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Created fromThis page is a part of the [[Patent Thicket Literature Review]] paper Webcrawler Wiki: http://mcnair.bakerinstitute.org/wiki/Patent_Thicket_Literature_Review[[PTLR Webcrawler]]
''Kiley''
''Jacob''
''rents''
''royalties''
''reverse hold-up''
''guile''
→Modern Terms
=The Patent Thicket Literature Review Coding Rules=
==Core Terms==
'''Saturated Invention Spaces = - (SIS)'''
As first defined by Teece: when a single firm, or a small number of firms, successfully patents an entire technological area. (p.15)
'''Example of:'''
''imperfect competition - (IC)''
'''Look for:'''
''cluster - (CLSTR)'' ''coherent groups - (CoGs)'' ''adjacent '' ''saturated'' ''substitutes'' ''complements'' ''free- ride'' ''invent around'' ''imperfect competition'' ''substitutes'' '''Frequent Author(Adjs): Teece 1998, Somaya 2003, Hemphill 2003, Hussinger 2006'''
'''Diversely-held Complimentary Inputs = - (DHCI)'''
1) products require complementary patented inputs; 2) these inputs are diversely-held (i.e. held by N patent-holders); and 3) patent-holders set their license prices independently. (Shapiro, pg.17)
'''Example of:'''
''lack of coordination - (COOR)of licensing prices''
'''Look for:'''
''diversely-held - (DH)'' ''complementary inputs - (CI)'' ''multiple inputs'' ''dispersed - (DIS)'' ''anticommons'' ''tragedy of the anticommons'' ''fragmented - (Frag)'' ''Cournot problem - (CP)'' ''multiple marginalization '' ''FRAND'' ''patent pools'' ''licensing'' ''cross- licensing'' ''license'' ''standard setting'' ''SSO'' ''royalty stacking'' ''multilateral arrangements'' ''bilateral arrangements'' ''individual arrangements'' ''invent around'' ''Mexican Standoff'' ''Coasian'' '''Frequent Authors(MMs): Shapiro 2001, Heller 1997, Heller and Eisenberg 1998, Lemley & Shapiro 2006, Arrow 1973, Mossoff 2009, Lemley 2008, Cheung 1969'''
'''Overlapping Patents - (OP)'''
Second most common foundation of a thicket. Vertical Patents can overlap is largely adjacentvertically or horizontally. Horizontal likely due to poorly defined rights. Refinement patents and research tool patents can result in OPvertical overlap.
'''Example of:'''
''Imperfectly defined property rights - (IDPR)'''
'''Look for:'''
''patent overlap - (PO)'' ''overlap'' ''overlapping claims - (OC)'' ''similar claims - (SC)'' ''simultaneous infringement - '' '''Frequent Author(SIs): Burk & Lemley 2003, Regibeau & Rockett 2011'''
'''Gaming the Patent System - (GPS)'''
'''Example of:'''
''Moral Hazard - (MH)''
'''Look for:'''
''spurious patents - (SP)''
''dubious''
''bad''
''rent-seeking''
''bad faith''
''submarines''
''ever-greening''
''hidden action''
''Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics
'''Frequent Author(s): Marshall 1976, Holstrom 1979, Hegde et al. 2009, Rubinfeld & Maness 2004, Jacob 2009, Jaffe & Lerner 2004, Schmalensee 2009, Attaran 2004'''
==Modern Terms==
'''Look for:'''
''prosecution costs''
''perverse incentivecourt fees''
''bargaining costs''
''coordinating costs''
''maintenance fees''
''Leahy-Smith America Invents Actlicensing fees''
''Coasian''
''Coase''
'''Frequent Author(s): Lemley Shapiro 2006, Callaway 2008, Farrell 2009, Cockburn & MacGarvie 2009/2011'''
'''Probabilistic Patents - (PP)'''
'''Look for:'''
''Bessenimperfectly defined property rights'' ''Lemley & Shapiroprobabilistic'' ''information asymmetry'' ''uncertainty'' ''invalid patentsuncertain''
''infringement''
''invent around'Frequent Author(s): Lemley & Shapiro 2005/2006, Bessen 2003'''
'''Unspecified / Extended Use - (UnEx):'''
Patents issued for reason/utility unknown. Also applies to patents issued for discreet, inventive steps that do not have stand-alone commercial value.
'''Look for:'''
''ever-greening''
''submarine patents''
''viagra''
''patent portfolios''
''stand-alone commercial value''
'''Frequent Author(s): Kiley, Jacob'''
'''Search Costs - (SC)'''
'''Look for:'''
''Wangtransaction costs'' ''fees'' ''Coase'' ''Coasian'' ''perverse incentivesLeahy-Smith'' ''willful infringement'Frequent Author(s): Wang 2010, Lemley Shapiro 2006, Callaway 2008, Farrell 2009, Cockburn & MacGarvie 2011'''
'''Patent Hold-up - (PH):'''
The patentees ability to extract higher license fees after the infringer has sunk costs implementing the patented technology. Had the infringer sought licensing prior to utilization, license fees are assumed to be lower. This is the opposite of reverse patent hold-up, which is when the infringer uses the invention and waits to get sued whilst presuming that litigation will be slow, uncertain, and costly for the patentee.
'''Look for:'''
''Epstein'' ''Farrellhold-up''
''Williamson's''
''FRAND''
''SEP''
''license fee'' ''guile'' '''Frequent Author(s): Lemley, Shapiro, Farrell, Langus, Epstein, Williamson, Hayes, Sullivan, FTC'''
'''Strategic Patents - (SP):'''
Often used to describe accumulating many patents merely to control design freedom. In this case, patents are commonly used as bargaining chips rather than reflecting intrinsic value. Largely welfare neutral, however it can contribute to transaction and search costs.
'''Look for:''' ''accumulating patents''
''patent portfolio''
'''Frequent Author(s): Hall & Ziedonis'''
'''Hold-out - (HO);'''
Can occur in situations of DHCI when a "hold-out" player resists participating in a multilateral agreement across different parties. The nonparticipating hold-out player takes advantage of their position to extract higher rents from licensees because self-interest and social welfare are not aligned.
*Reverse patent hold-up is sometimes called “hold-out” by legal practitioners.
'''Look for:'''
''guilehold-out'' ''multilateral bargaining'' ''non-participating'' '''Frequent Author(s): Farrell 2009''' '''Additional Terms found by Dylan''' '''Look for: ''patent strategies'' ''IP rights thicket'' ''patent thicket'' ''TRIPS'' ''Diffusion of Innovation'' ''overlapping ownership'' ''multiple overlapping granted patent rights'' ''non-practicing entity'' ''patent pile-up'' ''cross license'' ''patent pool'' ''follow-on inventions'' ''complimentary input'' ''anti-commons'' ''Cournot problem'' ''simultaneous infringment'' ''Leahy-Smith America Invents Act'' ''Mexican Standoff'' ''standardization'' ''game theory'' ''battle of the sexes'' ''hand-cuffing'' ''build-and-let-build'' ''modern standards'' ''technical standards'' ''international standards'' ''exclusively licensed'' =Types= '''Theory - (T)''' '''Empirical - (E)''' '''Discussion - (D)''' =Topics= '''Effects on Academia - (EA)''' '''Look for:''' ''cumulative innovation'' ''basic science'' ''research'' ''development'' '''Private Mechanism - (PM)''' '''Look for:''' ''cross-licensing'' ''patent pools'' ''patent clearinghouses'' ''patent collectives''
''FRAND''
''SEPpatent intermediaries'' ''NPEs'' ''technology standards'' ''standard setting organizations'' ''patent clearinghouses'' '''Industry Commentary - (IC)''' '''Look for:''' ''nanotech industry'' ''genetics industry'' ''basic science'' ''upstream patents'' ''nanobiotech'' ''synthetic biology'' '''IPR Reform - (IPR)''' '''Look for:''' ''property rights'' ''USPTO'' ''propertization'' ''IP rights'' ''patent pools'' ''Leahy-Smith America Invents Act'' '''Firm Strategy - (FS)''' '''Look for:''' ''market entry'' ''compete'' ''invent around'' ''infringement'' ''blocking'' ''secrecy'' ''ever-greening'' ''Mexican Standoff'' ''patent troll'' ''saturated invention space'' =Publication Type= '''Econ - (ECON)''' '''Law - (LAW)''' '''Science - (SCI)''' '''Policy Report - (POLR)''' =Authors= ''What are the number of authors? (0-9)'' ''How many authors are repeat authors?'' =Individual Terms= '''Code for:''' ''cross-licensing'' ''patent pools'' ''Farrellpatent clearinghouses'' ''patent holdcollectives'' ''FRAND / RAND'' ''patent intermediaries (include auctions, brokers, etc.)'' ''NPEs Non-upParticipating Entities'' ''technology standards'' ''SSOs (standard setting organizations)'' ''reverse patent holdtrolls'' ''submarine patents'' ''SEPs (Standard Essential Patents)'' ''ever-greening'' ''blocking'' ''cites: Shapiro (2001), "Navigating the patent thicket"'' ''cites: Heller and Eisenberg (1998?), "Anti-upcommons something..."'' ''cites: Heller (1997?), "Something..."'' [[Category:Internal]]
