Changes

*This page is referenced in [[BPP Field Exam Papers]]

The timeline for funding sources for R&D at public and private university in the US is loosely as follows:

**Key players include the Department of Defense, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) (now the HHS, which includes the NIH)

*1970's to 2000: Federal funding declines, private funding increases again. By 1997, federal funding is at 59% and private at 7%.

In the post war period, many federal agencies allowed patenting of funded research under Institutional Patent Agreements (IPAs), which were negotiated by individual univerities. Tensions in these agreements, over exclusivity, intensified in the late 1970s, when the HEW wanted to limit exclusive licensing.

'''AUTM ''' is the Association of University Technology Managers

'''Bayh-Dole''' is the Bayl-Dole act of 1980 (see below)

UC:

*1926: All employees required to report patentable inventions (MIT, University of Wisconsin, and others were similar)

*1963: Members of faculty and employees required to disclose inventions and licenses

Stanford:

*1970: Office of Technology Licensing established (disclose optional)

*1994: Disclosure manadatory, assignment of patents to the university required, copyright to software belongs to the university

**At the same time overall patenting per R&D dollar was declining.

*AUTM reports that the number of univerity TTOs increased from 25 (1980) to over 200 (1990)

==Results==

**Issued percentage of patents shrank - suggest decline in quality

**Share of licenses yeilding positive royalties shrank dramatically

*Patents from UC, Stanford and Columbia more frequently cited that non-academic - implying higher quality

*UC and Stanford's patents appear to have increased in importance post 1980 (as measured by citations)