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Research today is dominated by The National Science Foundation reported that "companies spent $323 billion on research and development performed in the very largest of firmsUnited States during 2013, 6.[http://files7% more than the $302 billion spent during 2012.ericFunding from the companies’ own sources was $247 billion during 2012 and $265 billion during 2013, a 7.ed1% increase.gov/fulltext/ED502863Funding from other sources was $55 billion during 2012 and $58 billion during 2013.pdf Data for this InfoBrief are from the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BerkleyBRDIS)] Corporations with over 10,000 employees still account for more than half which was developed and is cosponsored by the National Science Foundation and the research spendingU. Those with fewer than 500 employees, a traditional definition of small a business, account for less than one-fifth of the total expendituresS. These same patterns hold internationallyCensus Bureau." [http://iveybusinessjournalwww.comnsf.gov/statistics/publication2015/rethinking-corporate-research-and-developmentnsf15329/(NSF)]
Research and Development (view source)
Revision as of 19:20, 10 February 2016
, 19:20, 10 February 2016no edit summary
==Government research==
President Barack Obama's 2015 Budget proposes $135.4 billion for federal research and development (R&D), an increase of $1.7 billion or 1.2% from 2014. [https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdfWhite House OST]
Out of this $135.4 billion, $69.5 billion is proposed for defense R&D, and $65.9 billion is proposed for non-defense R&D. Federal investment in basic and applied research totals $64.7 billion, investment in development totals $68.0 billion, and investment in R&D infrastructure totals $2.6 billion.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | '''R&D in the FY 2015 Budget by Agency (in millions of dollars)''' [https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdfWhite House OST]
|-
!
|}
In the last 40 years, spending on R&D has generally increased, but spending on R&D as a percentage of GDP has declined since the 1970s. 2010 to 2013 resulted in the largest overall decrease in a three-year period since the end of the space race. [http://www.aaas.org/page/historical-trends-federal-rdAAAS] [http://www.bu.edu/research/articles/funding-for-scientific-research/Boston University]
[[Image:DefNonTotalR&D.png|500px|thumb|left|Defense, Non-Defense, and Total R&D Spending 1976-2016[http://www.aaas.org/page/historical-trends-federal-rd AAAS]]]
[[Image:R&DPercentage.png|500px|thumb|left|R&D Spending as a Percentage of Total Budget 1962-2016[http://www.aaas.org/page/historical-trends-federal-rd AAAS]]]
===National Institutes of Health===
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) supports biomedical research aimed at improving the health of the American people. The 2015 Budget provides $30.2 billion for NIH, an increase of $200 million over the 2014 level. The Budget provides $100 million to The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative.[https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
===National Science Foundation===
The National Science Foundation (NSF) supports academic research for most non-biomedical disciplines. The 2015 Budget provides $7.3 billion for NSF, an increase of 1% over the 2014 level. NSF intends to invest in the research of advanced manufacturing and robotics technologies, the BRAIN Initiative, a cyberinfrastructure initiative, and an "Innovation Corps" program aimed at bringing discoveries out of university labs for application in the commercial sphere.[https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
===Department of Defense===
The Department of Defense (DOD) drives innovation in military capabilities and help helps develop technology with commercial potential. The 2015 Budget proposes $64.4 billion for DOD R&D, an increase of 0.9% from 2014 levels.[https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
===Multi-agency initiatives===
====U.S. Global Change Research Program====
The 2015 Budget provides $1.5 billion for the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). According to the White House Office of Science and Technology, USGCRP coordinates and integrates Federal research and applications to assist the Nation and the world in understanding, assessing, predicting, and responding to the human-induced and natural processes of global change, including climate change, and their related impacts and effects.[https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
====Networking and Information Technology R&D====
The 2015 Budget provides $3.8 billion for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program. This program funds research in cybersecurity, high-end computing systems, software development, cloud computing, and other information technologies.[https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
====National Nanotechnology Initiative====
The 2015 Budget proposes $1.5 billion for the multi-agency National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) member agencies support R&D focused on materials, devices, and systems that exploit the physical, chemical, and biological properties that emerge in materials at the nanoscale. Participating agencies support fundamental research for nanotechnology-based innovation, technology transfer, and nanomanufacturing.[https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Fy%202015%20R&D.pdf White House OST]
==Corporate R&D Problems==
===Status Quo===
[[Image:Private Spending.jpg|500px|thumb|left]] Much of today's research is still dominated by the largest firms. Corporations with more than 10,000 employees account for more than half of research spending, while small businesses with less than 500 employees account for less than one-fifth of R&D expenditures. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/(Ivey Business Journal)] Research today is dominated by the very largest of firms. [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502863.pdf (Berkeley)] Corporations with over 10,000 employees still account for more than half the research spending. Those with fewer than 500 employees, a traditional definition of small a business, account for less than one-fifth of the total expenditures. These same patterns hold internationally. [http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/rethinking-corporate-research-and-development/ (Ivey Business Journal)]
The Oxford Review of Economic Policy conducted a [http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/1/35.short study] on corporate financing of R&D. They found:
#There are limits to venture capital as a solution to the funding gap, especially in countries where public equity markets are not highly developed.
===Corporate R&D Problems===
====Commitment Issues====
Josh Lerner, the Jacob H. Schiff Professor of Investment Banking at Harvard Business School, says companies have been too fickle in their commitment to new innovation initiatives. A historical lack of commitment in the corporate venture domain has made employees less likely to join a corporate venturing group they fund, entrepreneurs reluctant to accept their funds, independent venture funds hesitant to syndicate investments with these groups, and corporate funded start-ups find collaborations harder to arrange. In each case, the very real possibility that the rug will be pulled out from under the corporate venture initiative leads others to be reluctant to work alongside them. [https://hbr.org/product/the-architecture-of-innovation-the-economics-of-cr/an/10796-HBK-ENG Harvard Business Review]
