic differences such but just as industrylikely to survive). Management know-how variables had more limited impact. Having parents who had owned a business contributed to marginal survival, experience and hours workedbut not to growth. Our findings should be Number of interest partners contributed to growth but not to researcherssurvival. Management level, financiersprior employment in non-profit organizations or not having been in the labor force, and the use of professional advisors did not have significant effects. Industry-specific know-how contributed to both survival and policy makersgrowth. Perhaps more importantly, our findings should Amount of initial financial capital also ensure contributed to both. The usefulness of the model is enhanced by the fact that women who the resource variables considered are contemplating starting relatively easy to assess and all can be considered at the time of start-up. Although some of the human capital variables cannot easily be changed, the benefits or risks associated with each can be assessed. In some cases, potential problems can be identified so that plans can be modified to improve prospects. Overall it appears that, using a new model based upon the initial human and financial capital of the venture are not discouraged from doing so by a false belief that , it is possible to predict the performance of new ventures initiated by women are less likely to succeed than those initiated by menwith some degree of confidence.},
Gompers, Paul A.Male executives exhibit overconfidence Lins, Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Emily WeisburstElmar, and Yuhai XuanEva Lutz. 20142016. “Gender Effects in “Bridging the Gender Funding Gap: Do Female Entrepreneurs Have Equal Access to Venture Capital.?” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2445497. Rochester, NYInternational Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 27 (2–3): Social Science Research Network347–65. https://papersdoi.ssrnorg/10.com1504/abstract=2445497IJESB.2016.073993. @techreportarticle{gompers_gender_2014lins_bridging_2016, address title = {Rochester, NYBridging the gender funding gap: do female entrepreneurs have equal access to venture capital?}, type volume = {{SSRN27} , issn = {Scholarly} {Paper}1476-1297}, title shorttitle = {Gender {Effects} in {Venture} {Capital}Bridging the gender funding gap}, url = {https://paperswww.ssrninderscienceonline.com/abstractdoi/abs/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993}, doi =2445497{10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993}, abstract = {We explore gender differences in performance in a comprehensive sample of In this study, we examine whether access to venture capital investments in the United States. We find that for female venture capitalists significantly underperform entrepreneurs is more constrained than for their male colleagues controlling for personal characteristics including employment counterparts, taking into account their educational background and educational history as well as the characteristics of the portfolio companies in which they investinnovativeness. When we examine their performance We use an econometric approach to analyse gender differencesin gaining access to external equity capital, we find that the difference results from a lack based on data of contribution by the male colleagues within their firms3,137 German new ventures founded between 2005 and 2009. We explore the mechanism for this lack of contribution from male colleagues in Our results emphasise a large sample survey of female venture capitalists and in detailed one-on-one interviewsgender gap with respect to external equity funding. We find support for the notion that formal feedback mechanisms and hierarchies are useful in ameliorating the female performance gapentrepreneurs receive less venture capital than male entrepreneurs do. Female venture capitalists find gender bias in informal mentoring systems as well as This effect is particularly strong in the attitude case of entrepreneurswith university degrees and entrepreneurial projects with high research and development activity.}, language = {en}, number = {ID 24454972-3},
institution journal = {Social Science Research NetworkInternational Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business}, author = {Gompers, Paul A. and MukharlyamovLins, Vladimir Elmar and WeisburstLutz, Emily and Xuan, YuhaiEva}, month = mayjan, year = {20142016}, keywords = {Emily Weisburst, Gender Effects in Venture Capital, Paul A. Gompers, SSRN, Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Yuhai Xuan} } Gompers, Paul A., and Sophie Q. Wang. 2017. “And the Children Shall Lead: Gender Diversity and Performance in Venture Capital.” National Bureau of Economic Research. @techreport{gompers_and_2017, title = {And the {Children} {Shall} {Lead}: {Gender} {Diversity} and {Performance} in {Venture} {Capital}}, shorttitle = {And the {Children} {Shall} {Lead}}, institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Wang, Sophie Q.}, year pages = {2017347--365}
Women in Entrepreneurship Lit Review (view source)
Revision as of 18:25, 26 January 2018
, 18:25, 26 January 2018no edit summary
===All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren===
===Most PDFs of Articles saved on RDP===
@book{hart_emergence_2003, title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {Start}-{Ups}, and {Growth} in the {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}}, isbn = {978-1-139-44078-3}, shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}}, abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Hart, David M.}, month = oct, year = {2003}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Industrial Management, Political Science / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy, Social Science / Sociology / General} } @article{kim_klyver_entrepreneurial_2007, title = {Entrepreneurial network composition: {An} analysis across venture development stage and gender}, volume = {22}, issn = {0964-9425}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurial network composition}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/09649420710836344}, doi = {10.1108/09649420710836344}, number = {8}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Women in Management Review}, author = {{Kim Klyver} and {Siri Terjesen}}, month = nov, year = {2007}, pages = {682--688}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/KUW4S3SB/Kim Klyver and Siri Terjesen - 2007 - Entrepreneurial network composition An analysis a.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/UIR9JTUZ/Kim Klyver and Siri Terjesen - 2007 - Entrepreneurial network composition An analysis a.html:text/html} } Papers using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data @article{menzies_examining_2004, title = {Examining {Venture}-related {Myths} {Concerning} {Women} {Entrepreneurs}}, volume = {9}, copyright = {Copyright Norfolk State University Foundation Aug 2004}, issn = {10849467}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/208428310/abstract/E7779CA6B1314111PQ/1}, abstract = {Despite the increasing number of women who are starting businesses, distinct hurdles exist for them. For instance, there is a lower occurrence of females as business owners and a paucity of academic research on the topic of female entrepreneurs. Another major hurdle is the presence of "derogatory myths" like those specified in the U.S. Diana Project. A random sample of nascent entrepreneurs in Canada is utilized to examine these myths about women entrepreneurs. Although many of the myths were unsubstantiated, the findings show that perhaps women do not have the right educational background to start large businesses and they may be starting businesses unattractive to venture capitalists. These findings are a clear wake-up call for the implementation of new programs and policies to increase the number of females studying computer and engineering sciences and to encourage and nurture a higher incidence of females as lead entrepreneurs. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]}, language = {English}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship; Norfolk}, author = {Menzies, Teresa V. and Diochon, Monica and Gasse, Yvon}, month = aug, year = {2004}, keywords = {Business And Economics, Education, Entrepreneurs, Gender equity, Studies, Women owned businesses}, pages = {89--107}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/F7FGQ8IA/Menzies et al. - 2004 - Examining Venture-related Myths Concerning Women E.pdf:application/pdf} } @article{ahern_changing_2012morris_dilemma_2006, title = {The {ChangingDilemma} of the {BoardsGrowth}: {Understanding} {Venture} {Size} {Choices} of {Women} {Entrepreneurs}}, volume = {44}, issn = {1540-627X}, shorttitle = {The{Dilemma} of {ImpactGrowth} }, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x/abstract}, doi = {10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x}, abstract = {In recent years the number of women-owned firms with employees has expanded at three times the rate of all employer firms. Yet women remain underrepresented in their proportion of high-growth firms. A number of plausible explanations exist. To develop richer insights, a two-stage research project was undertaken. A mail survey was sent to a sample of female entrepreneurs to assess motives, obstacles, goals and aspirations, needs, and business identity. Based on the survey results, follow-up, in-depth interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs, selecting equally from modest-growth and high-growth ventures. In terms of quantitative findings, growth orientation was associated with whether a woman was “pushed” or “pulled” into entrepreneurship, was motivated by wealth or achievement factors, had a strong women's identity in the venture, had equity partners, and believed women faced unique selling obstacles. The qualitative research made clear that modest- and high-growth entrepreneurs differ in how they view themselves, their families, their ventures, and the larger environment. The results of both stages suggest that growth is a deliberate choice and that women have a clear sense of the costs and benefits of growth and make careful trade-off decisions.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Small Business Management}, author = {Morris, Michael H. and Miyasaki, Nola N. and Watters, Craig E. and Coombes, Susan M.}, month = apr, year = {2006}, pages = {221--244}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/BNJ4C7HC/Morris et al. - 2006 - The Dilemma of Growth Understanding Venture Size .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/MHXNUBKG/Morris et al. - 2006 - The Dilemma of Growth Understanding Venture Size .html:text/html} } @article{shrader_women_1997, title = {Women {In} {Management} {And} {Firm} {ValuationFinancial} of {MandatedPerformance} : {FemaleAn} {BoardExploratory} {RepresentationStudy}}, volume = {1279}, issn = {00331045-55333695}, shorttitle = {The Women {In} {Management} {And} {Firm} {Financial} {Performance}}, url = {Changinghttp://www.jstor.org/stable/40604152} , abstract = {This study explores relationships of women in management positions with firm financial performance. Utilizing the resource-based theory of competitive advantage, as well as stakeholder and diversity arguments, we hypothesize that firms employing greater percentages of women managers at the general management, top management, and board of director levels will experience relatively better financial performance. Examining data from the Wall Street Journal for 200 large firms, we find positive relationships between the firm's total percentage of women managers and ROS, ROA, ROI, and ROE. High percentages of women top managers and board members did not predict performance.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Journal of Managerial Issues}, author = {Shrader, Charles B. and Blackburn, Virginia B. and Iles, Paul}, year = {Boards1997}, pages = {355--372} } @article{sass_rubin_venture_2010, title = {Venture {Capital} and {Underserved} {Communities}}, volume = {45}, issn = {1078-0874}, url = {httpshttp://academicjournals.oupsagepub.com/qjedoi/abs/10.1177/1078087410361574}, doi = {10.1177/1078087410361574}, abstract = {Access to equity capital is critical for the growth of businesses, especially for young companies, which lack the cash flows necessary to repay loans. To meet this need, a thriving venture capital industry has evolved, fostering job creation, economic growth, and innovation in the United States. Not all companies, however, have been equally able to access such investments. Firms owned by women and people of color and those located in rural and distressed urban regions of the country have been underserved by the venture capital industry. This note analyzes the factors responsible for this and proposes policies designed to ensure a more equitable economic landscape.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {Urban Affairs Review}, author = {Sass Rubin, Julia}, month = jul, year = {2010}, pages = {821--835}, file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/GQM5CSIW/Sass Rubin - 2010 - Venture Capital and Underserved Communities.pdf:application/pdf} } @article{sila_women_2016, title = {Women on board: {Does} boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk?}, volume = {36}, issn = {0929-1199}, shorttitle = {Women on board}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/127science/1article/137pii/1832366S0929119915001248}, doi = {10.1016/Thej.jcorpfin.2015.10.003}, abstract = {We investigate the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm risk. To identify a causal effect of gender on risk, we use a dynamic model that controls for reverse causality and for gender and risk being influenced by unobservable firm factors. We find no evidence that female boardroom representation influences equity risk. We also show that findings of a negative relationship between the two variables are spurious and driven by unobserved between-firm heterogeneous factors.}, urldate = {2017-Changing03-28}, journal = {Journal of Corporate Finance}, author = {Sila, Vathunyoo and Gonzalez, Angelica and Hagendorff, Jens}, month = feb, year = {2016}, keywords = {Board ofdirectors, Endogeneity, Equity risk, Gender diversity}, pages = {26--53}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/TVIJSMZQ/Sila et al. - 2016 - Women on board Does boardroom gender diversity af.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/463QZXFT/Sila et al. - 2016 - Women on board Does boardroom gender diversity af.html:text/html} } @misc{teare_first_nodate, title = {The first comprehensive study on women in venture capital and their impact on female founders}, url = {http://social.techcrunch.com/2016/04/19/the-Boardsfirst-comprehensive-study-on-women-in-venture-capital/}, abstract = {TheCrunchBase Women in Venture report is the third study in our ongoing analysis of women and their participation in the startup ecosystem. This report..}, urldate = {2017-Impact03-28}, journal = {TechCrunch}, author = {Teare, Gené and Desmond, Ned}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/DN65KRJK/Teare and Desmond - The first comprehensive study onwomen in venture .html:text/html} } @article{teresa_nelson_women_2009, title = {Women entrepreneurs and venture capital: managing the shadow negotiation}, volume = {1}, issn = {1756-Firm6266}, shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs and venture capital}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/17566260910942345}, doi = {10.10931108/qje/qjr04917566260910942345}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-03-28}, journal = {The Quarterly International Journal of EconomicsGender and Entrepreneurship}, author = {Ahern{Teresa Nelson} and {Sylvia Maxfield} and {Deborah Kolb}}, Kenneth R month = mar, year = {2009}, pages = {57--76}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/SJKTSKCI/Teresa Nelson et al. - 2009 - Women entrepreneurs and Dittmarventure capital managing .html:text/html} } Interview women who have received or are in process of negotiating VCProcess appears gender neutral but may not be; "shadow negotiating" @misc{noauthor_pg_nodate, type = {Text}, Amy K. title = {Pg 22 {\textbar} {Corporate} {Governance}}, month url = feb{http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/topics/corporate-governance}, year abstract = {2012Pg 22 {\textbar} Leadership at the top of corporations shapes companies, communities, and societies. A gender-diverse board of directors and senior leadership team (C-suite) will help corporations lead and manage sustainable, effective business strategies, role model employee opportunities, and enhance their reputation.}, pages urldate = {1372017-03-19728}, journal = {Catalyst}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/carlin/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/c5jhnzb8.default/zotero/storage/5KCNCMT3/Pg 22 Corporate Governance.html:text/html} }
==data found by other studies==
===All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren===
===Most PDFs of Articles saved on RDP===
@article{ahl2006metaresearch},
title={Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions},
page={595-621}
abstract={Research articles on women's entrepreneurship reveal, in spite of intentions to the contrary and in spite of inconclusive research results, a tendency to recreate the idea of women as being secondary to men and of women's businesses being of less significance or, at best, as being a complement. Based on a discourse analysis, this article discusses what research practices cause these results. It suggests new research directions that do not reproduce women's subordination but capture more and richer aspects of women's entrepreneurship.},
Has some interesting meta-theories that we could apply to our research of women in entrepreneurship.
}
Unfortunately , this study was done in Turkey but they found that "No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur" @article{scottincrease}, title={Why More Women Are Becoming Entrepreneurs}, author={Scott, Carole E.}, journal={Journal of Small Business Management} abstract={From 1972 to 1982 the number of self-employed women in the United States increased by 69 percent. This represented a rate of increase five times greater than that for men in the same period. From 1977 to 1980 the proportion of non-farm, sole proprietorships operated by women increased from 22.6 percent to 26.1 percent. In addition, the number of non-farm, sole proprietorships operated by couples soared from 284,405 in 1981 to 440,000 in 1982. To find out why women are turning to entrepreneurship in increasing numbers, two surveys were conducted: one of women entrepreneurs in the state of Georgia, and another of both male and female entrepreneurs in the Atlanta area for purposes of comparison.}, URL={https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-4587543/why-more-women-are-becoming-entrepreneurs} } Says number of self-employed women skyrocketed between 1972-1982 (of course, this could just be because more women were entering the workplace in general during this time).
==Research for women on boards specifically==
===All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren===
===Most PDFs of Articles saved on RDP===
@article{ahern2012valuation},
title={The Changing of the Boards: The Impact on Firm Valuation of Mandated Female Board Representation},
year={2012}
abstract={In 2003, a new law required that 40% of Norwegian firms' directors be women—at the time only 9% of directors were women. We use the prequota cross-sectional variation in female board representation to instrument for exogenous changes to corporate boards following the quota. We find that the constraint imposed by the quota caused a significant drop in the stock price at the announcement of the law and a large decline in Tobin's Q over the following years, consistent with the idea that firms choose boards to maximize value. The quota led to younger and less experienced boards, increases in leverage and acquisitions, and deterioration in operating performance.},
This study from Norway but is interesting still
@article{rose2007danishboards},
page={404-413}
abstract={Board diversity has become a major issue within corporate governance where a number of studies seek to explore the impact of diversity on firm performance. The debate focuses on questions such as whether a corporation’s board should reflect the firm’s stakeholders or be more in line with society in general. This article uses a sample of listed Danish firms during the period of 1998–2001 in a cross sectional analysis. Despite that fact that Denmark has gone very far in the liberalisation of women, Danish board rooms are still to a large extent dominated by men. Contrary to a number of other studies, this article does not find any significant link between firm performance as measured by Tobin’s Q and female board representation. This is also the case for board members’ educational background as well as the proportion of foreigners. It is argued that board members with an unconventional background are socialised unconsciously adopting the ideas of the majority of conventional board members, which entails that a potential performance effect does not materialise.},
Unfortunately is a Danish study. But, Danish board rooms are still to a large extent dominated by men. Contrary to a number of other studies, this article does not find any significant link between firm performance as measured by Tobin’s Q and female board representation.
@article{sila2016firmrisk},
title={Women on board: Does boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk?},
author={Sila, Vathunyoo and Gonzalez, Angelica},
journal={Journal of Corporate Finance}
volume={36}
page={26-53}
abstract={We investigate the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm risk. To identify a causal effect of gender on risk, we use a dynamic model that controls for reverse causality and for gender and risk being influenced by unobservable firm factors. We find no evidence that female boardroom representation influences equity risk. We also show that findings of a negative relationship between the two variables are spurious and driven by unobserved between-firm heterogeneous factors.},
URL={http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929119915001248}
}
No evidence that female boardroom representation influences equity risk
==External factors that could explain the data==
===All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren===
===Most PDFs of Articles saved on RDP===
@article{birley1987training}, title={Do Women tend to perceive themselves Entrepreneurs Require Different Training?}, author={Birley, Sue, Moss, Caroline, Peter, Saunders}, journal={American Journal of Small Business}, year={1987}, abstract={This paper analyzes the characteristics of male and female participants attending pioneering entrepreneurship development programs, which form part of an economic strategy directed at increasing the entrepreneurial environment in quality and quantfty of new firms. The participants did not need to have a business plan, finance available or formal education, but must have had a less favorable light than men across all countries in our sample “reasonably feasible idea”. The results show significant differences between the characteristics of the male and female entrepreneurs, and regardless the businesses which they form. .}, URL={https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/137594.pdf} } This discusses the different characteristics of entrepreneurial motivationmale and female entrepreneurs.
title={Women as Entrepreneurs : A Study of Female Business Owners, Their Motivations, Experiences and Strategies for Success},
author={Carter, Sara and Cannon, Tom},
abstract={Intended for business and academic libraries, this book provides case studies of women entrepreneurs. It considers problems which are specific to women in business; these include raising finances, finding clients, and the simultaneous management of domestic commitments, especially childcare.},
filename={Carter et al (1992) - Women as Entrepreneurs: A Study of Female Business Owners, Their Motivations, Experiences, and Strategies for Success}
This examines reasons women may or may not become business owners.
@article{cohoon2010differences}, title={Are Successful Women Entrepreneurs Different from Men?}, author={Cohoon, J, Wadhwa, Vivek, Mitchell, Lesa}, journal={Journal of Small Business Management}, pages={1-16} year={2010}, abstract={Women are one particularly understudied group of entrepreneurs. We know very little about female entrepreneurs, and our ignorance of this important demographic is a serious blind spot in any effort to increase the total number of entrepreneurs participating in our economy. What little we do know suggests that women are not nearly as active in the entrepreneurial space as they could be. This study attempts to address part of this knowledge gap. This discusses based on data were collected in 2008-2009 from 549 respondents from randomly selected high-tech companies who were invited to participate. It compares the different characteristics backgrounds, and experiences and motivations of men and women entrepreneurs. Our findings show that successful women and men entrepreneurs are similar in almost every respect. They had equivalent levels of education (slightly less than half earned graduate degrees), early interest in starting their own business (about half had at least some interest), a strong desire to build wealth or capitalize on a business idea, access to funding, and they largely agreed on the top issues and challenges facing any entrepreneur. The data also identify some small but potentially informative gender differences among successful entrepreneurs. For instance, motivations for starting a business differed slightly between men and women. The latter were more likely to cite a business partner’s encouragement as a key incentive to take the plunge. Women also were more likely than men to get early funding from their business partners.} URL={http://search.proquest.com/docview/220989307?pq-origsite=gscholar} } This study found that male and female entrepreneursdon't differ too much psychologically, only minutely in their reasons for starting a business.Kauffman fdn fundedSurvey of founders of HTHG companiesSuccessful men & women very similar, but small differences-women more likely to get funding & encouragement from business partner. Women estimate likelihood of success based on prior experience.Conclusion: women entreps need access to mentors 7 support networks
title={Differences between women and men MBA entrepreneurs: exploring family flexibility and wealth creation as career motivators?},
author={DeMartino, Richard, Barbato, Robert},
journal={Journal of Business Venturing},
year={2003},
abstract={Previous research into gender differences among entrepreneurs has yielded varied explanations as to why female entrepreneurs differ from male entrepreneurs. This study explores motivational differences using a sample of MBA entrepreneurs. This allows comparisons between male and female entrepreneurs, who are similar in terms of business education, educational credentials, and other important variables. Logistic regression is used to measure the relationship between career motivators and gender and between career motivators and gender adjusted for marital status and the presence of dependent children. The study concludes that differences between female and male entrepreneurs become larger if the entrepreneurs are married with dependent children.}
Study found that differences between male/female entrepreneurs largest when they're married with dependent children as opposed to unmarried.
title={A profile of woman entrepreneurs and enterprises in Poland},
author={Zapalska, Alina},
journal={Journal of Small Business Management},
year={1997},
abstract={A study investigates whether Polish female entrepreneurs possess the characteristics required for effective performance as entrepreneurs. Trait analysis suggests that there are no significant differences between the psychological propensities of successful female and male entrepreneurs. The study also explores the types of businesses started by Polish women, their business objectives, and the relationship between the entrepreneur's background and the entrepreneur's decision to start a new venture.}
This study found that male and female entrepreneurs don't differ too much psychologically (compared to the study cited above).
==Impacts from less women in VC/entrepreneurship fields==
===All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren===
@article{pines2011financialcrisis},
title={Gender differences in entrepreneurship: Equality, diversity and inclusion in times of global crisis},
==Gender Gap in Venture Capital==
===All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren===
@article{brush2009genderaterido2013access, title={A Access to finance in sub-Saharan Africa: Is there a gender-aware framework for women's entrepreneurshipgap?}, author={BrushAterido, Candida G Reyes and De BruinBeck, Anne Thorsten and WelterIacovone, FriederikeLeonardo}, journal={International Journal of Gender and EntrepreneurshipWorld Development}, volume={1}, number={147}, pages={8102--24}, year={2009}, publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited} } @article{fairlie2009gender, title={Gender differences in business performance: evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners survey}, author={Fairlie, Robert W and Robb, Alicia M}, journal={Small Business Economics}, volume={33}, number={4}, pages={375120}, year={20092013}, publisher={Springer} } @article{brush2004gatekeepers, title={Gatekeepers of venture growth: A Diana Project report on the role and participation of women in the venture capital industry}, author={Brush, Candida G and Carter, Nancy M and Gatewood, Elizabeth J and Greene, Patricia G and Hart, Myra}, year={2004Elsevier}
}
}
@article{minniti2009genderbaughn2006normative, title={Gender issues The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneurshipentrepreneruship: A multicountry study}, author={MinnitiBaughn, Maria C Christopher and othersChua, Bee-Leng and Neupert, Kent E}, journal={Foundations Entrepreneurship Theory and Trends{\textregistered} in EntrepreneurshipPractice}, volume={530}, number={7--85}, pages={497687--621708}, year={20092006}, publisher={Now Publishers, Inc.Wiley Online Library}
}
}
Funders (both high experienced & non experienced) prefer pitches by attractive men even when pitch is the same in content. @article{nelson2009womenbrush2009gender, title={Women entrepreneurs and venture capital: managing the shadow negotiationA gender-aware framework for women's entrepreneurship}, author={NelsonBrush, Teresa Candida G and MaxfieldDe Bruin, Sylvia Anne and KolbWelter, DeborahFriederike},
journal={International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship},
volume={1},
number={1},
pages={578--7624},
year={2009},
publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
}
@article{siegel2007risebrush2004gatekeepers, title={The rise Gatekeepers of entrepreneurial activity at universitiesventure growth: organizational A Diana Project report on the role and societal implicationsparticipation of women in the venture capital industry}, author={SiegelBrush, Donald S Candida G and WrightCarter, Mike Nancy M and LockettGatewood, Andy}Elizabeth J and Greene, journal={Industrial Patricia G and Corporate Change}, volume={16}, number={4}Hart, pages={489--504Myra}, year={2007}, publisher={Oxford University Press2004}
}
@article{tinkler2015genderbrush2002role, title={Gender and venture capital decision-making: The effects role of technical background and social capital on and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial evaluationsfirms: a framework for future research}, author={TinklerBrush, Justine E Candida G and WhittingtonCarter, Kjersten Bunker Nancy M and KuGreene, Manwai C Patricia G and DaviesHart, Andrea ReesMyra M and Gatewood, Elizabeth}, journal={Social Science ResearchVenture Capital: An international journal of entrepreneurial finance}, volume={514}, number={4}, pages={1305--16323}, year={20152002}, publisher={ElsevierTaylor \& Francis}
}
@article{mason2009publicfairlie2009gender, title={Public policy support for the informal venture capital market Gender differences in Europebusiness performance: a critical reviewevidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners survey}, author={MasonFairlie, Colin Robert W and Robb, Alicia M}, journal={International small business JournalSmall Business Economics}, volume={2733}, number={54}, pages={536--556375},
year={2009},
publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, EnglandSpringer}
}
}
@article{brush2002roleklapper2010gender, title={The role of social capital Gender and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms: a framework the business environment for future researchnew firm creation}, author={BrushKlapper, Candida G Leora F and CarterParker, Nancy M and Greene, Patricia G and Hart, Myra M and Gatewood, ElizabethSimon C}, journal={Venture Capital: An international journal of entrepreneurial finance}, volume={4}, number={4}, pages={305--323}, year={2002}, publisher={Taylor \& Francis} } @inproceedings{minniti2003women, title={Women in entrepreneurship}, author={Minniti, Maria and Arenius, Pia}, booktitle={The entrepreneurial advantage of nations: First annual global entrepreneurship symposium}, volume={29}, year={2003}, organization={Citeseer} } @article{neergaard2005impact, title={The impact of gender, social capital and networks on business ownership: a research agenda}, author={Neergaard, Helle and Shaw, Eleanor and Carter, Sara}, journal={International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior \& World Bank ResearchObserver}, volume={1126}, number={52}, pages={338237--357257}, year={20052010}, publisher={Emerald Group Publishing LimitedOxford University Press}
}
year={2005},
publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}
@article{mason2009public,
title={Public policy support for the informal venture capital market in Europe: a critical review},
author={Mason, Colin M},
journal={International small business Journal},
volume={27},
number={5},
pages={536--556},
year={2009},
publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England}
}
@article{minniti2009gender,
title={Gender issues in entrepreneurship},
author={Minniti, Maria and others},
journal={Foundations and Trends{\textregistered} in Entrepreneurship},
volume={5},
number={7--8},
pages={497--621},
year={2009},
publisher={Now Publishers, Inc.}
}
@inproceedings{minniti2003women,
title={Women in entrepreneurship},
author={Minniti, Maria and Arenius, Pia},
booktitle={The entrepreneurial advantage of nations: First annual global entrepreneurship symposium},
volume={29},
year={2003},
organization={Citeseer}
}
}
@article{watson2009genderneergaard2005impact, title={Gender The impact of gender, social capital and networks on business ownership: a research agenda}, author={Neergaard, Helle and Shaw, Eleanor and Carter, Sara}, journal={International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior \& Research}, volume={11}, number={5}, pages={338--357}, year={2005}, publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited} } @article{nelson2009women, title={Women entrepreneurs and venture capital: managing the SME “finance gap”shadow negotiation}, author={WatsonNelson, John Teresa and NewbyMaxfield, Rick Sylvia and MahukaKolb, AnnieDeborah},
journal={International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship},
volume={1},
number={1},
pages={4257--5676},
year={2009},
publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
}
}
@article{baughn2006normativesiegel2007rise, title={The normative context for women's participation in entreprenerushiprise of entrepreneurial activity at universities: A multicountry studyorganizational and societal implications}, author={BaughnSiegel, C Christopher Donald S and Wright, Mike and Lockett, Andy}, journal={Industrial and ChuaCorporate Change}, volume={16}, Bee number={4}, pages={489-Leng -504}, year={2007}, publisher={Oxford University Press} } @article{stephan2007entrepreneurial, title={The entrepreneurial puzzle: explaining the gender gap}, author={Stephan, Paula E and NeupertEl-Ganainy, Kent EAsmaa}, journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and PracticeThe Journal of Technology Transfer}, volume={3032},
number={5},
pages={687475--708487}, year={20062007}, publisher={Wiley Online LibrarySpringer} } @article{tinkler2015gender, title={Gender and venture capital decision-making: The effects of technical background and social capital on entrepreneurial evaluations}, author={Tinkler, Justine E and Whittington, Kjersten Bunker and Ku, Manwai C and Davies, Andrea Rees}, journal={Social Science Research}, volume={51}, pages={1--16}, year={2015}, publisher={Elsevier} } @article{watson2009gender, title={Gender and the SME “finance gap”}, author={Watson, John and Newby, Rick and Mahuka, Annie}, journal={International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship}, volume={1}, number={1}, pages={42--56}, year={2009}, publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
}
==Gender and ManagementStyle==
===All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren===
language = {en},
number = {7-82},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Sex RolesJournal of Business Ethics}, author = {StathamArfken, AnneDeborah E. and Bellar, Stephanie L. and Helms, Marilyn M.}, month = aprmar, year = {2004}, pages = {177--186} } Bass, Bernard M., and Bruce J. Avolio. 1994. “Shatter the Glass Ceiling: Women May Make Better Managers.” Human Resource Management 33 (4):549–560. @article{bass_shatter_1994, title = {Shatter the glass ceiling: {Women} may make better managers}, volume = {33}, shorttitle = {Shatter the glass ceiling}, number = {4}, journal = {Human resource management}, author = {Bass, Bernard M. and Avolio, Bruce J.}, year = {19871994}, pages = {409549--430560}
}
year = {2001},
pages = {244--257}
}
}
}
Engen, Marloes L., Rien Leeden, and Tineke M. Willemsen. 2001. “Gender, Context and Leadership Styles: A Field Study.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 74 (5):581–598.
year = {2001},
pages = {581--598}
}
year = {2003},
pages = {475--501}
}
Korabik, Karen, Galen L. Baril, and Carol Watson. 1993. “Managers’ Conflict Management Style and Leadership Effectiveness: The Moderating Effects of Gender.” Sex Roles 29 (5–6):405–420.
@article{korabik_managers_1993,
title = {Managers' conflict management style and leadership effectiveness: {The} moderating effects of gender},
volume = {29},
shorttitle = {Managers' conflict management style and leadership effectiveness},
number = {5-6},
journal = {Sex roles},
author = {Korabik, Karen and Baril, Galen L. and Watson, Carol},
year = {1993},
pages = {405--420}
}
}
Mattis, Mary C. 2004. “Women Entrepreneurs: Out from under the Glass Ceiling.” Women in Management Review 19 (3):154–63. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420410529861. @article{mattis_women_2004, title = {Women entrepreneurs: out from under the glass ceiling}, volume = {19}, issn = {0964-9425}, shorttitle = {Women entrepreneurs}, url ={http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09649420410529861}, doi ={10.1108/09649420410529861}, number = {3}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {Women in Management Review}, author = {Mattis, Mary C.}, month = apr, year = {2004}, pages = {154--163} } Oakley, Judith G. 2000. “Gender-Based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs.” Journal of Business Ethics 27 (4):321–334. @article{oakley_gender-based_2000, title = {Gender -based barriers to senior management positions: {Understanding} the scarcity of female {CEOs}}, volume = {27}, shorttitle = {Gender-based barriers to senior management positions}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of business ethics}, author = {Oakley, Judith G.}, year = {2000}, pages = {321--334} } Powell, Gary N., and Risk TakingD. Anthony Butterfield. 1994. “Investigating the ‘glass Ceiling’ Phenomenon: An Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management.” Academy of Management Journal 37 (1):68–86. @article{powell_investigating_1994, title = {Investigating the “glass ceiling†phenomenon: {An} empirical study of actual promotions to top management}, volume ={37}, shorttitle ={Investigating the “glass ceiling†phenomenon}, number ={1}, journal ={Academy of Management Journal}, author = {Powell, Gary N. and Butterfield, D. Anthony}, year = {1994}, pages = {68--86} } Ragins, Belle Rose, Bickley Townsend, and Mary Mattis. 1998a. “Gender Gap in the Executive Suite: CEOs and Female Executives Report on Breaking the Glass Ceiling.” The Academy of Management Executive 12 (1):28–42.———. 1998b. “Gender Gap in the Executive Suite: CEOs and Female Executives Report on Breaking the Glass Ceiling.” The Academy of Management Executive 12 (1):28–42. @article{ragins_gender_1998, title =All Sources Available {Gender gap in the executive suite: {CEOs} and female executives report on Google Scholar or Fondrenbreaking the glass ceiling}, volume = {12}, shorttitle ={Gender gap in the executive suite}, number ={1}, journal ={The Academy of Management Executive}, author = {Ragins, Belle Rose and Townsend, Bickley and Mattis, Mary}, year = {1998}, pages = {28--42} } Rigg, Clare, and John Sparrow. 1994. “Gender, Diversity and Working Styles.” Women in Management Review 9 (1):9–16. @article{rigg_gender_1994, title = {Gender, diversity and working styles}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, journal = {Women in Management Review}, author = {Rigg, Clare and Sparrow, John}, year = {1994}, pages = {9--16} } Rutherford, Sarah. 2001. “Any Difference? An Analysis of Gender and Divisional Management Styles in a Large Airline.” Gender, Work & Organization 8 (3):326–345. @article{rutherford_any_2001, title = {Any difference? {An} analysis of gender and divisional management styles in a large airline}, volume = {8}, shorttitle = {Any difference?}, number = {3}, journal = {Gender, Work \& Organization}, author = {Rutherford, Sarah}, year = {2001}, pages = {326--345} }
}
}
==Gender and Risk Taking==
===All Sources Available on Google Scholar or Fondren===
Charness, Gary, and Uri Gneezy. 2012. “Strong Evidence for Gender Differences in Risk Taking.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 83 (1):50–58.
}
}
}
Elsaid, Eahab, and Nancy D. Ursel. 2011. “CEO Succession, Gender and Risk Taking.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 26 (7):499–512.
}
}
"Firms run by female CEOs have lower leverage, less volatile earnings, and a higher chance of survival… risk-avoidance behavior leads to distortions in capital allocation" data from European firms
Gustafsod, Per E. 1998. “Gender Differences in Risk Perception: Theoretical and Methodological Erspectives.” Risk Analysis 18 (6):805–811.
}
}
number = {4},
journal = {Economic inquiryJournal of Marketing Research}, author = {JianakoplosHe, Nancy Ammon Xin and BernasekInman, AlexandraJ. Jeffrey and Mittal, Vikas}, year = {19982008}, pages = {620414--630424}
}
}
year = {1998},
pages = {299620--630}
}
year = {2005},
pages = {763--770}
}
MacCrimmon, Kenneth R., and Donald A. Wehrung. 1990. “Characteristics of Risk Taking Executives.” Management Science 36 (4):422–435.
@article{maccrimmon_characteristics_1990,
title = {Characteristics of risk taking executives},
volume = {36},
number = {4},
journal = {Management science},
author = {MacCrimmon, Kenneth R. and Wehrung, Donald A.},
year = {1990},
pages = {422--435}
}
Maxfield, Sylvia, Mary Shapiro, Vipin Gupta, and Susan Hass. 2010. “Gender and Risk: Women, Risk Taking and Risk Aversion.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 25 (7):586–604.
@article{maxfield_gender_2010,
title = {Gender and risk: women, risk taking and risk aversion},
volume = {25},
shorttitle = {Gender and risk},
number = {7},
journal = {Gender in Management: An International Journal},
author = {Maxfield, Sylvia and Shapiro, Mary and Gupta, Vipin and Hass, Susan},
year = {2010},
pages = {586--604}
}
Women's risk-taking "remains invisible"
Olsen, Robert A., and Constance M. Cox. 2001. “The Influence of Gender on the Perception and Response to Investment Risk: The Case of Professional Investors.” The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets 2 (1):29–36.
@article{olsen_influence_2001,
title = {The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk: {The} case of professional investors},
volume = {2},
shorttitle = {The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk},
number = {1},
journal = {The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets},
author = {Olsen, Robert A. and Cox, Constance M.},
year = {2001},
pages = {29--36}
}
Powell, Melanie, and David Ansic. 1997. “Gender Differences in Risk Behaviour in Financial Decision-Making: An Experimental Analysis.” Journal of Economic Psychology 18 (6):605–628.
@article{powell_gender_1997,
title = {Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: {An} experimental analysis},
volume = {18},
shorttitle = {Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making},
number = {6},
journal = {Journal of economic psychology},
author = {Powell, Melanie and Ansic, David},
year = {1997},
pages = {605--628}
}
Women less risk-seeking, men & women use different strategies looks at financial decision making
Schubert, Renate, Martin Brown, Matthias Gysler, and Hans Wolfgang Brachinger. 1999. “Financial Decision-Making: Are Women Really More Risk-Averse?” The American Economic Review 89 (2):381–385.
@article{schubert_financial_1999,
title = {Financial decision-making: are women really more risk-averse?},
volume = {89},
shorttitle = {Financial decision-making},
number = {2},
journal = {The American economic review},
author = {Schubert, Renate and Brown, Martin and Gysler, Matthias and Brachinger, Hans Wolfgang},
year = {1999},
pages = {381--385}
}
}
}
}
urldate = {2018-01-23},
}
}
Buttner, E. Holly, and Benson Rosen. 1989. “Funding New Business Ventures: Are Decision Makers Biased against Women Entrepreneurs?” Journal of Business Venturing 4 (4):249–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(89)90015-3.
year = {1989},
pages = {249--261}
}
}
issn = {0883-9026},
number = {5},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {RobbCooper, Alicia MArnold C. and WatsonGimeno-Gascon, JohnF. Javier and Woo, Carolyn Y.},
month = sep,
year = {2012}, keywords = {Gender, Firm performance, New ventures}, pages = {544--558} } Lins, Elmar, and Eva Lutz. 2016. “Bridging the Gender Funding Gap: Do Female Entrepreneurs Have Equal Access to Venture Capital?” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 27 (2–3):347–65. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993. @article{lins_bridging_2016, title = {Bridging the gender funding gap: do female entrepreneurs have equal access to venture capital?}, volume = {27}, issn = {1476-1297}, shorttitle = {Bridging the gender funding gap}, url = {https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993}, doi = {10.1504/IJESB.2016.073993}, abstract = {In this study, we examine whether access to venture capital for female entrepreneurs is more constrained than for their male counterparts, taking into account their educational background and innovativeness. We use an econometric approach to analyse gender differences in gaining access to external equity capital, based on data of 3,137 German new ventures founded between 2005 and 2009. Our results emphasise a gender gap with respect to external equity funding. We find that female entrepreneurs receive less venture capital than male entrepreneurs do. This effect is particularly strong in the case of entrepreneurs with university degrees and entrepreneurial projects with high research and development activity.}, number = {2-3}, urldate = {2018-01-23}, journal = {International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business}, author = {Lins, Elmar and Lutz, Eva}, month = jan, year = {20161994}, pages = {347371--365395}
}
year = {2006},
pages = {623--642}
}
Gompers, Paul A., and Sophie Q. Wang. 2017. “And the Children Shall Lead: Gender Diversity and Performance in Venture Capital.” National Bureau of Economic Research.
@techreport{gompers_and_2017,
title = {And the {Children} {Shall} {Lead}: {Gender} {Diversity} and {Performance} in {Venture} {Capital}},
shorttitle = {And the {Children} {Shall} {Lead}},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Wang, Sophie Q.},
year = {2017}
}
Parenting daughters increases propensity to hire female partners; this improved gender diversity increased deal & fund performance.
Gompers, Paul A., Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Emily Weisburst, and Yuhai Xuan. 2014. “Gender Effects in Venture Capital.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2445497. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2445497.
@techreport{gompers_gender_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}},
title = {Gender {Effects} in {Venture} {Capital}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2445497},
abstract = {We explore gender differences in performance in a comprehensive sample of venture capital investments in the United States. We find that female venture capitalists significantly underperform their male colleagues controlling for personal characteristics including employment and educational history as well as the characteristics of the portfolio companies in which they invest. When we examine their performance differences, we find that the difference results from a lack of contribution by the male colleagues within their firms. We explore the mechanism for this lack of contribution from male colleagues in a large sample survey of female venture capitalists and in detailed one-on-one interviews. We find support for the notion that formal feedback mechanisms and hierarchies are useful in ameliorating the female performance gap. Female venture capitalists find gender bias in informal mentoring systems as well as in the attitude of entrepreneurs.},
language = {en},
number = {ID 2445497},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Gompers, Paul A. and Mukharlyamov, Vladimir and Weisburst, Emily and Xuan, Yuhai},
month = may,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Emily Weisburst, Gender Effects in Venture Capital, Paul A. Gompers, SSRN, Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Yuhai Xuan}
}
Hart, David M. 2003. The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-Ups, and Growth in the U.S. Knowledge Economy. Cambridge University Press.
@book{hart_emergence_2003,
title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {Start}-{Ups}, and {Growth} in the {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}},
isbn = {978-1-139-44078-3},
shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}},
abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
author = {Hart, David M.},
month = oct,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Business \& Economics / General, Social Science / Sociology / General, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Political Science / General, Business \& Economics / Industrial Management, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy},
annote = {Google-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C}
}
}
urldate = {2018-01-23},
}
year = {2009},
pages = {1005--1030}
}
Robb, Alicia M., and John Watson. 2012. “Gender Differences in Firm Performance: Evidence from New Ventures in the United States.” Journal of Business Venturing 27 (5):544–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.002.
@article{robb_gender_2012,
title = {Gender differences in firm performance: {Evidence} from new ventures in the {United} {States}},
volume = {27},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Gender differences in firm performance},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902611000875},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.002},
abstract = {Prior studies examining the performance of female- and male-owned firms have generally reported that female-owned firms underperform male-owned firms. However, it is conceivable that the performance measures used by previous studies and/or their inability to control for key demographic differences may have contributed to this finding. For example, few studies use size adjusted performance measures and yet we know that female-owned firms tend to be smaller than their male counterparts. Similarly, risk is typically not considered even though evidence suggests that women tend to be more risk averse than men. We use a longitudinal (five-year) database of more than 4000 new ventures that began operations in the U.S. in 2004 to determine whether potential differences in the performances of female- and male-owned firms disappear when appropriate performance measures are used and important demographic differences are controlled for in the models. The performance measures we examine include: 4-year closure rates; return on assets (ROA); and a risk-adjusted measure (Sharpe ratio). Univariate test results confirm our expectation (based on both liberal and social feminist theory) that there is no difference in the performance of female- and male-owned new ventures provided performance is appropriately measured. Further, these results are supported by our multivariate analyses, which control for demographic differences such as industry, experience and hours worked. Our findings should be of interest to researchers, financiers, advisors and policy makers. Perhaps more importantly, our findings should also ensure that women who are contemplating starting a new venture are not discouraged from doing so by a false belief that new ventures initiated by women are less likely to succeed than those initiated by men.},
number = {5},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Robb, Alicia M. and Watson, John},
month = sep,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Gender, Firm performance, New ventures},
pages = {544--558}
}
Tinkler, Justine E., Kjersten Bunker Whittington, Manwai C. Ku, and Andrea Rees Davies. 2015. “Gender and Venture Capital Decision-Making: The Effects of Technical Background and Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Evaluations.” Social Science Research 51 (May):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.008.
@article{tinkler_gender_2015,
title = {Gender and venture capital decision-making: {The} effects of technical background and social capital on entrepreneurial evaluations},
volume = {51},
issn = {0049-089X},
shorttitle = {Gender and venture capital decision-making},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X14002324},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.12.008},
abstract = {Research on gender and workplace decision-making tends to address either supply-side disparities between men’s and women’s human and social capital, or demand-side differences in the status expectations of women and men workers. In addition, this work often relies on causal inferences drawn from empirical data collected on worker characteristics and their workplace outcomes. In this study, we demonstrate how tangible education and work history credentials – typically associated with supply-side characteristics – work in tandem with cultural beliefs about gender to influence the evaluative process that underlies venture capital decisions made in high-growth, high-tech entrepreneurship. Using an experimental design, we simulate funding decisions by venture capitalists (VCs) for men and women entrepreneurs that differ in technical background and the presence of important social ties. We demonstrate the presence of two distinct aspects of VCs’ evaluation: that of the venture and that of the entrepreneur, and find that the gender of the entrepreneur influences evaluations most when the person, rather than the venture, is the target of evaluation. Technical background qualifications moderate the influence of gendered expectations, and women receive more of a payoff than men from having a close contact to the evaluating VC. We discuss the implications for future research on gender and work.},
urldate = {2018-01-23},
journal = {Social Science Research},
author = {Tinkler, Justine E. and Bunker Whittington, Kjersten and Ku, Manwai C. and Davies, Andrea Rees},
month = may,
year = {2015},
keywords = {Venture capital, Gender, Gender bias, Social psychology, Technology},
pages = {1--16}
}
==Not Relevant==
Brewer, Neil, Patricia Mitchell, and Nathan Weber. 2002. “Gender Role, Organizational Status, and Conflict Management Styles.” International Journal of Conflict Management 13 (1):78–94.
@article{brewer_gender_2002,
title = {Gender role, organizational status, and conflict management styles},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
journal = {International journal of conflict management},
author = {Brewer, Neil and Mitchell, Patricia and Weber, Nathan},
year = {2002},
pages = {78--94}
}
Byrnes, James P., David C. Miller, and William D. Schafer. 1999. Gender Differences in Risk Taking: A Meta-Analysis. American Psychological Association.
@book{byrnes_gender_1999,
title = {Gender differences in risk taking: {A} meta-analysis.},
shorttitle = {Gender differences in risk taking},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
author = {Byrnes, James P. and Miller, David C. and Schafer, William D.},
year = {1999}
}
Craver, Charles B., and David W. Barnes. 1998. “Gender, Risk Taking, and Negotiation Performance.” Mich. J. Gender & L. 5:299.
@article{craver_gender_1998,
title = {Gender, risk taking, and negotiation performance},
volume = {5},
journal = {Mich. J. Gender \& L.},
author = {Craver, Charles B. and Barnes, David W.},
year = {1998},
pages = {299}
}
Eagly, Alice H., and Blair T. Johnson. 1990. “Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 108 (2):233.
@article{eagly_gender_1990,
title = {Gender and leadership style: {A} meta-analysis.},
volume = {108},
shorttitle = {Gender and leadership style},
number = {2},
journal = {Psychological bulletin},
author = {Eagly, Alice H. and Johnson, Blair T.},
year = {1990},
pages = {233}
}
Harris, Christine R., Michael Jenkins, and Dale Glaser. 2006. “Gender Differences in Risk Assessment: Why Do Women Take Fewer Risks than Men?” Judgment and Decision Making 1 (1):48.
@article{harris_gender_2006,
title = {Gender differences in risk assessment: why do women take fewer risks than men?},
volume = {1},
shorttitle = {Gender differences in risk assessment},
number = {1},
journal = {Judgment and Decision making},
author = {Harris, Christine R. and Jenkins, Michael and Glaser, Dale},
year = {2006},
pages = {48}
}
