edegan.com - User contributions [en]

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2018-02-19T16:55:57Z

YunnieH: /* Spring 2018 */

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

===Spring 2018===
2018-2/19: Continued data collection on accelerator seed list.

2018-2/15: Continued data collection on accelerator seed list.

2018-2/12: Added footnotes to report. Added to excel sheet Joe's accelerator project.

2018-1-29: Organize lit reviews on Women & Entrepreneurship.

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

2017-12-1: Finished blog post on wordpress with help from Tay.

2017-11-28: Accelerator Type List Excel Edits.

2017-11-20: TIF Project from Ed.

2017-11-15: Got advice from Tay about the blog post.

2017-11-14: Organized the list of articles related to Houston startups.

2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2018-02-15T21:01:30Z

YunnieH:

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

===Spring 2018===

2018-2/15: Continued data collection on accelerator seed list.

2018-2/12: Added footnotes to report. Added to excel sheet Joe's accelerator project.

2018-1-29: Organize lit reviews on Women & Entrepreneurship.

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

2017-12-1: Finished blog post on wordpress with help from Tay.

2017-11-28: Accelerator Type List Excel Edits.

2017-11-20: TIF Project from Ed.

2017-11-15: Got advice from Tay about the blog post.

2017-11-14: Organized the list of articles related to Houston startups.

2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2018-02-15T21:00:49Z

YunnieH: /* Fall 2017 */

===Spring 2018===

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2018-2/15: Continued data collection on accelerator seed list.

2018-2/12: Added footnotes to report. Added to excel sheet Joe's accelerator project.

2018-1-29: Organize lit reviews on Women & Entrepreneurship.

2017-12-1: Finished blog post on wordpress with help from Tay.

2017-11-28: Accelerator Type List Excel Edits.

2017-11-20: TIF Project from Ed.

2017-11-15: Got advice from Tay about the blog post.

2017-11-14: Organized the list of articles related to Houston startups.

2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2018-02-15T20:53:16Z

YunnieH: /* Fall 2017 */

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2018-2/15: Continued data collection on accelerator seed list.

2018-2/12: Added footnotes to report. Added to excel sheet Joe's accelerator project.

2018-1-29: Organize lit reviews on Women & Entrepreneurship.

2017-12-1: Finished blog post on wordpress with help from Tay.

2017-11-28: Accelerator Type List Excel Edits.

2017-11-20: TIF Project from Ed.

2017-11-15: Got advice from Tay about the blog post.

2017-11-14: Organized the list of articles related to Houston startups.

2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2018-02-12T17:53:13Z

YunnieH: /* Fall 2017 */

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2018-2/12: Added footnotes to report. Added to excel sheet Joe's accelerator project.

2018-1-29: Organize lit reviews on Women & Entrepreneurship.

2017-12-1: Finished blog post on wordpress with help from Tay.

2017-11-28: Accelerator Type List Excel Edits.

2017-11-20: TIF Project from Ed.

2017-11-15: Got advice from Tay about the blog post.

2017-11-14: Organized the list of articles related to Houston startups.

2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2018-01-29T16:36:03Z

YunnieH: /* Fall 2017 */

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2018-1-29: Organize lit reviews on Women & Entrepreneurship.

2017-12-1: Finished blog post on wordpress with help from Tay.

2017-11-28: Accelerator Type List Excel Edits.

2017-11-20: TIF Project from Ed.

2017-11-15: Got advice from Tay about the blog post.

2017-11-14: Organized the list of articles related to Houston startups.

2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2017-12-01T17:10:50Z

YunnieH: /* Fall 2017 */

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2017-12-1: Finished blog post on wordpress with help from Tay.

2017-11-28: Accelerator Type List Excel Edits.

2017-11-20: TIF Project from Ed.

2017-11-15: Got advice from Tay about the blog post.

2017-11-14: Organized the list of articles related to Houston startups.

2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

TIF Project

2017-11-20T17:53:10Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=TIF Project
|Has owner=Cindy Ryoo, Yunnie Huang,
|Has start date=11/20/2017
|Has deadline=12/09/2017
|Has keywords=TIF; city
}}

=TIF Data=
==Chicago,IL==

2017 GIS Data it appears to contain everything that we might need (the CSV contains everything)!!!
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Boundaries-Tax-Increment-Financing-Districts/fz5x-7zak

Other
Data on all tifs (inc start and end date) up to 2012
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/TIF-Status-and-Eligibility/3qsz-jemf

Map (but not GIS) based data of Chicago TIFs up to 2017. Included CDC date.
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Tax-Increment-Financing-TIF-Projects-Map/v3a3-hhqn

This dataset is a comprehensive list of every project in every TIF District that has received funding from the City of Chicago via the TIF program from the inception of TIF to current.
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Tax-Increment-Financing-TIF-Projects/mex4-ppfc

Chicago KML from another source
https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/boundaries-tax-increment-financing-districts

==Bloomington, IN==
Some maps that plot TIFs, suggesting underlying data...
https://data.bloomington.in.gov/en/dataset/tax-increment-financing-tif-district-maps

They don't host the GIS data on their own site:
https://data.bloomington.in.gov/en/dataset?sort=score+desc%2C+metadata_modified+desc&res_format=KML&q=&page=2

==Vermont==
GIS KML file, but doesn't contain creation date
http://geodata.vermont.gov/datasets/cd53b08d40fc4e7dbc2757c36d038af5_7/data

Think the same thing is here:
https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/vt-tax-increment-financing-tif-districts

Overview info:
http://accd.vermont.gov/community-development/funding-incentives/tif

==Dublin, OH==
KML GIS data, has creation and expiration date!
http://data-dublinohio.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/ff0af920c18e4aa78459137b6efcd3d3_0?uiTab=table&selectedAttributes%5B%5D=TIF_ID&chartType=bar

==Allegheny County, PA==
KML that is supposed to have dates but doesn't appear to
https://data.wprdc.org/dataset/allegheny-county-tif-boundaries

==Oakland MI==
KML that has TIFs without dates
http://accessoakland.oakgov.com/datasets/e90026448daa4d568daa3ef727d8d758_2

==Columbus, OH==
KML with start dates!
http://catalog.smartcolumbuside.com/en/dataset/tax-increment-financing-areas1

==Washington, DC==
Data from 2011 available with TIF dates:
http://opendata.dc.gov/datasets/tax-increment-financing-tif-areas
See also, high tech dev zones (2013):
http://opendata.dc.gov/datasets/111b31a212814aad9320d301ccf9d6a9_20
Econ dev zones (2004)
http://opendata.dc.gov/datasets/a3aefd57db394fd68d739556253dc44d_18

==Houston, TX==
Last updated 2017, appears to have dates!
http://data.houstontx.gov/dataset/city-tax-increment-reinvestment-zones-tirz

==Cities We Couldn't Find==
Boston, Massachusetts
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Boca Raton, FL
Gaithersburg, MD
New Haven, Connecticut
Cincinnati
Eden Prairie
Foster City, CA
Indianapolis
Hayward
Peachtree Corners
Columbia
Irving
Bothell
Watertown Town
Chantilly
Culver City
El Segundo
Herndon
Providence

TIF Project

2017-11-20T16:44:07Z

YunnieH:

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2017-11-20T16:41:16Z

YunnieH:

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2017-11-20: TIF Project from Ed.

2017-11-15: Got advice from Tay about the blog post.

2017-11-14: Organized the list of articles related to Houston startups.

2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

TIF Project

2017-11-20T16:29:26Z

YunnieH:

TIF Project

2017-11-20T16:20:17Z

YunnieH:

TIF Project

2017-11-20T16:19:38Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=TIF Project
|Has owner=Cindy Ryoo, Yunnie Huang,
|Has start date=11/20/2017
|Has deadline=12/09/2017
|Has keywords=TIF; city
}}

=TIF Data=
==Chicago,IL==

2017 GIS Data it appears to contain everything that we might need (the CSV contains everything)!!!
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Boundaries-Tax-Increment-Financing-Districts/fz5x-7zak

Other
Data on all tifs (inc start and end date) up to 2012
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/TIF-Status-and-Eligibility/3qsz-jemf

Map (but not GIS) based data of Chicago TIFs up to 2017. Included CDC date.
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Tax-Increment-Financing-TIF-Projects-Map/v3a3-hhqn

This dataset is a comprehensive list of every project in every TIF District that has received funding from the City of Chicago via the TIF program from the inception of TIF to current.
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Tax-Increment-Financing-TIF-Projects/mex4-ppfc

Chicago KML from another source
https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/boundaries-tax-increment-financing-districts

==Bloomington, IN==
Some maps that plot TIFs, suggesting underlying data...
https://data.bloomington.in.gov/en/dataset/tax-increment-financing-tif-district-maps

They don't host the GIS data on their own site:
https://data.bloomington.in.gov/en/dataset?sort=score+desc%2C+metadata_modified+desc&res_format=KML&q=&page=2

==Vermont==
GIS KML file, but doesn't contain creation date
http://geodata.vermont.gov/datasets/cd53b08d40fc4e7dbc2757c36d038af5_7/data

Think the same thing is here:
https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/vt-tax-increment-financing-tif-districts

Overview info:
http://accd.vermont.gov/community-development/funding-incentives/tif

==Dublin, Ohio==
KML GIS data, has creation and expiration date!
http://data-dublinohio.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/ff0af920c18e4aa78459137b6efcd3d3_0?uiTab=table&selectedAttributes%5B%5D=TIF_ID&chartType=bar

==Allegheny County, PA==
KML that is supposed to have dates but doesn't appear to
https://data.wprdc.org/dataset/allegheny-county-tif-boundaries

==Oakland Michigan==
KML that has TIFs without dates
http://accessoakland.oakgov.com/datasets/e90026448daa4d568daa3ef727d8d758_2

==Columbus, Ohio==
KML with start dates!
http://catalog.smartcolumbuside.com/en/dataset/tax-increment-financing-areas1

==Washington, DC==
Data from 2011 available with TIF dates:
http://opendata.dc.gov/datasets/tax-increment-financing-tif-areas
See also, high tech dev zones (2013):
http://opendata.dc.gov/datasets/111b31a212814aad9320d301ccf9d6a9_20
Econ dev zones (2004)
http://opendata.dc.gov/datasets/a3aefd57db394fd68d739556253dc44d_18

==Houston, TX==
Last updated 2017, appears to have dates!
http://data.houstontx.gov/dataset/city-tax-increment-reinvestment-zones-tirz

TIF Project

2017-11-20T16:18:40Z

YunnieH: /* CITY, STATE */

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=TIF Project
|Has owner=Cindy Ryoo, Yunnie Huang,
|Has start date=11/20/2017
|Has deadline=12/09/2017
|Has keywords=TIF; city
}}

=TIF Data=
===Chicago,IL==

2017 GIS Data it appears to contain everything that we might need (the CSV contains everything)!!!
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Boundaries-Tax-Increment-Financing-Districts/fz5x-7zak

Other
Data on all tifs (inc start and end date) up to 2012
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/TIF-Status-and-Eligibility/3qsz-jemf

Map (but not GIS) based data of Chicago TIFs up to 2017. Included CDC date.
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Tax-Increment-Financing-TIF-Projects-Map/v3a3-hhqn

This dataset is a comprehensive list of every project in every TIF District that has received funding from the City of Chicago via the TIF program from the inception of TIF to current.
https://data.cityofchicago.org/Community-Economic-Development/Tax-Increment-Financing-TIF-Projects/mex4-ppfc

Chicago KML from another source
https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/boundaries-tax-increment-financing-districts

==Bloomington, IN==
Some maps that plot TIFs, suggesting underlying data...
https://data.bloomington.in.gov/en/dataset/tax-increment-financing-tif-district-maps

They don't host the GIS data on their own site:
https://data.bloomington.in.gov/en/dataset?sort=score+desc%2C+metadata_modified+desc&res_format=KML&q=&page=2

==Vermont==
GIS KML file, but doesn't contain creation date
http://geodata.vermont.gov/datasets/cd53b08d40fc4e7dbc2757c36d038af5_7/data

Think the same thing is here:
https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/vt-tax-increment-financing-tif-districts

Overview info:
http://accd.vermont.gov/community-development/funding-incentives/tif

==Dublin, Ohio==
KML GIS data, has creation and expiration date!
http://data-dublinohio.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/ff0af920c18e4aa78459137b6efcd3d3_0?uiTab=table&selectedAttributes%5B%5D=TIF_ID&chartType=bar

==Allegheny County, PA==
KML that is supposed to have dates but doesn't appear to
https://data.wprdc.org/dataset/allegheny-county-tif-boundaries

==Oakland Michigan==
KML that has TIFs without dates
http://accessoakland.oakgov.com/datasets/e90026448daa4d568daa3ef727d8d758_2

==Columbus, Ohio==
KML with start dates!
http://catalog.smartcolumbuside.com/en/dataset/tax-increment-financing-areas1

==Washington, DC==
Data from 2011 available with TIF dates:
http://opendata.dc.gov/datasets/tax-increment-financing-tif-areas
See also, high tech dev zones (2013):
http://opendata.dc.gov/datasets/111b31a212814aad9320d301ccf9d6a9_20
Econ dev zones (2004)
http://opendata.dc.gov/datasets/a3aefd57db394fd68d739556253dc44d_18

Houston, TX
Last updated 2017, appears to have dates!
http://data.houstontx.gov/dataset/city-tax-increment-reinvestment-zones-tirz

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2017-11-14T16:50:57Z

YunnieH:

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2017-11-14: B

2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Accelerators and Incubators

2017-11-13T17:59:17Z

YunnieH:

==About==
This is a literature review on academic articles concerning accelerators and incubators, as well as the SBIR grants.

==Incubators==
Key Factors Affecting a Technology Entrepreneur's Choice of Incubator or Accelerator by Diane Isabelle
@article{isabelle_key_2013,
title = {Key {Factors} {Affecting} a {Technology} {Entrepreneur}'s {Choice} of {Incubator} or {Accelerator}},
volume = {3},
copyright = {Copyright Talent First Network Feb 2013},
url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1614473075/abstract/9B4C119F40484FBEPQ/1},
abstract = {Technology entrepreneurship rarely succeeds in isolation; increasingly, it occurs in interconnected networks of business partners and other organizations. For entrepreneurs lacking access to an established business ecosystem, incubators and accelerators provide a possible support mechanism for access to partners and resources. Yet, these relatively recent approaches to supporting entrepreneurship are still evolving. Therefore, it can be challenging for entrepreneurs to assess these mechanisms and to make insightful decisions on whether or not to join an incubator or accelerator, and which incubator or accelerator best meets their needs. In this article, five key factors that entrepreneurs should take into consideration about incubators and accelerators are offered. Insights are drawn from two surveys of managers and users of incubators and accelerators. An understanding of these five key success factors (stage of venture, fit with incubator's mission, selection and graduation policies, services provided, and network of partners) and potential pitfalls will help entrepreneurs confidently enter into a relationship with an incubator or accelerator.},
language = {English},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review; Ottawa},
author = {Isabelle, Diane A.},
month = feb,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Business And Economics},
pages = {16--22}

The Evolution of Business Incubators by Johan Bruneel
@article{bruneel_evolution_2012,
title = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}: {Comparing} demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations},
volume = {32},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497211001659},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2011.11.003},
abstract = {Business incubators (BIs) have been established around the world to stimulate new business creation. Whilst it is accepted that incubation models have evolved, little is known about whether existing incubators have adjusted their value proposition to incorporate recent incubation paradigms or have simply remained operating as originally founded. We present data collected within seven BIs and their tenants regarding service provision and selection criteria. Our findings show that whilst BIs of all generations offer similar support services, tenants in older generation BIs make less use of the BI's service portfolio. We suggest this is a consequence of slack selection criteria and the absence of clearly defined exit policies. These results imply that older generation BIs should update their service portfolio while simultaneously imposing stricter selection criteria and introducing exit policies. Finally, we discuss the wider implications this raises for BIs' managers, prospective tenants and policy makers.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Bruneel, Johan and Ratinho, Tiago and Clarysse, Bart and Groen, Aard},
month = feb,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Business incubation, Business support, Entrepreneurship},
pages = {110--121}

Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators by Barbara Becker and Oliver Gassmann
@article{becker_gaining_2006,
title = {Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators},
volume = {36},
issn = {1467-9310},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x},
abstract = {This paper analyzes the kind of knowledge that facilitates hatching and leveraging of technologies through the incubation process. Four corporate incubator types can be distinguished according to their source and type of technology: fast-profit incubators, market incubators, leveraging incubators, and in-sourcing incubators. Applying the knowledge-based view of the firm, four modes of mainly tacit knowledge were identified in respect to the different incubator types: (1) entrepreneurial knowledge, (2) organizational knowledge, (3) technological knowledge, and (4) complementary market knowledge. Knowledge strategies include both the leveraging of internal knowledge as well as the in-sourcing of external knowledge for the firm through the corporate incubator. The research is based on an analysis of a European Commission dataset from a benchmarking survey of 77 incubators as well as 52 interviews in 25 large technology-driven corporations in Europe and the United States.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {R\&D Management},
author = {Becker, Barbara and Gassmann, Oliver},
month = jan,
year = {2006},
pages = {1--16}

==Accelerator==
Understanding a new generation incubation model:The accelerator by Charlotte Pauwels
@article{pauwels_understanding_2016,
series = {Technology {Business} {Incubation}},
title = {Understanding a new generation incubation model: {The} accelerator},
volume = {50-51},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {Understanding a new generation incubation model},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497215000644},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2015.09.003},
abstract = {Prior research hints at the accelerator as a new generation incubation model. Accelerators have become an umbrella term for any program providing a service structure of mentorship, networking opportunities and access to funding. The challenge, however, is to understand their distinctive characteristics and profiles geared towards reinforcing business start-ups. How do accelerators operate as a new generation incubation model and how do they differ from existing incubation mechanisms? This inductive study investigates 13 accelerators across Europe and adopts a design lens to identify the accelerator modelâ€™s key design parameters. We identify five key building blocks and distinguish between three different types of accelerators, taking the primary design theme of the accelerator into account. We contribute to the incubation literature by extending recognition of the heterogeneity of incubation models, by delineating the accelerator as a distinctive incubation model and by introducing the design lens as a useful theoretical framework to investigate incubation models and their evolution.},
number = {Supplement C},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Pauwels, Charlotte and Clarysse, Bart and Wright, Mike and Van Hove, Jonas},
month = apr,
year = {2016},
keywords = {Accelerators, Activity system perspective, Design, Incubation models},
pages = {13--24}

Analysis of Accelerator Companies by David Lynn and Nina Radojevich-Kelley
@article{radojevich-kelley_analysis_2012,
title = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}: {An} {Exploratory} {Case} {Study} of {Their} {Programs}, {Processes}, and {Early} {Results}},
volume = {8},
copyright = {Copyright (c)},
issn = {1944-1169},
shorttitle = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}},
url = {https://www.sbij.org/index.php/SBIJ/article/view/136},
abstract = {The current study utilizes an exploratory case study approach to examine leading accelerator companies in the United States. Specifically, five of the top seed capital companies or accelerators in America were selected and analyzed for purposes of this study. Due to the brief existence of accelerator companies, the limited number of graduates from accelerator programs, and limited quantitative data available, three extensive within-case and three between-case analyses were conducted. The accelerators were examined through case studies, interviews, website analysis, and observation. The results led to propositions that accelerator companies use unique selection criteria and have higher success rates for their graduates. Success rates were based on new ventures that continued to receive subsequent funding or continued to pursue business endeavors versus those who failed. Findings indicate that mentorship driven programs increase the overall success rates of start-ups by providing entrepreneurs with access to angel investors and venture capitalists which tend to increase success rates.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Institute Journal},
author = {Radojevich-Kelley, Nina and Hoffman, David Lynn},
month = oct,
year = {2012},
pages = {54--70}

==Small Business Innovation Research==

Purpose and Performance of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)Program by Ronald Cooper
@article{cooper_purpose_2003,
title = {Purpose and {Performance} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} ({SBIR}) {Program}},
volume = {20},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022212015154},
doi = {10.1023/A:1022212015154},
abstract = {The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program is one of the most successful public programs designed to support small firm innovation. The purpose and structure of the program, however, are often misunderstood. This paper clarifies the goals and rationale for the SBIR program and reviews recent findings regarding the program's impact. The paper identifies five dimensions of the innovation capital gap and outlines a possible extension of the program to better address this finance gap.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Cooper, Ronald S.},
month = mar,
year = {2003},
pages = {137--151}

The Effects of Government-Industry R\&D Programs on Private R\&D by Scott Wallsten
@article{wallsten_effects_2000,
title = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}: {The} {Case} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} {Program}},
volume = {31},
issn = {0741-6261},
shorttitle = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2601030},
doi = {10.2307/2601030},
abstract = {I ask whether government-industry commercial R\&D grants increase private R\&D. Regressing some measure of innovation on the subsidy can establish a correlation between grants and R\&D, but it cannot determine whether grants increase firm R\&D or whether firms that do more R\&D receive more grants. Using a dataset of firms involved in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, I estimate a multiequation model to test these hypotheses. Firms with more employees and that appear to do more research win more SBIR grants, but the grants do not affect employment. Moreover, I find evidence that the grants crowd out firm-financed R\&D spending dollar for dollar.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {The RAND Journal of Economics},
author = {Wallsten, Scott J.},
year = {2000},
pages = {82--100}

The Government as Venture Capitalist by Josh Lerner
@techreport{lerner_government_1996,
title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Effects} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w5753},
abstract = {Public programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, have become commonplace in the United States and abroad. The long-run effectiveness of these programs, however, has attracted little empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the impact of the largest U.S. public venture capital initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms between 1983 and 1995. Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of firms over a ten-year period. The positive effects of SBIR awards were confined to firms based in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The findings are consistent with both the corporate finance literature on capital constraints and the growth literature on the importance of localization effects.},
number = {5753},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
month = sep,
year = {1996},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w5753}

When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit? by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern
@article{gans_when_2003,
title = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?: {Evidence} from the {SBIR} program*},
volume = {12},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1043859022000014092},
doi = {10.1080/1043859022000014092},
abstract = {This paper evaluates whether the relative concentration of funding for small, research-oriented firms in a small number of high-technology industries is related to differences across industries in the appropriability level facing small firms. We exploit a novel test based on the relationship between industry-level private venture financing and the performance of government-subsidized R\&D projects. If industries differ in their appropriability level, then private funding and subsidized project performance should be positively correlated. Our principal finding is that subsidized project performance is higher in industrial segments with higher rates of private venture capital investment. Industrial sectors therefore seem to differ in the degree of appropriability and this variation helps explain why venture capital is concentrated. * The latest version of this paper is available at http://www.mbs.edu/home//jgans/research.htm},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Gans, Joshua and Stern, Scott},
month = aug,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Appropriability, Capital Constraints, Innovation, Subsidy, Technological Opportunity, Venture Capital},
pages = {361--384}

The Impact of the SBIR on creating Entrepreneurial Behavior by David Audretsch
@article{audretsch_impact_2002,
title = {The {Impact} of the {SBIR} on {Creating} {Entrepreneurial} {Behavior}},
volume = {16},
issn = {0891-2424},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/089124240201600104},
doi = {10.1177/089124240201600104},
abstract = {The U.S. Congress created the Small Business Innovation Research program in 1982 in response to the loss of American competitiveness in global markets. Congress mandated that each federal agency allocate approximately 4\% of its annual budget to fund innovative small firms to help restore American international competitiveness. This article examines the impact of the SBIR. Specifically, the authors identify the degree to which (a) SBIR recipients have altered their career choices as a result of the award, particularly with respect to commercialization in the form of a new firm, and (b) their behavior has â€œspilled overâ€ by inducing other colleagues to commercialize their knowledge by starting a new firm. This enables one to determine how the SBIR has contributed to changing the behavior of knowledge workers and to the creation of a science-based entrepreneurial economy.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Economic Development Quarterly},
author = {Audretsch, David B. and Weigand, Juergen and Weigand, Claudia},
month = feb,
year = {2002},
pages = {32--38}

Accelerators and Incubators

2017-11-13T17:36:14Z

YunnieH:

Accelerators and Incubators

2017-11-13T17:35:51Z

YunnieH:

==About==
This is a literature review on academic articles concerning accelerators and incubators, as well as the SBIR grants.

Key Factors Affecting a Technology Entrepreneur's Choice of Incubator or Accelerator by Diane Isabelle
@article{isabelle_key_2013,
title = {Key {Factors} {Affecting} a {Technology} {Entrepreneur}'s {Choice} of {Incubator} or {Accelerator}},
volume = {3},
copyright = {Copyright Talent First Network Feb 2013},
url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1614473075/abstract/9B4C119F40484FBEPQ/1},
abstract = {Technology entrepreneurship rarely succeeds in isolation; increasingly, it occurs in interconnected networks of business partners and other organizations. For entrepreneurs lacking access to an established business ecosystem, incubators and accelerators provide a possible support mechanism for access to partners and resources. Yet, these relatively recent approaches to supporting entrepreneurship are still evolving. Therefore, it can be challenging for entrepreneurs to assess these mechanisms and to make insightful decisions on whether or not to join an incubator or accelerator, and which incubator or accelerator best meets their needs. In this article, five key factors that entrepreneurs should take into consideration about incubators and accelerators are offered. Insights are drawn from two surveys of managers and users of incubators and accelerators. An understanding of these five key success factors (stage of venture, fit with incubator's mission, selection and graduation policies, services provided, and network of partners) and potential pitfalls will help entrepreneurs confidently enter into a relationship with an incubator or accelerator.},
language = {English},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review; Ottawa},
author = {Isabelle, Diane A.},
month = feb,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Business And Economics},
pages = {16--22}

==Incubators==
The Evolution of Business Incubators by Johan Bruneel
@article{bruneel_evolution_2012,
title = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}: {Comparing} demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations},
volume = {32},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497211001659},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2011.11.003},
abstract = {Business incubators (BIs) have been established around the world to stimulate new business creation. Whilst it is accepted that incubation models have evolved, little is known about whether existing incubators have adjusted their value proposition to incorporate recent incubation paradigms or have simply remained operating as originally founded. We present data collected within seven BIs and their tenants regarding service provision and selection criteria. Our findings show that whilst BIs of all generations offer similar support services, tenants in older generation BIs make less use of the BI's service portfolio. We suggest this is a consequence of slack selection criteria and the absence of clearly defined exit policies. These results imply that older generation BIs should update their service portfolio while simultaneously imposing stricter selection criteria and introducing exit policies. Finally, we discuss the wider implications this raises for BIs' managers, prospective tenants and policy makers.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Bruneel, Johan and Ratinho, Tiago and Clarysse, Bart and Groen, Aard},
month = feb,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Business incubation, Business support, Entrepreneurship},
pages = {110--121}

Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators by Barbara Becker and Oliver Gassmann
@article{becker_gaining_2006,
title = {Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators},
volume = {36},
issn = {1467-9310},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x},
abstract = {This paper analyzes the kind of knowledge that facilitates hatching and leveraging of technologies through the incubation process. Four corporate incubator types can be distinguished according to their source and type of technology: fast-profit incubators, market incubators, leveraging incubators, and in-sourcing incubators. Applying the knowledge-based view of the firm, four modes of mainly tacit knowledge were identified in respect to the different incubator types: (1) entrepreneurial knowledge, (2) organizational knowledge, (3) technological knowledge, and (4) complementary market knowledge. Knowledge strategies include both the leveraging of internal knowledge as well as the in-sourcing of external knowledge for the firm through the corporate incubator. The research is based on an analysis of a European Commission dataset from a benchmarking survey of 77 incubators as well as 52 interviews in 25 large technology-driven corporations in Europe and the United States.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {R\&D Management},
author = {Becker, Barbara and Gassmann, Oliver},
month = jan,
year = {2006},
pages = {1--16}

==Accelerator==
Understanding a new generation incubation model:The accelerator by Charlotte Pauwels
@article{pauwels_understanding_2016,
series = {Technology {Business} {Incubation}},
title = {Understanding a new generation incubation model: {The} accelerator},
volume = {50-51},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {Understanding a new generation incubation model},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497215000644},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2015.09.003},
abstract = {Prior research hints at the accelerator as a new generation incubation model. Accelerators have become an umbrella term for any program providing a service structure of mentorship, networking opportunities and access to funding. The challenge, however, is to understand their distinctive characteristics and profiles geared towards reinforcing business start-ups. How do accelerators operate as a new generation incubation model and how do they differ from existing incubation mechanisms? This inductive study investigates 13 accelerators across Europe and adopts a design lens to identify the accelerator modelâ€™s key design parameters. We identify five key building blocks and distinguish between three different types of accelerators, taking the primary design theme of the accelerator into account. We contribute to the incubation literature by extending recognition of the heterogeneity of incubation models, by delineating the accelerator as a distinctive incubation model and by introducing the design lens as a useful theoretical framework to investigate incubation models and their evolution.},
number = {Supplement C},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Pauwels, Charlotte and Clarysse, Bart and Wright, Mike and Van Hove, Jonas},
month = apr,
year = {2016},
keywords = {Accelerators, Activity system perspective, Design, Incubation models},
pages = {13--24}

Analysis of Accelerator Companies by David Lynn and Nina Radojevich-Kelley
@article{radojevich-kelley_analysis_2012,
title = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}: {An} {Exploratory} {Case} {Study} of {Their} {Programs}, {Processes}, and {Early} {Results}},
volume = {8},
copyright = {Copyright (c)},
issn = {1944-1169},
shorttitle = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}},
url = {https://www.sbij.org/index.php/SBIJ/article/view/136},
abstract = {The current study utilizes an exploratory case study approach to examine leading accelerator companies in the United States. Specifically, five of the top seed capital companies or accelerators in America were selected and analyzed for purposes of this study. Due to the brief existence of accelerator companies, the limited number of graduates from accelerator programs, and limited quantitative data available, three extensive within-case and three between-case analyses were conducted. The accelerators were examined through case studies, interviews, website analysis, and observation. The results led to propositions that accelerator companies use unique selection criteria and have higher success rates for their graduates. Success rates were based on new ventures that continued to receive subsequent funding or continued to pursue business endeavors versus those who failed. Findings indicate that mentorship driven programs increase the overall success rates of start-ups by providing entrepreneurs with access to angel investors and venture capitalists which tend to increase success rates.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Institute Journal},
author = {Radojevich-Kelley, Nina and Hoffman, David Lynn},
month = oct,
year = {2012},
pages = {54--70}

==Small Business Innovation Research==

Purpose and Performance of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)Program by Ronald Cooper
@article{cooper_purpose_2003,
title = {Purpose and {Performance} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} ({SBIR}) {Program}},
volume = {20},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022212015154},
doi = {10.1023/A:1022212015154},
abstract = {The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program is one of the most successful public programs designed to support small firm innovation. The purpose and structure of the program, however, are often misunderstood. This paper clarifies the goals and rationale for the SBIR program and reviews recent findings regarding the program's impact. The paper identifies five dimensions of the innovation capital gap and outlines a possible extension of the program to better address this finance gap.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Cooper, Ronald S.},
month = mar,
year = {2003},
pages = {137--151}

The Effects of Government-Industry R\&D Programs on Private R\&D by Scott Wallsten
@article{wallsten_effects_2000,
title = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}: {The} {Case} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} {Program}},
volume = {31},
issn = {0741-6261},
shorttitle = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2601030},
doi = {10.2307/2601030},
abstract = {I ask whether government-industry commercial R\&D grants increase private R\&D. Regressing some measure of innovation on the subsidy can establish a correlation between grants and R\&D, but it cannot determine whether grants increase firm R\&D or whether firms that do more R\&D receive more grants. Using a dataset of firms involved in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, I estimate a multiequation model to test these hypotheses. Firms with more employees and that appear to do more research win more SBIR grants, but the grants do not affect employment. Moreover, I find evidence that the grants crowd out firm-financed R\&D spending dollar for dollar.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {The RAND Journal of Economics},
author = {Wallsten, Scott J.},
year = {2000},
pages = {82--100}

The Government as Venture Capitalist by Josh Lerner
@techreport{lerner_government_1996,
title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Effects} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w5753},
abstract = {Public programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, have become commonplace in the United States and abroad. The long-run effectiveness of these programs, however, has attracted little empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the impact of the largest U.S. public venture capital initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms between 1983 and 1995. Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of firms over a ten-year period. The positive effects of SBIR awards were confined to firms based in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The findings are consistent with both the corporate finance literature on capital constraints and the growth literature on the importance of localization effects.},
number = {5753},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
month = sep,
year = {1996},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w5753}

When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit? by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern
@article{gans_when_2003,
title = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?: {Evidence} from the {SBIR} program*},
volume = {12},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1043859022000014092},
doi = {10.1080/1043859022000014092},
abstract = {This paper evaluates whether the relative concentration of funding for small, research-oriented firms in a small number of high-technology industries is related to differences across industries in the appropriability level facing small firms. We exploit a novel test based on the relationship between industry-level private venture financing and the performance of government-subsidized R\&D projects. If industries differ in their appropriability level, then private funding and subsidized project performance should be positively correlated. Our principal finding is that subsidized project performance is higher in industrial segments with higher rates of private venture capital investment. Industrial sectors therefore seem to differ in the degree of appropriability and this variation helps explain why venture capital is concentrated. * The latest version of this paper is available at http://www.mbs.edu/home//jgans/research.htm},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Gans, Joshua and Stern, Scott},
month = aug,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Appropriability, Capital Constraints, Innovation, Subsidy, Technological Opportunity, Venture Capital},
pages = {361--384}

Accelerators and Incubators

2017-11-13T17:32:51Z

YunnieH:

==Accelerators and Incubators==
Key Factors Affecting a Technology Entrepreneur's Choice of Incubator or Accelerator by Diane Isabelle
@article{isabelle_key_2013,
title = {Key {Factors} {Affecting} a {Technology} {Entrepreneur}'s {Choice} of {Incubator} or {Accelerator}},
volume = {3},
copyright = {Copyright Talent First Network Feb 2013},
url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1614473075/abstract/9B4C119F40484FBEPQ/1},
abstract = {Technology entrepreneurship rarely succeeds in isolation; increasingly, it occurs in interconnected networks of business partners and other organizations. For entrepreneurs lacking access to an established business ecosystem, incubators and accelerators provide a possible support mechanism for access to partners and resources. Yet, these relatively recent approaches to supporting entrepreneurship are still evolving. Therefore, it can be challenging for entrepreneurs to assess these mechanisms and to make insightful decisions on whether or not to join an incubator or accelerator, and which incubator or accelerator best meets their needs. In this article, five key factors that entrepreneurs should take into consideration about incubators and accelerators are offered. Insights are drawn from two surveys of managers and users of incubators and accelerators. An understanding of these five key success factors (stage of venture, fit with incubator's mission, selection and graduation policies, services provided, and network of partners) and potential pitfalls will help entrepreneurs confidently enter into a relationship with an incubator or accelerator.},
language = {English},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review; Ottawa},
author = {Isabelle, Diane A.},
month = feb,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Business And Economics},
pages = {16--22}

==Incubators==
The Evolution of Business Incubators by Johan Bruneel
@article{bruneel_evolution_2012,
title = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}: {Comparing} demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations},
volume = {32},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497211001659},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2011.11.003},
abstract = {Business incubators (BIs) have been established around the world to stimulate new business creation. Whilst it is accepted that incubation models have evolved, little is known about whether existing incubators have adjusted their value proposition to incorporate recent incubation paradigms or have simply remained operating as originally founded. We present data collected within seven BIs and their tenants regarding service provision and selection criteria. Our findings show that whilst BIs of all generations offer similar support services, tenants in older generation BIs make less use of the BI's service portfolio. We suggest this is a consequence of slack selection criteria and the absence of clearly defined exit policies. These results imply that older generation BIs should update their service portfolio while simultaneously imposing stricter selection criteria and introducing exit policies. Finally, we discuss the wider implications this raises for BIs' managers, prospective tenants and policy makers.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Bruneel, Johan and Ratinho, Tiago and Clarysse, Bart and Groen, Aard},
month = feb,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Business incubation, Business support, Entrepreneurship},
pages = {110--121}

Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators by Barbara Becker and Oliver Gassmann
@article{becker_gaining_2006,
title = {Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators},
volume = {36},
issn = {1467-9310},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x},
abstract = {This paper analyzes the kind of knowledge that facilitates hatching and leveraging of technologies through the incubation process. Four corporate incubator types can be distinguished according to their source and type of technology: fast-profit incubators, market incubators, leveraging incubators, and in-sourcing incubators. Applying the knowledge-based view of the firm, four modes of mainly tacit knowledge were identified in respect to the different incubator types: (1) entrepreneurial knowledge, (2) organizational knowledge, (3) technological knowledge, and (4) complementary market knowledge. Knowledge strategies include both the leveraging of internal knowledge as well as the in-sourcing of external knowledge for the firm through the corporate incubator. The research is based on an analysis of a European Commission dataset from a benchmarking survey of 77 incubators as well as 52 interviews in 25 large technology-driven corporations in Europe and the United States.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {R\&D Management},
author = {Becker, Barbara and Gassmann, Oliver},
month = jan,
year = {2006},
pages = {1--16}

==Accelerator==
Understanding a new generation incubation model:The accelerator by Charlotte Pauwels
@article{pauwels_understanding_2016,
series = {Technology {Business} {Incubation}},
title = {Understanding a new generation incubation model: {The} accelerator},
volume = {50-51},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {Understanding a new generation incubation model},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497215000644},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2015.09.003},
abstract = {Prior research hints at the accelerator as a new generation incubation model. Accelerators have become an umbrella term for any program providing a service structure of mentorship, networking opportunities and access to funding. The challenge, however, is to understand their distinctive characteristics and profiles geared towards reinforcing business start-ups. How do accelerators operate as a new generation incubation model and how do they differ from existing incubation mechanisms? This inductive study investigates 13 accelerators across Europe and adopts a design lens to identify the accelerator modelâ€™s key design parameters. We identify five key building blocks and distinguish between three different types of accelerators, taking the primary design theme of the accelerator into account. We contribute to the incubation literature by extending recognition of the heterogeneity of incubation models, by delineating the accelerator as a distinctive incubation model and by introducing the design lens as a useful theoretical framework to investigate incubation models and their evolution.},
number = {Supplement C},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Pauwels, Charlotte and Clarysse, Bart and Wright, Mike and Van Hove, Jonas},
month = apr,
year = {2016},
keywords = {Accelerators, Activity system perspective, Design, Incubation models},
pages = {13--24}

Analysis of Accelerator Companies by David Lynn and Nina Radojevich-Kelley
@article{radojevich-kelley_analysis_2012,
title = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}: {An} {Exploratory} {Case} {Study} of {Their} {Programs}, {Processes}, and {Early} {Results}},
volume = {8},
copyright = {Copyright (c)},
issn = {1944-1169},
shorttitle = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}},
url = {https://www.sbij.org/index.php/SBIJ/article/view/136},
abstract = {The current study utilizes an exploratory case study approach to examine leading accelerator companies in the United States. Specifically, five of the top seed capital companies or accelerators in America were selected and analyzed for purposes of this study. Due to the brief existence of accelerator companies, the limited number of graduates from accelerator programs, and limited quantitative data available, three extensive within-case and three between-case analyses were conducted. The accelerators were examined through case studies, interviews, website analysis, and observation. The results led to propositions that accelerator companies use unique selection criteria and have higher success rates for their graduates. Success rates were based on new ventures that continued to receive subsequent funding or continued to pursue business endeavors versus those who failed. Findings indicate that mentorship driven programs increase the overall success rates of start-ups by providing entrepreneurs with access to angel investors and venture capitalists which tend to increase success rates.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Institute Journal},
author = {Radojevich-Kelley, Nina and Hoffman, David Lynn},
month = oct,
year = {2012},
pages = {54--70}

==Small Business Innovation Research==

Purpose and Performance of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)Program by Ronald Cooper
@article{cooper_purpose_2003,
title = {Purpose and {Performance} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} ({SBIR}) {Program}},
volume = {20},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022212015154},
doi = {10.1023/A:1022212015154},
abstract = {The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program is one of the most successful public programs designed to support small firm innovation. The purpose and structure of the program, however, are often misunderstood. This paper clarifies the goals and rationale for the SBIR program and reviews recent findings regarding the program's impact. The paper identifies five dimensions of the innovation capital gap and outlines a possible extension of the program to better address this finance gap.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Cooper, Ronald S.},
month = mar,
year = {2003},
pages = {137--151}

The Effects of Government-Industry R\&D Programs on Private R\&D by Scott Wallsten
@article{wallsten_effects_2000,
title = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}: {The} {Case} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} {Program}},
volume = {31},
issn = {0741-6261},
shorttitle = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2601030},
doi = {10.2307/2601030},
abstract = {I ask whether government-industry commercial R\&D grants increase private R\&D. Regressing some measure of innovation on the subsidy can establish a correlation between grants and R\&D, but it cannot determine whether grants increase firm R\&D or whether firms that do more R\&D receive more grants. Using a dataset of firms involved in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, I estimate a multiequation model to test these hypotheses. Firms with more employees and that appear to do more research win more SBIR grants, but the grants do not affect employment. Moreover, I find evidence that the grants crowd out firm-financed R\&D spending dollar for dollar.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {The RAND Journal of Economics},
author = {Wallsten, Scott J.},
year = {2000},
pages = {82--100}

The Government as Venture Capitalist by Josh Lerner
@techreport{lerner_government_1996,
title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Effects} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w5753},
abstract = {Public programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, have become commonplace in the United States and abroad. The long-run effectiveness of these programs, however, has attracted little empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the impact of the largest U.S. public venture capital initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms between 1983 and 1995. Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of firms over a ten-year period. The positive effects of SBIR awards were confined to firms based in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The findings are consistent with both the corporate finance literature on capital constraints and the growth literature on the importance of localization effects.},
number = {5753},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
month = sep,
year = {1996},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w5753}

When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit? by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern
@article{gans_when_2003,
title = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?: {Evidence} from the {SBIR} program*},
volume = {12},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1043859022000014092},
doi = {10.1080/1043859022000014092},
abstract = {This paper evaluates whether the relative concentration of funding for small, research-oriented firms in a small number of high-technology industries is related to differences across industries in the appropriability level facing small firms. We exploit a novel test based on the relationship between industry-level private venture financing and the performance of government-subsidized R\&D projects. If industries differ in their appropriability level, then private funding and subsidized project performance should be positively correlated. Our principal finding is that subsidized project performance is higher in industrial segments with higher rates of private venture capital investment. Industrial sectors therefore seem to differ in the degree of appropriability and this variation helps explain why venture capital is concentrated. * The latest version of this paper is available at http://www.mbs.edu/home//jgans/research.htm},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Gans, Joshua and Stern, Scott},
month = aug,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Appropriability, Capital Constraints, Innovation, Subsidy, Technological Opportunity, Venture Capital},
pages = {361--384}

Accelerators and Incubators

2017-11-13T17:29:30Z

YunnieH:

==Accelerators and Incubators==
Key Factors Affecting a Technology Entrepreneur's Choice of Incubator or Accelerator by Diane Isabelle
@article{isabelle_key_2013,
title = {Key {Factors} {Affecting} a {Technology} {Entrepreneur}'s {Choice} of {Incubator} or {Accelerator}},
volume = {3},
copyright = {Copyright Talent First Network Feb 2013},
url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1614473075/abstract/9B4C119F40484FBEPQ/1},
abstract = {Technology entrepreneurship rarely succeeds in isolation; increasingly, it occurs in interconnected networks of business partners and other organizations. For entrepreneurs lacking access to an established business ecosystem, incubators and accelerators provide a possible support mechanism for access to partners and resources. Yet, these relatively recent approaches to supporting entrepreneurship are still evolving. Therefore, it can be challenging for entrepreneurs to assess these mechanisms and to make insightful decisions on whether or not to join an incubator or accelerator, and which incubator or accelerator best meets their needs. In this article, five key factors that entrepreneurs should take into consideration about incubators and accelerators are offered. Insights are drawn from two surveys of managers and users of incubators and accelerators. An understanding of these five key success factors (stage of venture, fit with incubator's mission, selection and graduation policies, services provided, and network of partners) and potential pitfalls will help entrepreneurs confidently enter into a relationship with an incubator or accelerator.},
language = {English},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review; Ottawa},
author = {Isabelle, Diane A.},
month = feb,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Business And Economics},
pages = {16--22}

==Incubators==
The Evolution of Business Incubators by Johan Bruneel
@article{bruneel_evolution_2012,
title = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}: {Comparing} demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations},
volume = {32},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497211001659},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2011.11.003},
abstract = {Business incubators (BIs) have been established around the world to stimulate new business creation. Whilst it is accepted that incubation models have evolved, little is known about whether existing incubators have adjusted their value proposition to incorporate recent incubation paradigms or have simply remained operating as originally founded. We present data collected within seven BIs and their tenants regarding service provision and selection criteria. Our findings show that whilst BIs of all generations offer similar support services, tenants in older generation BIs make less use of the BI's service portfolio. We suggest this is a consequence of slack selection criteria and the absence of clearly defined exit policies. These results imply that older generation BIs should update their service portfolio while simultaneously imposing stricter selection criteria and introducing exit policies. Finally, we discuss the wider implications this raises for BIs' managers, prospective tenants and policy makers.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Bruneel, Johan and Ratinho, Tiago and Clarysse, Bart and Groen, Aard},
month = feb,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Business incubation, Business support, Entrepreneurship},
pages = {110--121}

Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators by Barbara Becker and Oliver Gassmann
@article{becker_gaining_2006,
title = {Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators},
volume = {36},
issn = {1467-9310},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x},
abstract = {This paper analyzes the kind of knowledge that facilitates hatching and leveraging of technologies through the incubation process. Four corporate incubator types can be distinguished according to their source and type of technology: fast-profit incubators, market incubators, leveraging incubators, and in-sourcing incubators. Applying the knowledge-based view of the firm, four modes of mainly tacit knowledge were identified in respect to the different incubator types: (1) entrepreneurial knowledge, (2) organizational knowledge, (3) technological knowledge, and (4) complementary market knowledge. Knowledge strategies include both the leveraging of internal knowledge as well as the in-sourcing of external knowledge for the firm through the corporate incubator. The research is based on an analysis of a European Commission dataset from a benchmarking survey of 77 incubators as well as 52 interviews in 25 large technology-driven corporations in Europe and the United States.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {R\&D Management},
author = {Becker, Barbara and Gassmann, Oliver},
month = jan,
year = {2006},
pages = {1--16}

==Accelerator
Understanding a new generation incubation model:The accelerator by Charlotte Pauwels
@article{pauwels_understanding_2016,
series = {Technology {Business} {Incubation}},
title = {Understanding a new generation incubation model: {The} accelerator},
volume = {50-51},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {Understanding a new generation incubation model},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497215000644},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2015.09.003},
abstract = {Prior research hints at the accelerator as a new generation incubation model. Accelerators have become an umbrella term for any program providing a service structure of mentorship, networking opportunities and access to funding. The challenge, however, is to understand their distinctive characteristics and profiles geared towards reinforcing business start-ups. How do accelerators operate as a new generation incubation model and how do they differ from existing incubation mechanisms? This inductive study investigates 13 accelerators across Europe and adopts a design lens to identify the accelerator modelâ€™s key design parameters. We identify five key building blocks and distinguish between three different types of accelerators, taking the primary design theme of the accelerator into account. We contribute to the incubation literature by extending recognition of the heterogeneity of incubation models, by delineating the accelerator as a distinctive incubation model and by introducing the design lens as a useful theoretical framework to investigate incubation models and their evolution.},
number = {Supplement C},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Pauwels, Charlotte and Clarysse, Bart and Wright, Mike and Van Hove, Jonas},
month = apr,
year = {2016},
keywords = {Accelerators, Activity system perspective, Design, Incubation models},
pages = {13--24}

Analysis of Accelerator Companies by David Lynn and Nina Radojevich-Kelley
@article{radojevich-kelley_analysis_2012,
title = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}: {An} {Exploratory} {Case} {Study} of {Their} {Programs}, {Processes}, and {Early} {Results}},
volume = {8},
copyright = {Copyright (c)},
issn = {1944-1169},
shorttitle = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}},
url = {https://www.sbij.org/index.php/SBIJ/article/view/136},
abstract = {The current study utilizes an exploratory case study approach to examine leading accelerator companies in the United States. Specifically, five of the top seed capital companies or accelerators in America were selected and analyzed for purposes of this study. Due to the brief existence of accelerator companies, the limited number of graduates from accelerator programs, and limited quantitative data available, three extensive within-case and three between-case analyses were conducted. The accelerators were examined through case studies, interviews, website analysis, and observation. The results led to propositions that accelerator companies use unique selection criteria and have higher success rates for their graduates. Success rates were based on new ventures that continued to receive subsequent funding or continued to pursue business endeavors versus those who failed. Findings indicate that mentorship driven programs increase the overall success rates of start-ups by providing entrepreneurs with access to angel investors and venture capitalists which tend to increase success rates.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Institute Journal},
author = {Radojevich-Kelley, Nina and Hoffman, David Lynn},
month = oct,
year = {2012},
pages = {54--70}

==Small Business Innovation Research==

Purpose and Performance of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)Program by Ronald Cooper
@article{cooper_purpose_2003,
title = {Purpose and {Performance} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} ({SBIR}) {Program}},
volume = {20},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022212015154},
doi = {10.1023/A:1022212015154},
abstract = {The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program is one of the most successful public programs designed to support small firm innovation. The purpose and structure of the program, however, are often misunderstood. This paper clarifies the goals and rationale for the SBIR program and reviews recent findings regarding the program's impact. The paper identifies five dimensions of the innovation capital gap and outlines a possible extension of the program to better address this finance gap.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Cooper, Ronald S.},
month = mar,
year = {2003},
pages = {137--151}

The Effects of Government-Industry R\&D Programs on Private R\&D by Scott Wallsten
@article{wallsten_effects_2000,
title = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}: {The} {Case} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} {Program}},
volume = {31},
issn = {0741-6261},
shorttitle = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2601030},
doi = {10.2307/2601030},
abstract = {I ask whether government-industry commercial R\&D grants increase private R\&D. Regressing some measure of innovation on the subsidy can establish a correlation between grants and R\&D, but it cannot determine whether grants increase firm R\&D or whether firms that do more R\&D receive more grants. Using a dataset of firms involved in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, I estimate a multiequation model to test these hypotheses. Firms with more employees and that appear to do more research win more SBIR grants, but the grants do not affect employment. Moreover, I find evidence that the grants crowd out firm-financed R\&D spending dollar for dollar.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {The RAND Journal of Economics},
author = {Wallsten, Scott J.},
year = {2000},
pages = {82--100}

The Government as Venture Capitalist by Josh Lerner
@techreport{lerner_government_1996,
title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Effects} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w5753},
abstract = {Public programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, have become commonplace in the United States and abroad. The long-run effectiveness of these programs, however, has attracted little empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the impact of the largest U.S. public venture capital initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms between 1983 and 1995. Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of firms over a ten-year period. The positive effects of SBIR awards were confined to firms based in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The findings are consistent with both the corporate finance literature on capital constraints and the growth literature on the importance of localization effects.},
number = {5753},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
month = sep,
year = {1996},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w5753}

When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit? by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern
@article{gans_when_2003,
title = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?: {Evidence} from the {SBIR} program*},
volume = {12},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1043859022000014092},
doi = {10.1080/1043859022000014092},
abstract = {This paper evaluates whether the relative concentration of funding for small, research-oriented firms in a small number of high-technology industries is related to differences across industries in the appropriability level facing small firms. We exploit a novel test based on the relationship between industry-level private venture financing and the performance of government-subsidized R\&D projects. If industries differ in their appropriability level, then private funding and subsidized project performance should be positively correlated. Our principal finding is that subsidized project performance is higher in industrial segments with higher rates of private venture capital investment. Industrial sectors therefore seem to differ in the degree of appropriability and this variation helps explain why venture capital is concentrated. * The latest version of this paper is available at http://www.mbs.edu/home//jgans/research.htm},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Gans, Joshua and Stern, Scott},
month = aug,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Appropriability, Capital Constraints, Innovation, Subsidy, Technological Opportunity, Venture Capital},
pages = {361--384}

Accelerators and Incubators

2017-11-13T17:28:47Z

YunnieH:

==Accelerators and Incubators==
Key Factors Affecting a Technology Entrepreneur's Choice of Incubator or Accelerator by Diane Isabelle
@article{isabelle_key_2013,
title = {Key {Factors} {Affecting} a {Technology} {Entrepreneur}'s {Choice} of {Incubator} or {Accelerator}},
volume = {3},
copyright = {Copyright Talent First Network Feb 2013},
url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1614473075/abstract/9B4C119F40484FBEPQ/1},
abstract = {Technology entrepreneurship rarely succeeds in isolation; increasingly, it occurs in interconnected networks of business partners and other organizations. For entrepreneurs lacking access to an established business ecosystem, incubators and accelerators provide a possible support mechanism for access to partners and resources. Yet, these relatively recent approaches to supporting entrepreneurship are still evolving. Therefore, it can be challenging for entrepreneurs to assess these mechanisms and to make insightful decisions on whether or not to join an incubator or accelerator, and which incubator or accelerator best meets their needs. In this article, five key factors that entrepreneurs should take into consideration about incubators and accelerators are offered. Insights are drawn from two surveys of managers and users of incubators and accelerators. An understanding of these five key success factors (stage of venture, fit with incubator's mission, selection and graduation policies, services provided, and network of partners) and potential pitfalls will help entrepreneurs confidently enter into a relationship with an incubator or accelerator.},
language = {English},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review; Ottawa},
author = {Isabelle, Diane A.},
month = feb,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Business And Economics},
pages = {16--22}

==Incubators==
The Evolution of Business Incubators by Johan Bruneel
@article{bruneel_evolution_2012,
title = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}: {Comparing} demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations},
volume = {32},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497211001659},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2011.11.003},
abstract = {Business incubators (BIs) have been established around the world to stimulate new business creation. Whilst it is accepted that incubation models have evolved, little is known about whether existing incubators have adjusted their value proposition to incorporate recent incubation paradigms or have simply remained operating as originally founded. We present data collected within seven BIs and their tenants regarding service provision and selection criteria. Our findings show that whilst BIs of all generations offer similar support services, tenants in older generation BIs make less use of the BI's service portfolio. We suggest this is a consequence of slack selection criteria and the absence of clearly defined exit policies. These results imply that older generation BIs should update their service portfolio while simultaneously imposing stricter selection criteria and introducing exit policies. Finally, we discuss the wider implications this raises for BIs' managers, prospective tenants and policy makers.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Bruneel, Johan and Ratinho, Tiago and Clarysse, Bart and Groen, Aard},
month = feb,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Business incubation, Business support, Entrepreneurship},
pages = {110--121}

Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators by Barbara Becker and Oliver Gassmann
@article{becker_gaining_2006,
title = {Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators},
volume = {36},
issn = {1467-9310},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x},
abstract = {This paper analyzes the kind of knowledge that facilitates hatching and leveraging of technologies through the incubation process. Four corporate incubator types can be distinguished according to their source and type of technology: fast-profit incubators, market incubators, leveraging incubators, and in-sourcing incubators. Applying the knowledge-based view of the firm, four modes of mainly tacit knowledge were identified in respect to the different incubator types: (1) entrepreneurial knowledge, (2) organizational knowledge, (3) technological knowledge, and (4) complementary market knowledge. Knowledge strategies include both the leveraging of internal knowledge as well as the in-sourcing of external knowledge for the firm through the corporate incubator. The research is based on an analysis of a European Commission dataset from a benchmarking survey of 77 incubators as well as 52 interviews in 25 large technology-driven corporations in Europe and the United States.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {R\&D Management},
author = {Becker, Barbara and Gassmann, Oliver},
month = jan,
year = {2006},
pages = {1--16}

==Accelerator
Understanding a new generation incubation model:The accelerator by Charlotte Pauwels
@article{pauwels_understanding_2016,
series = {Technology {Business} {Incubation}},
title = {Understanding a new generation incubation model: {The} accelerator},
volume = {50-51},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {Understanding a new generation incubation model},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497215000644},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2015.09.003},
abstract = {Prior research hints at the accelerator as a new generation incubation model. Accelerators have become an umbrella term for any program providing a service structure of mentorship, networking opportunities and access to funding. The challenge, however, is to understand their distinctive characteristics and profiles geared towards reinforcing business start-ups. How do accelerators operate as a new generation incubation model and how do they differ from existing incubation mechanisms? This inductive study investigates 13 accelerators across Europe and adopts a design lens to identify the accelerator modelâ€™s key design parameters. We identify five key building blocks and distinguish between three different types of accelerators, taking the primary design theme of the accelerator into account. We contribute to the incubation literature by extending recognition of the heterogeneity of incubation models, by delineating the accelerator as a distinctive incubation model and by introducing the design lens as a useful theoretical framework to investigate incubation models and their evolution.},
number = {Supplement C},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Pauwels, Charlotte and Clarysse, Bart and Wright, Mike and Van Hove, Jonas},
month = apr,
year = {2016},
keywords = {Accelerators, Activity system perspective, Design, Incubation models},
pages = {13--24}

Analysis of Accelerator Companies by David Lynn and Nina Radojevich-Kelley
@article{radojevich-kelley_analysis_2012,
title = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}: {An} {Exploratory} {Case} {Study} of {Their} {Programs}, {Processes}, and {Early} {Results}},
volume = {8},
copyright = {Copyright (c)},
issn = {1944-1169},
shorttitle = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}},
url = {https://www.sbij.org/index.php/SBIJ/article/view/136},
abstract = {The current study utilizes an exploratory case study approach to examine leading accelerator companies in the United States. Specifically, five of the top seed capital companies or accelerators in America were selected and analyzed for purposes of this study. Due to the brief existence of accelerator companies, the limited number of graduates from accelerator programs, and limited quantitative data available, three extensive within-case and three between-case analyses were conducted. The accelerators were examined through case studies, interviews, website analysis, and observation. The results led to propositions that accelerator companies use unique selection criteria and have higher success rates for their graduates. Success rates were based on new ventures that continued to receive subsequent funding or continued to pursue business endeavors versus those who failed. Findings indicate that mentorship driven programs increase the overall success rates of start-ups by providing entrepreneurs with access to angel investors and venture capitalists which tend to increase success rates.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Institute Journal},
author = {Radojevich-Kelley, Nina and Hoffman, David Lynn},
month = oct,
year = {2012},
pages = {54--70}

==Small Business Innovation Research==

Purpose and Performance of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)Program by Ronald Cooper
@article{cooper_purpose_2003,
title = {Purpose and {Performance} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} ({SBIR}) {Program}},
volume = {20},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022212015154},
doi = {10.1023/A:1022212015154},
abstract = {The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program is one of the most successful public programs designed to support small firm innovation. The purpose and structure of the program, however, are often misunderstood. This paper clarifies the goals and rationale for the SBIR program and reviews recent findings regarding the program's impact. The paper identifies five dimensions of the innovation capital gap and outlines a possible extension of the program to better address this finance gap.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Cooper, Ronald S.},
month = mar,
year = {2003},
pages = {137--151}

The Effects of Government-Industry R\&D Programs on Private R\&D by Scott Wallsten
@article{wallsten_effects_2000,
title = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}: {The} {Case} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} {Program}},
volume = {31},
issn = {0741-6261},
shorttitle = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2601030},
doi = {10.2307/2601030},
abstract = {I ask whether government-industry commercial R\&D grants increase private R\&D. Regressing some measure of innovation on the subsidy can establish a correlation between grants and R\&D, but it cannot determine whether grants increase firm R\&D or whether firms that do more R\&D receive more grants. Using a dataset of firms involved in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, I estimate a multiequation model to test these hypotheses. Firms with more employees and that appear to do more research win more SBIR grants, but the grants do not affect employment. Moreover, I find evidence that the grants crowd out firm-financed R\&D spending dollar for dollar.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {The RAND Journal of Economics},
author = {Wallsten, Scott J.},
year = {2000},
pages = {82--100}

The Government as Venture Capitalist by Josh Lerner
@techreport{lerner_government_1996,
title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Effects} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w5753},
abstract = {Public programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, have become commonplace in the United States and abroad. The long-run effectiveness of these programs, however, has attracted little empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the impact of the largest U.S. public venture capital initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms between 1983 and 1995. Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of firms over a ten-year period. The positive effects of SBIR awards were confined to firms based in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The findings are consistent with both the corporate finance literature on capital constraints and the growth literature on the importance of localization effects.},
number = {5753},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
month = sep,
year = {1996},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w5753}

When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit? by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern
@article{gans_when_2003,
title = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?: {Evidence} from the {SBIR} program*},
volume = {12},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1043859022000014092},
doi = {10.1080/1043859022000014092},
abstract = {This paper evaluates whether the relative concentration of funding for small, research-oriented firms in a small number of high-technology industries is related to differences across industries in the appropriability level facing small firms. We exploit a novel test based on the relationship between industry-level private venture financing and the performance of government-subsidized R\&D projects. If industries differ in their appropriability level, then private funding and subsidized project performance should be positively correlated. Our principal finding is that subsidized project performance is higher in industrial segments with higher rates of private venture capital investment. Industrial sectors therefore seem to differ in the degree of appropriability and this variation helps explain why venture capital is concentrated. * The latest version of this paper is available at http://www.mbs.edu/home//jgans/research.htm},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Gans, Joshua and Stern, Scott},
month = aug,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Appropriability, Capital Constraints, Innovation, Subsidy, Technological Opportunity, Venture Capital},
pages = {361--384}

Accelerators and Incubators

2017-11-13T17:15:26Z

YunnieH: Created page with "@article{bruneel_evolution_2012, title = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}: {Comparing} demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator..."

@article{bruneel_evolution_2012,
title = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}: {Comparing} demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations},
volume = {32},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {The {Evolution} of {Business} {Incubators}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497211001659},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2011.11.003},
abstract = {Business incubators (BIs) have been established around the world to stimulate new business creation. Whilst it is accepted that incubation models have evolved, little is known about whether existing incubators have adjusted their value proposition to incorporate recent incubation paradigms or have simply remained operating as originally founded. We present data collected within seven BIs and their tenants regarding service provision and selection criteria. Our findings show that whilst BIs of all generations offer similar support services, tenants in older generation BIs make less use of the BI's service portfolio. We suggest this is a consequence of slack selection criteria and the absence of clearly defined exit policies. These results imply that older generation BIs should update their service portfolio while simultaneously imposing stricter selection criteria and introducing exit policies. Finally, we discuss the wider implications this raises for BIs' managers, prospective tenants and policy makers.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Bruneel, Johan and Ratinho, Tiago and Clarysse, Bart and Groen, Aard},
month = feb,
year = {2012},
keywords = {Business incubation, Business support, Entrepreneurship},
pages = {110--121}
}

@article{becker_gaining_2006,
title = {Gaining leverage effects from knowledge modes within corporate incubators},
volume = {36},
issn = {1467-9310},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00411.x},
abstract = {This paper analyzes the kind of knowledge that facilitates hatching and leveraging of technologies through the incubation process. Four corporate incubator types can be distinguished according to their source and type of technology: fast-profit incubators, market incubators, leveraging incubators, and in-sourcing incubators. Applying the knowledge-based view of the firm, four modes of mainly tacit knowledge were identified in respect to the different incubator types: (1) entrepreneurial knowledge, (2) organizational knowledge, (3) technological knowledge, and (4) complementary market knowledge. Knowledge strategies include both the leveraging of internal knowledge as well as the in-sourcing of external knowledge for the firm through the corporate incubator. The research is based on an analysis of a European Commission dataset from a benchmarking survey of 77 incubators as well as 52 interviews in 25 large technology-driven corporations in Europe and the United States.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {R\&D Management},
author = {Becker, Barbara and Gassmann, Oliver},
month = jan,
year = {2006},
pages = {1--16}

@article{gans_when_2003,
title = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?: {Evidence} from the {SBIR} program*},
volume = {12},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1043859022000014092},
doi = {10.1080/1043859022000014092},
abstract = {This paper evaluates whether the relative concentration of funding for small, research-oriented firms in a small number of high-technology industries is related to differences across industries in the appropriability level facing small firms. We exploit a novel test based on the relationship between industry-level private venture financing and the performance of government-subsidized R\&D projects. If industries differ in their appropriability level, then private funding and subsidized project performance should be positively correlated. Our principal finding is that subsidized project performance is higher in industrial segments with higher rates of private venture capital investment. Industrial sectors therefore seem to differ in the degree of appropriability and this variation helps explain why venture capital is concentrated. * The latest version of this paper is available at http://www.mbs.edu/home//jgans/research.htm},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Gans, Joshua and Stern, Scott},
month = aug,
year = {2003},
keywords = {Appropriability, Capital Constraints, Innovation, Subsidy, Technological Opportunity, Venture Capital},
pages = {361--384}
}

@article{pauwels_understanding_2016,
series = {Technology {Business} {Incubation}},
title = {Understanding a new generation incubation model: {The} accelerator},
volume = {50-51},
issn = {0166-4972},
shorttitle = {Understanding a new generation incubation model},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497215000644},
doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2015.09.003},
abstract = {Prior research hints at the accelerator as a new generation incubation model. Accelerators have become an umbrella term for any program providing a service structure of mentorship, networking opportunities and access to funding. The challenge, however, is to understand their distinctive characteristics and profiles geared towards reinforcing business start-ups. How do accelerators operate as a new generation incubation model and how do they differ from existing incubation mechanisms? This inductive study investigates 13 accelerators across Europe and adopts a design lens to identify the accelerator modelâ€™s key design parameters. We identify five key building blocks and distinguish between three different types of accelerators, taking the primary design theme of the accelerator into account. We contribute to the incubation literature by extending recognition of the heterogeneity of incubation models, by delineating the accelerator as a distinctive incubation model and by introducing the design lens as a useful theoretical framework to investigate incubation models and their evolution.},
number = {Supplement C},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technovation},
author = {Pauwels, Charlotte and Clarysse, Bart and Wright, Mike and Van Hove, Jonas},
month = apr,
year = {2016},
keywords = {Accelerators, Activity system perspective, Design, Incubation models},
pages = {13--24}
}

@article{radojevich-kelley_analysis_2012,
title = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}: {An} {Exploratory} {Case} {Study} of {Their} {Programs}, {Processes}, and {Early} {Results}},
volume = {8},
copyright = {Copyright (c)},
issn = {1944-1169},
shorttitle = {Analysis of {Accelerator} {Companies}},
url = {https://www.sbij.org/index.php/SBIJ/article/view/136},
abstract = {The current study utilizes an exploratory case study approach to examine leading accelerator companies in the United States. Specifically, five of the top seed capital companies or accelerators in America were selected and analyzed for purposes of this study. Due to the brief existence of accelerator companies, the limited number of graduates from accelerator programs, and limited quantitative data available, three extensive within-case and three between-case analyses were conducted. The accelerators were examined through case studies, interviews, website analysis, and observation. The results led to propositions that accelerator companies use unique selection criteria and have higher success rates for their graduates. Success rates were based on new ventures that continued to receive subsequent funding or continued to pursue business endeavors versus those who failed. Findings indicate that mentorship driven programs increase the overall success rates of start-ups by providing entrepreneurs with access to angel investors and venture capitalists which tend to increase success rates.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Institute Journal},
author = {Radojevich-Kelley, Nina and Hoffman, David Lynn},
month = oct,
year = {2012},
pages = {54--70}
}

@misc{noauthor_accelerating_nodate,
title = {Accelerating {Startups}: {The} {Seed} {Accelerator} {Phenomenon} by {Susan} {Cohen}, {Yael} {Hochberg} :: {SSRN}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2418000},
urldate = {2017-11-13}
}

@article{isabelle_key_2013,
title = {Key {Factors} {Affecting} a {Technology} {Entrepreneur}'s {Choice} of {Incubator} or {Accelerator}},
volume = {3},
copyright = {Copyright Talent First Network Feb 2013},
url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1614473075/abstract/9B4C119F40484FBEPQ/1},
abstract = {Technology entrepreneurship rarely succeeds in isolation; increasingly, it occurs in interconnected networks of business partners and other organizations. For entrepreneurs lacking access to an established business ecosystem, incubators and accelerators provide a possible support mechanism for access to partners and resources. Yet, these relatively recent approaches to supporting entrepreneurship are still evolving. Therefore, it can be challenging for entrepreneurs to assess these mechanisms and to make insightful decisions on whether or not to join an incubator or accelerator, and which incubator or accelerator best meets their needs. In this article, five key factors that entrepreneurs should take into consideration about incubators and accelerators are offered. Insights are drawn from two surveys of managers and users of incubators and accelerators. An understanding of these five key success factors (stage of venture, fit with incubator's mission, selection and graduation policies, services provided, and network of partners) and potential pitfalls will help entrepreneurs confidently enter into a relationship with an incubator or accelerator.},
language = {English},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review; Ottawa},
author = {Isabelle, Diane A.},
month = feb,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Business And Economics},
pages = {16--22}

==Small Business Innovation Research==

Purpose and Performance of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)Program by Ronald Cooper
@article{cooper_purpose_2003,
title = {Purpose and {Performance} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} ({SBIR}) {Program}},
volume = {20},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022212015154},
doi = {10.1023/A:1022212015154},
abstract = {The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program is one of the most successful public programs designed to support small firm innovation. The purpose and structure of the program, however, are often misunderstood. This paper clarifies the goals and rationale for the SBIR program and reviews recent findings regarding the program's impact. The paper identifies five dimensions of the innovation capital gap and outlines a possible extension of the program to better address this finance gap.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Cooper, Ronald S.},
month = mar,
year = {2003},
pages = {137--151}

The Effects of Government-Industry R\&D Programs on Private R\&D by Scott Wallsten
@article{wallsten_effects_2000,
title = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}: {The} {Case} of the {Small} {Business} {Innovation} {Research} {Program}},
volume = {31},
issn = {0741-6261},
shorttitle = {The {Effects} of {Government}-{Industry} {R}\&{D} {Programs} on {Private} {R}\&{D}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2601030},
doi = {10.2307/2601030},
abstract = {I ask whether government-industry commercial R\&D grants increase private R\&D. Regressing some measure of innovation on the subsidy can establish a correlation between grants and R\&D, but it cannot determine whether grants increase firm R\&D or whether firms that do more R\&D receive more grants. Using a dataset of firms involved in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, I estimate a multiequation model to test these hypotheses. Firms with more employees and that appear to do more research win more SBIR grants, but the grants do not affect employment. Moreover, I find evidence that the grants crowd out firm-financed R\&D spending dollar for dollar.},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
journal = {The RAND Journal of Economics},
author = {Wallsten, Scott J.},
year = {2000},
pages = {82--100}

The Government as Venture Capitalist by Josh Lerner
@techreport{lerner_government_1996,
title = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Effects} of the {SBIR} {Program}},
shorttitle = {The {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w5753},
abstract = {Public programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, have become commonplace in the United States and abroad. The long-run effectiveness of these programs, however, has attracted little empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the impact of the largest U.S. public venture capital initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms between 1983 and 1995. Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of firms over a ten-year period. The positive effects of SBIR awards were confined to firms based in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The findings are consistent with both the corporate finance literature on capital constraints and the growth literature on the importance of localization effects.},
number = {5753},
urldate = {2017-11-13},
author = {Lerner, Josh},
month = sep,
year = {1996},
note = {DOI: 10.3386/w5753}

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2017-11-13T16:37:57Z

YunnieH:

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]
2017-11-13: Literature Review on Accelerators & Incubators

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Yunnie Huang

2017-11-13T16:37:16Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Staff
|position=Research Team
|name=Yunjing (Yunnie) Huang
|user_image=Yunnie.jpg
|degree=BA
|major=CAAM; Mathematical Economic Analysis
|class=2020
|join_date=10/23/2017
|skills=Matlab, Excel
|interests=dance, pingpong, travel
|fun_fact=I went to the same high school as Michelle Obama.
|email=yh49@rice.edu
|status=Active
}}
==Early Life==
Yunnie was born in Guangzhou, China, in 1998. Guangzhou is the third biggest city in China. Yunnie has an older sister and she was born "illegally" during a time when China's "One-child policy" was enforced. Her favorite childhood memory is spending Lunar New Year in her grandparents' house and setting off fireworks with her cousins. In 2008, She moved to Chicago with her family. She received her high school degree from Whitney M. Young Magnet High School. She loves everything about the city, except for the cold winters. That helped her make her decision to study at Rice University where she can enjoy the sunny Houston weather.

==Future Goals==
Yunnie is planning to study abroad in London in the second semester of her junior year, because she enjoys being exposed to different cultures and experiences.
When she graduates from Rice with her bachelor's degrees in Math Economics Analysis and Computational and Applied Math, she wants to work as either a consultant or data analyst. She is planning to go back to graduate school after working for a few years to study either industrial engineering, finance, or business.

==Progress at McNair==
Yunnie's work log with daily activities-
[[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)]]

[[Startup Density Literature Review]]

[[Accelerators and Incubators]]

Yunnie Huang

2017-11-13T16:28:27Z

YunnieH:

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-10T21:50:56Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

==About==
Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data.
The academic papers can be found in E drive -> McNair -> Projects -> Agglomeration -> Literature Review.
==Startups==
Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship by Zoltan Acs. Cited by 1037
@article{acs_knowledge_2009,
title = {The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship},
volume = {32},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3},
doi = {10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3},
abstract = {Contemporary theories of entrepreneurship generally focus on the recognition of opportunities and the decision to exploit them. Although the entrepreneurship literature treats opportunities as exogenous, the prevailing theory of economic growth suggests they are endogenous. This paper advances the microeconomic foundations of endogenous growth theory by developing a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers, which allow entrepreneurs to identify and exploit opportunities.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-10},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Braunerhjelm, Pontus and Audretsch, David B. and Carlsson, Bo},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
pages = {15--30}

Corporate Growth Convergence in Europe by Paul Geroski and Klaus Gugler. Cited by 179
@article{geroski_corporate_2004,
title = {Corporate {Growth} {Convergence} in {Europe}},
volume = {56},
issn = {0030-7653},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488800},
abstract = {It is widely believed that the implementation of the Single Market Programme in 1992 has induced a transformation in industrial structures across Europe. Some people believe that it has driven Europe towards a common industrial structure. However, using a newly available database covering nearly every firm above 100 employees in 14 European countries over the time period 1994 to 1998, the hypothesis of convergence in corporate sizes within industries is unambiguously rejected by the data. A Gibrat process best describes the growth of very large and mature firms, but smaller and younger firms depart from this prediction. Pre-post 1992 comparisons using another database for larger listed firms reveal that the speed of convergence actually decreased post-1992.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-10},
journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
author = {Geroski, Paul and Gugler, Klaus},
year = {2004},
pages = {597--620}

Regional Advantage by AnnaLee Saxenian. Cited by 11567
@misc{noauthor_regional_nodate,
title = {Regional {Advantage} — {AnnaLee} {Saxenian} {\textbar} {Harvard} {University} {Press}},
url = {http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674753402},
abstract = {Why is it that business in California's Silicon Valley flourished while along Route 128 in Massachusetts declined in the 90s? The answer, Saxenian suggests, has to do with the fact that despite similar histories and technologies, Silicon Valley developed a decentralized but cooperative industrial system while Route 128 came to be dominated by independent, self-sufficient corporations. The result of more than one hundred interviews, this compelling analysis highlights the importance of local sources of competitive advantage in a volatile world economy.},
urldate = {2017-11-10}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

Where is Creativity in the City? Integrating Qualitative and GIS Methods by Chris Brennan-Horley and Chris Gibson
@article{brennan-horley_where_2009,
title = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}? {Integrating} {Qualitative} and {GIS} {Methods}},
volume = {41},
issn = {0308-518X},
shorttitle = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/a41406},
doi = {10.1068/a41406},
abstract = {This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
author = {Brennan-Horley, Chris and Gibson, Chris},
month = nov,
year = {2009},
pages = {2595--2614}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-10T21:46:38Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

==About==
Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==
Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship by Zoltan Acs. Cited by 1037
@article{acs_knowledge_2009,
title = {The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship},
volume = {32},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3},
doi = {10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3},
abstract = {Contemporary theories of entrepreneurship generally focus on the recognition of opportunities and the decision to exploit them. Although the entrepreneurship literature treats opportunities as exogenous, the prevailing theory of economic growth suggests they are endogenous. This paper advances the microeconomic foundations of endogenous growth theory by developing a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers, which allow entrepreneurs to identify and exploit opportunities.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-10},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Braunerhjelm, Pontus and Audretsch, David B. and Carlsson, Bo},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
pages = {15--30}

Corporate Growth Convergence in Europe by Paul Geroski and Klaus Gugler. Cited by 179
@article{geroski_corporate_2004,
title = {Corporate {Growth} {Convergence} in {Europe}},
volume = {56},
issn = {0030-7653},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488800},
abstract = {It is widely believed that the implementation of the Single Market Programme in 1992 has induced a transformation in industrial structures across Europe. Some people believe that it has driven Europe towards a common industrial structure. However, using a newly available database covering nearly every firm above 100 employees in 14 European countries over the time period 1994 to 1998, the hypothesis of convergence in corporate sizes within industries is unambiguously rejected by the data. A Gibrat process best describes the growth of very large and mature firms, but smaller and younger firms depart from this prediction. Pre-post 1992 comparisons using another database for larger listed firms reveal that the speed of convergence actually decreased post-1992.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-10},
journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
author = {Geroski, Paul and Gugler, Klaus},
year = {2004},
pages = {597--620}

Regional Advantage by AnnaLee Saxenian. Cited by 11567
@misc{noauthor_regional_nodate,
title = {Regional {Advantage} — {AnnaLee} {Saxenian} {\textbar} {Harvard} {University} {Press}},
url = {http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674753402},
abstract = {Why is it that business in California's Silicon Valley flourished while along Route 128 in Massachusetts declined in the 90s? The answer, Saxenian suggests, has to do with the fact that despite similar histories and technologies, Silicon Valley developed a decentralized but cooperative industrial system while Route 128 came to be dominated by independent, self-sufficient corporations. The result of more than one hundred interviews, this compelling analysis highlights the importance of local sources of competitive advantage in a volatile world economy.},
urldate = {2017-11-10}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

Where is Creativity in the City? Integrating Qualitative and GIS Methods by Chris Brennan-Horley and Chris Gibson
@article{brennan-horley_where_2009,
title = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}? {Integrating} {Qualitative} and {GIS} {Methods}},
volume = {41},
issn = {0308-518X},
shorttitle = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/a41406},
doi = {10.1068/a41406},
abstract = {This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
author = {Brennan-Horley, Chris and Gibson, Chris},
month = nov,
year = {2009},
pages = {2595--2614}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-10T21:44:10Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

==About==
Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==
Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship by Zoltan Acs
@article{acs_knowledge_2009,
title = {The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship},
volume = {32},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3},
doi = {10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3},
abstract = {Contemporary theories of entrepreneurship generally focus on the recognition of opportunities and the decision to exploit them. Although the entrepreneurship literature treats opportunities as exogenous, the prevailing theory of economic growth suggests they are endogenous. This paper advances the microeconomic foundations of endogenous growth theory by developing a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers, which allow entrepreneurs to identify and exploit opportunities.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-10},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Braunerhjelm, Pontus and Audretsch, David B. and Carlsson, Bo},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
pages = {15--30}

Corporate Growth Convergence in Europe by Paul Geroski and Klaus Gugler
@article{geroski_corporate_2004,
title = {Corporate {Growth} {Convergence} in {Europe}},
volume = {56},
issn = {0030-7653},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488800},
abstract = {It is widely believed that the implementation of the Single Market Programme in 1992 has induced a transformation in industrial structures across Europe. Some people believe that it has driven Europe towards a common industrial structure. However, using a newly available database covering nearly every firm above 100 employees in 14 European countries over the time period 1994 to 1998, the hypothesis of convergence in corporate sizes within industries is unambiguously rejected by the data. A Gibrat process best describes the growth of very large and mature firms, but smaller and younger firms depart from this prediction. Pre-post 1992 comparisons using another database for larger listed firms reveal that the speed of convergence actually decreased post-1992.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-10},
journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
author = {Geroski, Paul and Gugler, Klaus},
year = {2004},
pages = {597--620}

Regional Advantage by AnnaLee Saxenian
@misc{noauthor_regional_nodate,
title = {Regional {Advantage} — {AnnaLee} {Saxenian} {\textbar} {Harvard} {University} {Press}},
url = {http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674753402},
abstract = {Why is it that business in California's Silicon Valley flourished while along Route 128 in Massachusetts declined in the 90s? The answer, Saxenian suggests, has to do with the fact that despite similar histories and technologies, Silicon Valley developed a decentralized but cooperative industrial system while Route 128 came to be dominated by independent, self-sufficient corporations. The result of more than one hundred interviews, this compelling analysis highlights the importance of local sources of competitive advantage in a volatile world economy.},
urldate = {2017-11-10}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

Where is Creativity in the City? Integrating Qualitative and GIS Methods by Chris Brennan-Horley and Chris Gibson
@article{brennan-horley_where_2009,
title = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}? {Integrating} {Qualitative} and {GIS} {Methods}},
volume = {41},
issn = {0308-518X},
shorttitle = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/a41406},
doi = {10.1068/a41406},
abstract = {This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
author = {Brennan-Horley, Chris and Gibson, Chris},
month = nov,
year = {2009},
pages = {2595--2614}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-10T21:41:16Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

==About==
Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==
Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

@article{acs_knowledge_2009,
title = {The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship},
volume = {32},
issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3},
doi = {10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3},
abstract = {Contemporary theories of entrepreneurship generally focus on the recognition of opportunities and the decision to exploit them. Although the entrepreneurship literature treats opportunities as exogenous, the prevailing theory of economic growth suggests they are endogenous. This paper advances the microeconomic foundations of endogenous growth theory by developing a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers, which allow entrepreneurs to identify and exploit opportunities.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2017-11-10},
journal = {Small Business Economics},
author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Braunerhjelm, Pontus and Audretsch, David B. and Carlsson, Bo},
month = jan,
year = {2009},
pages = {15--30}

Corporate Growth Convergence in Europe by Paul Geroski and Klaus Gugler
@article{geroski_corporate_2004,
title = {Corporate {Growth} {Convergence} in {Europe}},
volume = {56},
issn = {0030-7653},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488800},
abstract = {It is widely believed that the implementation of the Single Market Programme in 1992 has induced a transformation in industrial structures across Europe. Some people believe that it has driven Europe towards a common industrial structure. However, using a newly available database covering nearly every firm above 100 employees in 14 European countries over the time period 1994 to 1998, the hypothesis of convergence in corporate sizes within industries is unambiguously rejected by the data. A Gibrat process best describes the growth of very large and mature firms, but smaller and younger firms depart from this prediction. Pre-post 1992 comparisons using another database for larger listed firms reveal that the speed of convergence actually decreased post-1992.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-10},
journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
author = {Geroski, Paul and Gugler, Klaus},
year = {2004},
pages = {597--620}

Regional Advantage by AnnaLee Saxenian
@misc{noauthor_regional_nodate,
title = {Regional {Advantage} — {AnnaLee} {Saxenian} {\textbar} {Harvard} {University} {Press}},
url = {http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674753402},
abstract = {Why is it that business in California's Silicon Valley flourished while along Route 128 in Massachusetts declined in the 90s? The answer, Saxenian suggests, has to do with the fact that despite similar histories and technologies, Silicon Valley developed a decentralized but cooperative industrial system while Route 128 came to be dominated by independent, self-sufficient corporations. The result of more than one hundred interviews, this compelling analysis highlights the importance of local sources of competitive advantage in a volatile world economy.},
urldate = {2017-11-10}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

Where is Creativity in the City? Integrating Qualitative and GIS Methods by Chris Brennan-Horley and Chris Gibson
@article{brennan-horley_where_2009,
title = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}? {Integrating} {Qualitative} and {GIS} {Methods}},
volume = {41},
issn = {0308-518X},
shorttitle = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/a41406},
doi = {10.1068/a41406},
abstract = {This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
author = {Brennan-Horley, Chris and Gibson, Chris},
month = nov,
year = {2009},
pages = {2595--2614}

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2017-11-10T20:17:29Z

YunnieH:

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2017-11-10: Organized Literature Review documents into folder and included a few more articles.

2017-11-07: Started writing narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes. Met with Ed to talk about Literature Review.

2017-11-06: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-03: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.
</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2017-11-07T17:56:59Z

YunnieH: /* Fall 2017 */

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2017-11-7: Finished literature review. Wrote narrative description of the manufacturing incubator blog from notes.

2017-11-6: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-3: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.

</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Yunnie Huang (Work Log)

2017-11-07T17:42:08Z

YunnieH:

===Fall 2017===
<onlyinclude>

[[Yunnie Huang]] [[Work Logs]] [[Yunnie Huang (Work Log)|(log page)]]

2017-11-7: Finished literature review.

2017-11-6: Talked to Ed and edited the literature review.

2017-11-3: Looked through some websites for manufacturing incubators for the blog post.

2017-10-31: Continued blog post for manufacturing incubators. Edited Startup Density lit review

2017-10-30: Edited Startup Density literature review. Started blog post for Manufacturing Incubators

2017-10-27: Finished literature review

2017-10-24: Set up RDP. Continue literature review using Zotero and Textpad.

2017-10-23: First day! Set up and edited wiki page. Started literature review.

</onlyinclude>

[[Category:Work Log]]

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-07T17:37:17Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

==About==
Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==
Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

Where is Creativity in the City? Integrating Qualitative and GIS Methods by Chris Brennan-Horley and Chris Gibson
@article{brennan-horley_where_2009,
title = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}? {Integrating} {Qualitative} and {GIS} {Methods}},
volume = {41},
issn = {0308-518X},
shorttitle = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/a41406},
doi = {10.1068/a41406},
abstract = {This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
author = {Brennan-Horley, Chris and Gibson, Chris},
month = nov,
year = {2009},
pages = {2595--2614}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-07T17:35:50Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

==About==
Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==
Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

@article{brennan-horley_where_2009,
title = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}? {Integrating} {Qualitative} and {GIS} {Methods}},
volume = {41},
issn = {0308-518X},
shorttitle = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/a41406},
doi = {10.1068/a41406},
abstract = {This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
author = {Brennan-Horley, Chris and Gibson, Chris},
month = nov,
year = {2009},
pages = {2595--2614}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-07T17:35:24Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

==Summary==
Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==
Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

@article{brennan-horley_where_2009,
title = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}? {Integrating} {Qualitative} and {GIS} {Methods}},
volume = {41},
issn = {0308-518X},
shorttitle = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/a41406},
doi = {10.1068/a41406},
abstract = {This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
author = {Brennan-Horley, Chris and Gibson, Chris},
month = nov,
year = {2009},
pages = {2595--2614}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-07T17:34:45Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==
Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

@article{brennan-horley_where_2009,
title = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}? {Integrating} {Qualitative} and {GIS} {Methods}},
volume = {41},
issn = {0308-518X},
shorttitle = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/a41406},
doi = {10.1068/a41406},
abstract = {This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
author = {Brennan-Horley, Chris and Gibson, Chris},
month = nov,
year = {2009},
pages = {2595--2614}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-07T17:32:25Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==

Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

@article{brennan-horley_where_2009,
title = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}? {Integrating} {Qualitative} and {GIS} {Methods}},
volume = {41},
issn = {0308-518X},
shorttitle = {Where is {Creativity} in the {City}?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/a41406},
doi = {10.1068/a41406},
abstract = {This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.},
language = {en},
number = {11},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
journal = {Environment and Planning A},
author = {Brennan-Horley, Chris and Gibson, Chris},
month = nov,
year = {2009},
pages = {2595--2614}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-07T17:21:14Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==

Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman. Fit in both category (1) and (2).
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of {Agglomeration} by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-07T17:18:33Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==

Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by 252
@incollection{eberts_chapter_1999,
series = {Applied {Urban} {Economics}},
title = {Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure},
volume = {3},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008099800078},
abstract = {This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the â€œblack boxâ€ of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.},
urldate = {2017-11-07},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Eberts, Randall W. and McMillen, Daniel P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8},
keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure},
pages = {1455--1495}

Economics of {Agglomeration} by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

Manufacturing Incubators (Blog Post)

2017-11-07T16:57:47Z

YunnieH: Replaced content with "{{BlogPost |Has title=Manufacturing Incubators (Blog Post) |Has author=Yunnie Huang |Part of series= |Has content status=Idea |Has graphics status= |Had publication date=..."

{{BlogPost
|Has title=Manufacturing Incubators (Blog Post)
|Has author=Yunnie Huang
|Part of series=
|Has content status=Idea
|Has graphics status=
|Had publication date=
|Has processing notes=
}}

== Google Doc Link ==
https://docs.google.com/a/rice.edu/document/d/1zYyXjAFBlgW6bqtNVb70s84RyI1amMOqec0fgbW9Ods/edit?usp=sharing

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T18:04:40Z

YunnieH:

{{McNair Projects
|Has title=Startup Density Literature Review
|Has owner=Yunnie Huang
|Has start date=10/23/2017
|Is dependent on=Urban Start-up Agglomeration,
}}

Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data

==Startups==

Are All Startups Affected Similarly by Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil.
Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_are_2013,
title = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters? {Agglomeration}, competition, firm heterogeneity, and survival},
volume = {28},
issn = {0883-9026},
shorttitle = {Are all startups affected similarly by clusters?},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902612000626},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.004},
abstract = {Are all startups similarly affected by the survival benefits and drawbacks of locating in geographic clusters? In this paper, we argue that prior theorizing may have missed important contingencies that affect whether a startup experiences the benefits and costs of locating in a cluster. In particular, while the local levels of skilled labor, suppliers, and purchasers have a beneficial influence and local competition has a detrimental influence on startup survival, these relationships are moderated by heterogeneity in firms' resources and capabilities. We find support for these arguments using a dataset covering the early life of all independent startups in the Canadian manufacturing sector from 1984 to 1998.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Keil, Thomas},
month = may,
year = {2013},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Capability, Cluster, Resource, Survival},
pages = {354--372}

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)
@article{peer_who_2008,
title = {Who enters, where and why? {The} influence of capabilities and initial resource endowments on the location choices of de novo enterprises},
volume = {6},
issn = {1476-1270},
shorttitle = {Who enters, where and why?},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127008090007},
doi = {10.1177/1476127008090007},
abstract = {Some geographical locations have characteristics that create opportunities for de novo enterprises, but not all new firms can access the benefits presented by a potential location. The ability of new firms to appropriate benefit and avoid risk depends on the resources that entrepreneurs can marshal for their enterprise. This article develops a model of the interplay between the attributes of de novo entrants and their founding locations. The model assumes that de novo entrants tend to appear in the region where their founders live, but that founders choose among locations within their regions.The test of the model, using data on all de novo entrants in the Canadian manufacturing sector during 1984â€”98, reveals that entrants with greater resource and capability endowments are more likely to locate in areas with an agglomeration of similar firms, but this effect reverses at high endowment levels. Additionally, larger entrants are less likely to locate in areas characterized by intense local competition and potential entry deterrence, while smaller and well-endowed entrants tend to locate in areas where entry barriers are lower and asset turnover higher. These findings suggest that entrants choose locations strategically within their founding regions.They also indicate that the strategic imperatives of de novo entrants differ significantly from those of geographically diversifying firms, and thus suggest amendments to theories of location choice when modeling the decisions of new ventures.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Strategic Organization},
author = {Pe'er, Aviad and Vertinsky, Ilan and King, Andrew},
month = may,
year = {2008},
pages = {119--149}

Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment by Daniel Fehder and Yael Hochberg. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@techreport{fehder_accelerators_2014,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Accelerators and the {Regional} {Supply} of {Venture} {Capital} {Investment}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2518668},
abstract = {Recent years have seen the rapid emergence of a new type of program aimed at seeding startup companies. These programs, often referred to as accelerators, differ from previously known seed-stage institutions such as incubators and angel groups. While proliferation of such accelerators is evident, evidence on efficacy and role of these programs is scant. Nonetheless, local governments and founders of such programs often cite the motivation for their establishment and funding as the desire to transform their local economies through the establishment of a startup technology cluster in their region. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact that such programs can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the regions in which they are established, by exploring the effects of accelerators on the availability and provision of seed and early stage venture capital funding in the local region.},
number = {ID 2518668},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Fehder, Daniel C. and Hochberg, Yael V.},
month = sep,
year = {2014},
keywords = {Accelerators and the Regional Supply of Venture Capital Investment, Daniel C. Fehder, SSRN, Yael V. Hochberg}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid. Cited by 262.
@article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
volume = {17},
issn = {0898-5626},
shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
month = mar,
year = {2005},
pages = {109--127}

Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas by Daniel G. Chatman
@article{chatman_firm_2016,
title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, and {Agglomeration} in {Portland}, {Oregon}, and {Dallas}, {Texas}},
volume = {2598},
issn = {0361-1981},
url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01},
doi = {10.3141/2598-01},
abstract = {The formation of new firms is one process by which economies grow and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service in two metropolitan areas in the United States. A geocoded time-series database of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows the study of spatial patterns by industry and the analysis of the relationship of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found in Portland between rail station proximity and firm births. The rail proximity results in Dallas are also generally positive, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail in Dallas, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactions.},
urldate = {2017-10-31},
journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and Noland, Robert B. and Klein, Nicholas J.},
month = jan,
year = {2016},
pages = {1--10}

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler
@techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
address = {Rochester, NY},
title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
number = {ID 2321145},
urldate = {2017-10-24},
institution = {Social Science Research Network},
author = {Stangler, Dane},
month = sep,
year = {2013},
keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

==Agglomeration in Economics==

Economics of {Agglomeration} by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055
@article{fujita_economics_1996,
title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}},
volume = {10},
issn = {0889-1583},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210},
doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021},
abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies},
author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François},
month = dec,
year = {1996},
pages = {339--378}

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.
@article{feldman_new_1999,
title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
volume = {8},
issn = {1043-8599},
shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identities four separate strains in the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},
number = {1-2},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
month = jan,
year = {1999},
keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
pages = {5--25}

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 2427.
@incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
series = {Cities and {Geography}},
title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
volume = {4},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
urldate = {2017-10-28},
booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
publisher = {Elsevier},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-FranÃ§ois},
month = jan,
year = {2004},
note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
pages = {2119--2171}

Clusters and entrepreneurship by Mercedes Delgado. Fit in category (1) and (2)
@article{delgado_clusters_2010,
title = {Clusters and entrepreneurship},
volume = {10},
issn = {1468-2702},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653},
doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010},
abstract = {This article examines the role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of convergence and agglomeration on growth in the number of start-up firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at the region-industry level can result in a convergence effect, the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a particularly important way through which location-based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and the US Cluster Mapping Project. Using this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. After controlling for convergence in start-up activity at the region-industry level, industries located in regions with strong clusters (i.e. a large presence of other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the formation of new establishments of existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to start-up firm survival.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of Economic Geography},
author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott},
month = jul,
year = {2010},
pages = {495--518}

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head.
@article{head_agglomeration_1995,
title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0022-1996},
shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R},
abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {Journal of International Economics},
author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah},
month = may,
year = {1995},
keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment},
pages = {223--247}

==GIS mapping==
Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)
@article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0034-6535},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2017-11-06},
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
month = may,
year = {2003},
pages = {377--393}

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T17:41:38Z

YunnieH:

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T17:20:35Z

YunnieH:

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T17:19:15Z

YunnieH:

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T17:17:53Z

YunnieH:

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T17:14:52Z

YunnieH:

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T17:14:15Z

YunnieH:

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T17:10:43Z

YunnieH:

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T17:04:46Z

YunnieH:

Startup Density Literature Review

2017-11-06T17:04:21Z

YunnieH: