#Who else does Research (corporate & academic)#Economic Value from Trading in Patents##Estimating the Gains from Trade in the Market for Innovation: Evidence from the Transfer of Patents,” NBER Working Paper 17304 (Aug. 2011)
==Patent Players==
===Patent Aggregator===
====Defensive Patent Aggregator====
Purchases patents for defensive purposes, thereby keeping patents from being purchased from entities that will assert them against companies utilizing the technologies. Members of the aggregator pay a licensing fee so those patents cannot be asserted against them.
Major Defensive Aggregators:
*RPX
*Unified Patents
*Allied Security Trust
===Innovator===
Griliches, Z. (1998). Patent statistics as economic indicators: a survey.
==USPTO==
===Patent Quality===
Michael D. Frakes & Mellissa F. Wasserman, Is the Time Allocated to Review Patent Applications Inducing Examiners to Grant Invalid Patents?: Evidence from Micro-Level Application, NBER Working Paper No. 20337 (July 2014) [http://www.nber.org/papers/w20337]
*"on average, an examiner spends only nineteen hours reviewing an application, including reading the patent application, searching for prior art, comparing the prior art with the patent application, writing a rejection, responding to the patent applicant’s arguments, and often conducting an interview with the applicant’s attorney"
==Agencies Conducting Basic Research==
| Other || 1,515
|}
===Patents to US Government from 1991 to 2015===
From [https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/reports.htm General Patent Statistics Reports]
*of the 2420865 granted patents of US origin, 24382 went to the US government and 2062320 to US corporations
==Patent Brokers==
==Deliverable Ideas== ===Patent Quality===[[Category:InternalMethods of Assessing Patent Quality]]