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==== Other Discoveries ====* focuses on case studies as source of data
→The Bayh-Dole Act and High-Technology Entrepreneurship in U.S. Universities: Chicken, Egg, or Something Else? (2004)
intellectual property rights
* "Universities increased their share of patenting from less than 0.3% in 1963 to nearly 4% by 1999, but the rate of growth in this share begins to accelerate before rather than after 1980."
* "the Act's provisions expressed Congressional support for the negotiation of exclusive licenses between universities and industrial firms for the results of federally funded research"
* licensing revenues account for only a miniscule portion of universities' overall academic budgets
* the acceleration in growth of patenting and licensing began before the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act so this acceleration cannot be wholly attributed to the Act
* "the flow of knowledge and technology between university and industrial research is a two-way flow," despite previous characterization as wholly from academia to industry
* patents seem to be "especially important channels for technology transfer" in the biomedical sector
==== Data Sources ====
* 5 different case studies1. Cotransformation: a process to transfer genes into mammalian cells (Columbia University). 2. Gallium Nitride: a semiconductor with both military and commercial applications (Universityof California). 3. Xalatan: a glaucoma treatment (Columbia University). 4. Ames II Tests: a bacteria assay for testing potential carcinogenic properties of pharmaceuticalsand cosmetics (University of California). 5. Soluble CD4: a prototype for a drug to fight AIDS (Columbia University).
==== Critiques ====
===Dornbusch, Schmoch, Schulze, Bethke: Identification of University-Based Patents: A New Large-Scale Approach (2012)===
