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==About==Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up papers related to the research on Urban Start-up Agglomeration. They are organized into the three categories (1) about startups (2) about agglomeration in economics in general (3) use GIS data.The academic papers can be found in E drive -> McNair -> Projects -> Agglomeration -> Literature Review. ==Startups==Are all startups affected similarly All Startups Affected Similarly by clusters Clusters by Aviad Pe'er and Thomas Keil. Cited by 44. Fit in both category (1) and (2)

Who enters, where and why? by Aviad Pe'er. Cited by 34. Fit in both category (1) and (2)

Venture Capitalists Clusters and Cooperative Start-up Commercialization Strategy entrepreneurship by David HMercedes Delgado. HsuFit in category (1) and (2) @article{hsu_venture_2006delgado_clusters_2010, title = {Venture {Capitalists} Clusters and {Cooperative} {Start}-up {Commercialization} {Strategy}entrepreneurship}, volume = {5210}, issn = {00251468-19092702}, url = {httphttps://pubsonlineacademic.informsoup.orgcom/doijoeg/absarticle/10.1287/mnsc.1050.04804/495/913653}, doi = {10.12871093/mnsc.1050.0480jeg/lbq010}, abstract = {This paper article examines the possible impact role of regional clusters in regional entrepreneurship. We focus on the distinct influences of venture capital (VC) backing convergence and agglomeration on growth in the commercialization direction number of technologystart-based startup firms as well as in employment in these new firms in a given region-ups by asking: To what extent (if industry. While reversion to the mean and diminishing returns to entrepreneurship at all) do VC-funded startthe region-ups engage industry level can result in cooperative commercialization strategies (strategic alliances or technology licensinga convergence effect, or both) relative to the presence of complementary economic activity creates externalities that enhance incentives and reduce barriers for new business creation. Clusters are a comparable set of startparticularly important way through which location-ups, and with what consequences? To address these questions, I assemble based complementarities are realized. The empirical analysis uses a novel data set that matches firms receiving a federal research panel dataset from the Longitudinal Business Database of the Census Bureau and development subsidy through the UUS Cluster Mapping Project.SUsing this dataset, there is significant evidence of the positive impact of clusters on entrepreneurship. Small Business Innovative Research program to VCAfter controlling for convergence in start-funded firms by observable characteristics in five technologyup activity at the region-intensive industry level, industrieslocated in regions with strong clusters (i.e. These data allow decoupling a large presence of cooperative activity resulting from other related industries) experience higher growth in new business formation and start-up development via employment. Strong clusters are also associated with the passage formation of new establishments of calendar time from that due existing firms, thus influencing the location decision of multi-establishment firms. Finally, strong clusters contribute to association with VCsstart-up firm survival. An analysis }, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-11-06}, journal = {Journal of the 696 startEconomic Geography}, author = {Delgado, Mercedes and Porter, Michael E. and Stern, Scott}, month = jul, year = {2010}, pages = {495--ups 518} ==Agglomeration in Economics==  Chapter 49 - Evidence on the sample (split Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by an external funding source) suggests substantial boosts in both cooperative activity associated with VC2427. @incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004, series = {Cities and {Geography}}, title = {Chapter 49 -backed firms {Evidence} on the {Nature} and in the likelihood {Sources} of an initial public offering{Agglomeration} {Economies}}, volume = {4}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063}, number abstract = {2This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.}, urldate = {2017-10-2728}, journal booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}}, publisher = {Management ScienceElsevier}, author = {HsuRosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.}, editor = {Henderson, David HJ.Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-François}, month = febjan, year = {20062004}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3}, keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth}, pages = {2042119--2192171}

University start-up formation Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and technology licensing with firms that go urban public infrastructure by Eberts and McMillen. Cited by Joshua Powers252 @articleincollection{powers_university_2005eberts_chapter_1999, title series = {University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public: a resource-based view of academic entrepreneurshipApplied {Urban}, volume = {20Economics}}, issn title = {0883-9026Chapter 38 {Agglomeration} economies and urban public infrastructure}, shorttitle volume = {University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902604000291}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.008S1574008099800078}, abstract = {Although academic entrepreneurship is a topic receiving some attention in This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature, higher education's appetite for expanding technology transfer activities suggests on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that more research is needed agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to inform practiceproduction. This study investigates One type of shareable input is the effects close proximity of particular resource sets on two university commercialization activities: businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the number production cost of start-up companies formed and one business as the number output of initial public offering (IPO) firms to which a university had previously licensed a technologyother businesses increases. Utilizing multisource data on 120 universities and a resource-based view of the firm frameworkThe externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a set of university financialcommon labor pool, human capitaltechnical expertise, general knowledge and organizational resources were found to be significant predictors personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of one or both outcomesshareable input is urban public infrastructure.}Public capital stock, number = {3}such as highways, urldate = {2017-10-27}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, author = {Powerswater treatment facilities, Joshua B. and McDougallcommunication systems, Patricia P.}, month = may, year = {2005}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Industry, Start-up formation, University}, pages = {291--311} A taxonomy directly affect the efficient operation of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size cities by Sue Birley and Paul Westhead @article{birley_taxonomy_1994, title = {A taxonomy of facilitating business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth activities and size}, volume = {9}, issn = {0883-9026}, url = {http://wwwimproving worker productivity.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883902694900248}The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, doi = {10but not together.1016/0883-9026(94)90024-8}, abstract = {Based on a survey of 405 principal owner-managers Studies of new independent business agglomeration economies in Great Britain this paper explores two research questions— are there any differences in the reasons several countries find that owner-managers articulate for starting their businesses, and, if there manufacturing firms are, do they appear to affect the subsequent growth and size of the businesses? The results of the study indicate an affirmative answer to the first question. From the 23 diverse reasons leading to start-up that were identified more productive in the literature, an underlying pattern emerged via the Principal Components Analysis. Moreover, these were similar to those found large cities than in earlier studiessmaller ones. Thus, five Studies of the seven components identified by the model correspond to those identified by Scheinberg and MacMillan (1988) in their eleven-country study effect of motivations to start a business: “Need for Approvalinfrastructure on productivity show positive,” “Need for Independencebut in some cases statistically insignificant,” “Need for Personal Development,” “Welfare Considerations,” and “Perceived Instrumentality effects of Wealthpublic capital stock on productivity.” Two further components were identified by this current study. The first vindicates the decision to add a question not included in Most of these studies are at the previous study that related to “Tax Reduction national and Indirect Benefits,” and the second, the desire to “Follow Role Models” was identified by Dubini (1988) in her study in Italystate levels. In order to take account of possible multiple motivations in the start-up period, cluster analysis was used to provide Only a classification handful of founder “types.” The seven generalized “types” of owner-managers were named as follows—the insecure (104 founders), studies have focused on the followers (49 founders), the status avoiders (169 founders), the confused (15 founders), the tax avoiders (18 founders), the community (49 founders)metropolitan level, and the unfocused (1 founder)even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Further, evidence Results from the final discriminant analysis model suggested studies that the seven-cluster classification include both types of owner-managers was appropriate and optimal. However, despite these clear differences between clusters, this was not found to be an indicator of subsequent size or growth, as measured by sales shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and employment levels. The answer physical infrastructure contribute positively to the second research question would be productivity of firms in the negativeurban areas. Therefore, we conclude that, whereas new businesses are founded by individuals with significantly different reasons leading More research is needed to start-up, once explore the new ventures are established these reasons have a minimal influence on the growth of new ventures interrelationships between urban size and upon the subsequent wealth creation urban public infrastructure and job generation potential. This result is important for investors and policy-makers. It suggests that strategies for “picking winners” solely based upon to open the characteristics “black box” of owner-managers agglomeration economies and their stated reasons for wanting to go into business are not supported. Thus, for example, targeting scarce resources to those estimate how the various other factors associated with high opportunistic and materialistic reasons for venture initiation would miss those with a wider sense of community or those with personal needs for independence who establish similarly sized businesses with comparable levels of wealth creationurban size affect productivity.}, number urldate = {12017-11-07}, urldate booktitle = {2017-10-27Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}}, journal publisher = {Journal of Business VenturingElsevier}, author = {BirleyEberts, Sue Randall W. and WestheadMcMillen, PaulDaniel P.},

year = {19941999}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80007-8}, keywords = {Agglomeration economies, optimal city size, productivity, urban public infrastructure}, pages = {1455--1495} Economics of Agglomeration by Masahisa Fujita and acques-François Thisse. Cited by 1055 @article{fujita_economics_1996, title = {Economics of {Agglomeration}}, volume = {10}, issn = {0889-1583}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158396900210}, doi = {10.1006/jjie.1996.0021}, abstract = {We address the fundamental question arising in geographical economics: why do economic activities agglomerate in a small number of places? The main reasons for the formation of economic clusters involving firms and/or households are analyzed: (i) externalities under perfect competition; (ii) increasing returns under monopolistic competition; and (iii) spatial competition under strategic interaction. We review what has been accomplished in these three domains and identify a few general principles governing the organization of economic space. A few alternative, new approaches are also proposed.J. Japan. Int. Econ.,December 1996,10(4), pp. 339–378. Kyoto University and University of Pennsylvania; and CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain and CERAS–ENPC (URA 2036, CNRS).}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-11-06}, journal = {Journal of the Japanese and International Economies}, author = {Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-François}, month = dec, year = {1996}, pages = {7339--31378} The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: Areview A review Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman. Cited by 932.

abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identilies identities four separate strains in thc the empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowlcdgeknowledge, and the characteristics of firms.},

Agglomeration benefits and location choice by Keith Head. @article{head_agglomeration_1995, title = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice: {Evidence} from {Japanese} manufacturing investments in the {United} {States}}, volume = {38}, issn = {0022-1996}, shorttitle = {Agglomeration benefits and location choice}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002219969401351R}, doi = {10.1016/0022-1996(94)01351-R}, abstract = {Recent theories of economic geography suggest that firms in the same industry may be drawn to the same locations because proximity generates positive externalities or ‘agglomeration effects’. Under this view, chance events and government inducements can have a lasting influence on the geographical pattern of manufacturing. However, most evidence on the causes and magnitude of industry localization has been based on stories, rather than statistics. This paper examines the location choices of 751 Japanese manufacturing plants built in the United States since 1980. Conditional logit estimates support the hypothesis that industry-level agglomeration benefits play an important role in location decisions.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-11-06}, journal = {Journal of International Economics}, author = {Head, Keith and Ries, John and Swenson, Deborah}, month = may, year = {1995}, keywords = {Agglomeration, Foreign direct investment}, pages = {223--247} The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship by Zoltan Acs. Cited by 1037 @article{acs_knowledge_2009, title = {The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship}, volume = {32}, issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3}, abstract = {Contemporary theories of entrepreneurship generally focus on the recognition of opportunities and the decision to exploit them. Although the entrepreneurship literature treats opportunities as exogenous, the prevailing theory of economic growth suggests they are endogenous. This paper advances the microeconomic foundations of endogenous growth theory by developing a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers, which allow entrepreneurs to identify and exploit opportunities.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-11-10}, journal = {Small Business Economics}, author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Braunerhjelm, Pontus and Audretsch, David B. and Carlsson, Bo}, month = jan, year = {2009}, pages = {15--30} Corporate Growth Convergence in Europe by Paul Geroski and Klaus Gugler. Cited by 179 @article{geroski_corporate_2004, title = {Corporate {Growth} {Convergence} in {Europe}}, volume = {56}, issn = {0030-7653}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488800}, abstract = {It is widely believed that the implementation of the Single Market Programme in 1992 has induced a transformation in industrial structures across Europe. Some people believe that it has driven Europe towards a common industrial structure. However, using a newly available database covering nearly every firm above 100 employees in 14 European countries over the time period 1994 to 1998, the hypothesis of convergence in corporate sizes within industries is unambiguously rejected by the data. A Gibrat process best describes the growth of very large and mature firms, but smaller and younger firms depart from this prediction. Pre-post 1992 comparisons using another database for larger listed firms reveal that the speed of convergence actually decreased post-1992.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-11-10}, journal = {Oxford Economic Papers}, author = {Geroski, Paul and Gugler, Klaus}, year = {2004}, pages = {597--620} Regional Advantage by AnnaLee Saxenian. Cited by 11567 @misc{noauthor_regional_nodate, title = {Regional {Advantage} — {AnnaLee} {Saxenian} {\textbar} {Harvard} {University} {Press}}, url = {http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674753402}, abstract = {Why is it that business in California's Silicon Valley flourished while along Route 128 in Massachusetts declined in the 90s? The answer, Saxenian suggests, has to do with the fact that despite similar histories and technologies, Silicon Valley developed a decentralized but cooperative industrial system while Route 128 came to be dominated by independent, self-sufficient corporations. The result of more than one hundred interviews, this compelling analysis highlights the importance of local sources of competitive advantage in a volatile world economy.}, urldate = {2017-11-10} ==GIS mapping==Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange. Cited by 1238. Fit in category (2) and (3)

urldate = {2017-1011-2806},

Chapter 49 - Evidence on Where is Creativity in the Nature City? Integrating Qualitative and Sources of Agglomeration Economies GIS Methods by Stuart S. Rosenthal Chris Brennan-Horley and William C. StrangeChris Gibson @incollectionarticle{rosenthal_chapter_2004, series = {Cities and {Geography}}brennan-horley_where_2009, title = {Chapter 49 - Where is {EvidenceCreativity} on in the {Nature} and {SourcesCity} of ? {AgglomerationIntegrating} {Economies}}, volume = {4}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063}, abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.}, urldate = {2017-10-28}, booktitle = {Handbook of {RegionalQualitative} and {UrbanGIS} {EconomicsMethods}}, publisher volume = {Elsevier41}, author issn = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.}, editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques0308-François518X}, month = jan, year shorttitle = {2004}, note = Where is {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3Creativity}, keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth}, pages = {2119--2171} Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid @article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005, title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of in the business start-up process}, volume = {17City}, issn = {0898-5626}, shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs?}, url = {httphttps://rsadoi.tandfonline.com/doi/absorg/10.10801068/08985620500074049a41406}, doi = {10.10801068/08985620500074049a41406}, abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, paper discusses a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each blend of these three milestones. Hypotheses are methods developed to test answer the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds question of reaching the different milestones where creativity is in the business start-up processcity. The study is based on interviews Experimentation with new methods was required because of a representative sample empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as where nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996economic activities occur outside the formal sector, 1997 and 1999governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In additionresponse we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the available pool task of environmental resourcesdocumenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business startcity—and hard-up processcopy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business startResults from this interview-up mapping process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-10-28}, journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development}, author = {Rotefoss, Beate were accumulated and Kolvereid, Lars}, month = mar, year = {2005}, pages = {109--127} Firm Births, Access to Transit, and Agglomeration analysed in Portland, Oregon, and Dallas a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by Daniel G. Chatman @article{chatman_firm_2016, title = {Firm {Births}, {Access} to {Transit}, this method revealed patterns of concentration and {Agglomeration} imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in {Portland}, {Oregon}Darwin, and {Dallas}, {Texas}}, volume = {2598}, issn = {0361-1981}, url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2598-01}, doi = {10.3141/2598-01}, abstract = {The formation showed how types of new firms is one process by which economies grow sites and innovate. Public transportation services may facilitate spaces of the birth of new firms by both providing better access and causing local densification that leads to agglomeration economies. In this study firm births city are investigated to determine how they are related to newly provided light rail transit service imagined as ‘creative’ in two metropolitan areas in the United Statesdifferent ways. A geocoded time-series database Qualitative mapping of firm establishments in Dallas, Texas, and Portland, Oregon, from 1991 through 2008 is used. The data set allows creativity enabled the study teasing out of spatial patterns by industry contradictory and the analysis divergent stories of the relationship location of firm births to rail station proximity, accessibility, and local agglomeration while controlling for a number of potentially confounding factors. Positive, large, and statistically significant relationships are found creativity in Portland between rail station proximity and firm birthsthe urban landscape. The rail proximity results opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in Dallas how economic activities are also generally positive‘lived’ by workers, though not as large; this finding is consistent with the smaller accessibility value of rail situated in Dallassocial networks, as well as policies encouraging commercial development near rail and reproduced in Portland. Rail proximity increases firm births across almost all industrial sectors in both everyday, material, spaces of these metropolitan areas when controlling for the negative effects on firm births of local own-industry employment. Local block-level agglomeration and generalized accessibility city are also highly significant but appear to work independently of rail access. These results imply that passenger rail service increases firm births near rail stations by expanding access to the labor market but not by increasing information spillovers or increasing face-to-face interactionsdescribed.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2017-1011-3107}, journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research BoardEnvironment and Planning A}, author = {Chatman, Daniel G. and NolandBrennan-Horley, Robert B. Chris and KleinGibson, Nicholas J.Chris}, month = jannov, year = {20162009}, pages = {12595--102614}