Research and Development - Revision history

imported>Carlin at 23:20, 10 February 2016

2016-02-10T23:20:20Z

imported>Carlin: /* Status Quo */

2016-02-10T23:18:44Z

Status Quo

imported>Carlin: /* Corporate R&D */

2016-02-10T23:18:20Z

Corporate R&D

imported>Carlin: /* Corporate R&D Problems */

2016-02-10T23:17:53Z

Corporate R&D Problems

imported>Carlin: /* Status Quo */

2016-02-10T23:07:43Z

Status Quo

imported>Carlin: /* Corporate R&D */

2016-02-10T23:02:34Z

Corporate R&D

imported>Julia: /* Status Quo */

2016-02-10T22:55:45Z

Status Quo

imported>Julia: /* Status Quo */

2016-02-10T22:55:15Z

Status Quo

imported>Julia: /* Government research */

2016-02-10T22:54:20Z

Government research

imported>Julia: /* Government research */

2016-02-10T22:53:10Z

Government research

@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 ===Status Quo===
-[[Image:Private Spending.jpg|500px]]
+[[Image:Private Spending.jpg|500px|thumb|left]]
 Much of today's research is still dominated by the largest firms.  Corporations with more than 10,000 employees account for more than half of research spending, while small businesses with less than 500 employees account for less than one-fifth of R&D expenditures. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/ (Ivey Business Journal)] Research today is dominated by the very largest of firms. [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502863.pdf (Berkeley)] Corporations with over 10,000 employees still account for more than half the research spending. Those with fewer than 500 employees, a traditional definition of small a business, account for less than one-fifth of the total expenditures. These same patterns hold internationally. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/ (Ivey Business Journal)]

@@ Line 153: / Line 153: @@
 ===Status Quo===
 [[Image:Private Spending.jpg|500px]]
 Much of today's research is still dominated by the largest firms.  Corporations with more than 10,000 employees account for more than half of research spending, while small businesses with less than 500 employees account for less than one-fifth of R&D expenditures. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/ (Ivey Business Journal)] Research today is dominated by the very largest of firms. [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502863.pdf (Berkeley)] Corporations with over 10,000 employees still account for more than half the research spending. Those with fewer than 500 employees, a traditional definition of small a business, account for less than one-fifth of the total expenditures. These same patterns hold internationally. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/ (Ivey Business Journal)]

@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 ===Status Quo===
 Much of today's research is still dominated by the largest firms.  Corporations with more than 10,000 employees account for more than half of research spending, while small businesses with less than 500 employees account for less than one-fifth of R&D expenditures. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/ (Ivey Business Journal)] Research today is dominated by the very largest of firms. [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502863.pdf (Berkeley)] Corporations with over 10,000 employees still account for more than half the research spending. Those with fewer than 500 employees, a traditional definition of small a business, account for less than one-fifth of the total expenditures. These same patterns hold internationally. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/ (Ivey Business Journal)]
@@ Line 162: / Line 163: @@
 ===Corporate R&D Problems===
-[[Image:Private Spending.jpg|500px]]
 ====Commitment Issues====
 Josh Lerner, the Jacob H. Schiff Professor of Investment Banking at Harvard Business School, says companies have been too fickle in their commitment to new innovation initiatives. A historical lack of commitment in the corporate venture domain has made employees less likely to join a corporate venturing group they fund, entrepreneurs reluctant to accept their funds, independent venture funds hesitant to syndicate investments with these groups, and corporate funded start-ups find collaborations harder to arrange. In each case, the very real possibility that the rug will be pulled out from under the corporate venture initiative leads others to be reluctant to work alongside them. [https://hbr.org/product/the-architecture-of-innovation-the-economics-of-cr/an/10796-HBK-ENG Harvard Business Review]

@@ Line 162: / Line 162: @@
 ===Corporate R&D Problems===
 ====Commitment Issues====
 Josh Lerner, the Jacob H. Schiff Professor of Investment Banking at Harvard Business School, says companies have been too fickle in their commitment to new innovation initiatives. A historical lack of commitment in the corporate venture domain has made employees less likely to join a corporate venturing group they fund, entrepreneurs reluctant to accept their funds, independent venture funds hesitant to syndicate investments with these groups, and corporate funded start-ups find collaborations harder to arrange. In each case, the very real possibility that the rug will be pulled out from under the corporate venture initiative leads others to be reluctant to work alongside them. [https://hbr.org/product/the-architecture-of-innovation-the-economics-of-cr/an/10796-HBK-ENG Harvard Business Review]

@@ Line 159: / Line 159: @@
 #There are limits to venture capital as a solution to the funding gap, especially in countries where public equity markets are not highly developed.
-The National Science Foundation reported that "companies spent $323 billion on research and development performed in the United States during 2013, 6.7% more than the $302 billion spent during 2012 (table 1). Funding from the companies’ own sources was $247 billion during 2012 and $265 billion during 2013, a 7.1% increase. Funding from other sources was $55 billion during 2012 and $58 billion during 2013 (table 1). Data for this InfoBrief are from the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS), which was developed and is cosponsored by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Census Bureau." [http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15329/ (NSF)]
+The National Science Foundation reported that "companies spent $323 billion on research and development performed in the United States during 2013, 6.7% more than the $302 billion spent during 2012. Funding from the companies’ own sources was $247 billion during 2012 and $265 billion during 2013, a 7.1% increase. Funding from other sources was $55 billion during 2012 and $58 billion during 2013. Data for this InfoBrief are from the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS), which was developed and is cosponsored by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Census Bureau." [http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15329/ (NSF)]
 ===Corporate R&D Problems===
 ====Commitment Issues====

@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 ===Status Quo===
-Much of today's research is still dominated by the largest firms.  Corporations with more than 10,000 employees account for more than half of research spending, while small businesses with less than 500 employees account for less than one-fifth of R&D expenditures. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/] Research today is dominated by the very largest of firms.[http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502863.pdf (Berkley)] Corporations with over 10,000 employees still account for more than half the research spending. Those with fewer than 500 employees, a traditional definition of small a business, account for less than one-fifth of the total expenditures. These same patterns hold internationally.[http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/]
+Much of today's research is still dominated by the largest firms.  Corporations with more than 10,000 employees account for more than half of research spending, while small businesses with less than 500 employees account for less than one-fifth of R&D expenditures. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/ (Ivey Business Journal)] Research today is dominated by the very largest of firms. [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502863.pdf (Berkeley)] Corporations with over 10,000 employees still account for more than half the research spending. Those with fewer than 500 employees, a traditional definition of small a business, account for less than one-fifth of the total expenditures. These same patterns hold internationally.[http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/]
 The Oxford Review of Economic Policy conducted a [http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/1/35.short study] on corporate financing of R&D. They found:

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 ===National Institutes of Health===
-The National Institutes of Health (NIH) supports biomedical research aimed at improving the health of the American people.  The 2015 Budget provides $30.2 billion for NIH, an increase of $200 million over the 2014 level.  The Budget provides $100 million to The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative.
+The National Institutes of Health (NIH) supports biomedical research aimed at improving the health of the American people.  The 2015 Budget provides $30.2 billion for NIH, an increase of $200 million over the 2014 level.  The Budget provides $100 million to The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative. [https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
 ===National Science Foundation===
-The National Science Foundation (NSF) supports academic research for most non-biomedical disciplines.  The 2015 Budget provides $7.3 billion for NSF, an increase of 1% over the 2014 level.  NSF intends to invest in the research of advanced manufacturing and robotics technologies, the BRAIN Initiative, a cyberinfrastructure initiative, and an "Innovation Corps" program aimed at bringing discoveries out of university labs for application in the commercial sphere.
+The National Science Foundation (NSF) supports academic research for most non-biomedical disciplines.  The 2015 Budget provides $7.3 billion for NSF, an increase of 1% over the 2014 level.  NSF intends to invest in the research of advanced manufacturing and robotics technologies, the BRAIN Initiative, a cyberinfrastructure initiative, and an "Innovation Corps" program aimed at bringing discoveries out of university labs for application in the commercial sphere. [https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
 ===Department of Defense===
-The Department of Defense (DOD) drives innovation in military capabilities and helps develop technology with commercial potential.  The 2015 Budget proposes $64.4 billion for DOD R&D, an increase of 0.9% from 2014 levels.
+The Department of Defense (DOD) drives innovation in military capabilities and helps develop technology with commercial potential.  The 2015 Budget proposes $64.4 billion for DOD R&D, an increase of 0.9% from 2014 levels. [https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
 ===Multi-agency initiatives===
 ====U.S. Global Change Research Program====
-The 2015 Budget provides $1.5 billion for the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP).  According to the White House Office of Science and Technology, USGCRP coordinates and integrates Federal research and applications to assist the Nation and the world in understanding, assessing, predicting, and responding to the human-induced and natural processes of global change, including climate change, and their related impacts and effects.
+The 2015 Budget provides $1.5 billion for the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP).  According to the White House Office of Science and Technology, USGCRP coordinates and integrates Federal research and applications to assist the Nation and the world in understanding, assessing, predicting, and responding to the human-induced and natural processes of global change, including climate change, and their related impacts and effects. [https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
 ====Networking and Information Technology R&D====
-The 2015 Budget provides $3.8 billion for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program.  This program funds research in cybersecurity, high-end computing systems, software development, cloud computing, and other information technologies.
+The 2015 Budget provides $3.8 billion for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program.  This program funds research in cybersecurity, high-end computing systems, software development, cloud computing, and other information technologies. [https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
 ====National Nanotechnology Initiative====
-The 2015 Budget proposes $1.5 billion for the multi-agency National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) member agencies support R&D focused on materials, devices, and systems that exploit the physical, chemical, and biological properties that emerge in materials at the nanoscale. Participating agencies support fundamental research for nanotechnology-based innovation, technology transfer, and nanomanufacturing.
+The 2015 Budget proposes $1.5 billion for the multi-agency National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) member agencies support R&D focused on materials, devices, and systems that exploit the physical, chemical, and biological properties that emerge in materials at the nanoscale. Participating agencies support fundamental research for nanotechnology-based innovation, technology transfer, and nanomanufacturing. [https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
 ==Corporate R&D==