The promotion of Free Enterprise as an American ideal originates in libertarian and conservative responses to the New Deal. Rippa (1958, 1959) shows how free enterprise was promoted in school textbooks. St. John (2010) examines its promotion in newspapers. Fines-Wolf (1994) examines the promotion of free enterprise ideals by National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) in the post-war period.
The ethics of the free enterprise system has also been a subject of discussion.
Erteszek (1982) asserts that "the moral basis of a free enterprise system faces both new and persistent challenges... these challenges cannot be met without a new, ethical vision of private enterprise, and a reconfiguration of the moral purpose of corporate life... The experience of history indicates that man will not act nobly, with compassion and fidelity, simply out of enlightened self-interest... the new vision needed by modern man and woman is to be found not in self-interest but in Judeo-Christian virtues... the Judeo-Christian system has the power to transform modern man and to stimulate him to a life of service, stewardship and compassion."
Wishloff (2003) argues that "an economic system of responsible free enterprise.. [would] be accompanied by a sense of social and moral responsibility which might have to be encouraged and enforced by the government... Our enterprises, taken as a whole, are not fulfilling their social and moral responsibilities... the root cause of [this problem is] adherence to the metaphysics of material scientism... Common sense realism is proposed as a more suitable alternative."
==Free Enterprise as Response to New Deal==
'''St. John III, Burton. 2010. “A VIEW THAT’S FIT TO PRINT: The National Association of Manufacturers’ Free Enterprise Rhetoric as Integration Propaganda in The New York Times, 1937–1939.” Journalism Studies 11 (3): 377–392.
abstract = {I wish to emphasize at the outset that this article does not present a general ethical system or
a specific ethical code to guide business behavior. Too many philosophers and economists,
year = {1978},
pages = {1},
file = {Social Responsibility in the Enterprise Economy 10 Southwestern University Law Review 1978:files/106/LandingPage.html:text/html }} '''Barach, Jeffrey A., and John B. Elstrott. 1988. “The Transactional Ethic: The Ethical Foundations of Free Enterprise Reconsidered.” Journal of Business Ethics 7 (7): 545–551.''' @article{barach_transactional_1988, title = {The transactional ethic: {The} ethical foundations of free enterprise reconsidered}, volume = {7}, shorttitle = {The transactional ethic}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/T56T3T746576P160.pdf }, abstract = {A review of the evolution of the ethical foundations of free enterprise reveals the essentially utilitarian ethical foundation prevailing today. To enrich those foundations the article attempts to establish the ethical validity of free transactions by relating them to the basic principle of interpersonal ethics: the Golden Rule. The validity of the transactional ethic is presented as an articulation of freedom in a valid social and economic context.}, number = {7}, urldate = {2017-07-20}, journal = {Journal of Business Ethics}, author = {Barach, Jeffrey A. and Elstrott, John B.}, year = {1988}, pages = {545--551}, file = {Snapshot:files/86/10.html:text/html }} '''Macfie, A. L. 1967. “The Moral Justification of Free Enterprise.” Scottish Journal of Political Economy 14 (1): 1–11.''' @article{macfie_moral_1967, title = {The moral justification of free enterprise}, volume = {14}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1967.tb00753.x/full }, abstract = {ADAM SMITH'S theory has been chosen as a text simply because I know no better start from which to examine the issue before us. I have yet to find a more careful, thorough, detailed, realistic ethical argument for freedom in economic (among other) affairs than that he gives, in his Theory of Moral Sentiments, in his treatment of the virtues, prudence and self-command. True, we deal here only with the individual aspect; and this does justice neither to the facts nor to Adam Smith's full theory. But We have grossly inadequate time even for}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-07-20}, journal = {Scottish Journal of Political Economy}, author = {Macfie, A. L.}, year = {1967}, pages = {1--11}, file = {Snapshot:files/90/full.html:text/html}
}
==William Baumol==
'''Baumol, William J. 1968. “Entrepreneurship in Economic Theory.” The American Economic Review, 64–71.'''
'''———. 1996. “Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive.” Journal of Business Venturing 11 (1): 3–22.'''
'''———. 2002. The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism. Princeton University Press.
'''
@article{baumol_entrepreneurship_1968,
title = {Entrepreneurship in economic theory},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1831798 },
abstract = {The entrepreneur is at the same time one of the most intriguing and one of the most elusive
characters in the cast that constitutes the sub-ject of economic analysis. He has long been
recognized as the apex of the hierarchy that determinies the behavior of the firm and thereby
bears a heavy responsibility for the vitality of the free enterprise society. In the writings of the
classical economist his appearance was frequent, though he remained a shadowy entity
without clearly defined form and function. Only Schumpeter and, to some degree},
abstract = {The basic hypothesis is that, while the total supply of entrepreneurs varies among societies,
the productive contribution of the society's entrepreneurial activities varies much more
}
@article{baumol_entrepreneurship_1968,
title = {Entrepreneurship in economic theory},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1831798},
abstract = {The entrepreneur is at the same time one of the most intriguing and one of the most elusive
characters in the cast that constitutes the sub-ject of economic analysis. He has long been
recognized as the apex of the hierarchy that determinies the behavior of the firm and thereby
bears a heavy responsibility for the vitality of the free enterprise society. In the writings of the
classical economist his appearance was frequent, though he remained a shadowy entity
without clearly defined form and function. Only Schumpeter and, to some degree},
urldate = {2017-07-19},
journal = {The American economic review},
author = {Baumol, William J.},
year = {1968},
pages = {64--71}
}
@book{baumol_free-market_2002,
}
==Corporate Social Responsibility==
=='''Drucker, Peter F. 1984. “Converting Social Problems into Business Opportunities: The New Meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility==.” California Management Review 26 (2): 53–63.'''
@article{drucker_converting_1984,
volume = {26},
shorttitle = {Converting social problems into business opportunities},
abstract = {Increasingly, "Social Responsibility of Business" in the years to come will no longer mean "Doing Good" or "Not Doing Harm." It will have to come to mean converting social problems into opportunities for profitable business},
number = {2},
file = {Snapshot:files/55/scholar.html:text/html}
}
'''Davis, Keith. 1960. “Can Business Afford to Ignore Social Responsibilities?” California Management Review 2 (3): 70–76. doi:10.2307/41166246.'''
@article{davis_can_1960,
volume = {2},
issn = {0008-1256},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41166246},
doi = {10.2307/41166246},
abstract = {Few persons would deny that there are significant changes taking place in social, political,
}
==Milton Friedman==
=='''Friedman, Milton , and Rose D. Friedman==,. n.d. Free to Choose: A Personal Statement.'''
@book{friedman_free_nodate,
title = {Free to {Choose}: {A} {Personal} {Statement}},
journal = {Corporate ethics and corporate governance},
year = {2007},
pages = {173--178},
file = {[PDF] from umich.edu:files/99/Friedman - 2007 - The social responsibility of business is to increa.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/100/978-3-540-70818-6.html:text/html}
}
==Students' Hostility to Free Enterprise (from the late 1970s)==
=='''Kilpatrick, James L. 1975. “Why Students' Hostility Are Hostile to Free Enterprise .” College Store Journal 42 (from the late 1970s6)==: 92–3.'''
@article{kilpatrick_why_1975,
title = {Why {Students} {Are} {Hostile} to {Free} {Enterprise}.},
volume = {42},
url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ126144},
abstract = {A Gallup study is described, which was commissioned by Oklahoma State Christian College
regarding the philosophical orientation of college students generally (liberal or
}
'''Metzner, Henry E., and Edwin C. Sims. 1978. “Student Attitudes toward the Free Enterprise System.” The Journal of Economic Education 10 (1): 46–50. doi:10.2307/1182166.'''
@article{metzner_student_1978,
volume = {10},
issn = {0022-0485},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1182166},
doi = {10.2307/1182166},
abstract = {Over 56 percent of the respondents to the survey felt large companies engaged in
==Reagan Administration==
'''Cavanach, Gerald E. 1982. “Free Enterprise Values: Delayed Gratification or Immediate Fulfillment.” Review of Social Economy 40 (3): 330–339.
abstract = {A review of the evolution of the ethical foundations of free enterprise reveals the essentially
utilitarian ethical foundation prevailing today. To enrich those foundations the article
attempts to establish the ethical validity of free transactions by relating them to the basic
principle of interpersonal ethics: the Golden Rule. The validity of the transactional ethic is
presented as an articulation of freedom in a valid social and economic context.},
number = {7},
urldate = {2017-07-20},
journal = {Journal of Business Ethics},
author = {Barach, Jeffrey A. and Elstrott, John B.},
year = {1988},
pages = {545--551},
file = {Snapshot:files/86/10.html:text/html}
}
@article{macfie_moral_1967, title = {The moral justification of free enterprise}, volume = {14}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1967.tb00753.x/full}, abstract = {ADAM SMITH'S theory has been chosen as a text simply because I know no better start from which to examine the issue before us. I have yet to find a more careful, thorough, detailed, realistic ethical argument for freedom in economic (among other) affairs than that he gives, in his Theory of Moral Sentiments, in his treatment of the virtues, prudence and self-command. True, we deal here only with the individual aspect; and this does justice neither to the facts nor to Adam Smith's full theory. But We have grossly inadequate time even for}'Brooks, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-07-20}, journal = {Scottish Journal of Political Economy}, author = {Macfie, AArthur C. L2011.}, year = {1967}, pages = {1--11}, file = {Snapshot:files/90/full.html:text/html}}==Arthur Brook==@book{brooks_road_2012, title = {The road to freedomBattle: how to win How the fight for free enterprise}, shorttitle = {The road to freedom}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5tNvv4I4Z4IC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=info:9XgI-cmWyN8J:scholarFight between Free Enterprise and Big Government Will Shape America’s Future.google.com&ots=izIJ1ScO7I&sig=uJPX-iEWTQlejSZ5WckAuQB_sIA}, urldate = {2017-07-19}, publisher = {Basic Books (AZ)}, author = {Brooks, Arthur C.}, year = {2012}, file = {Snapshot:files/70/books.html:text/html}}'''
@book{brooks_battle:_2011,
title = {The battle: {How} the fight between free enterprise and big government will shape {America}'s future},
abstract = {America faces a new culture war. It is not a war about guns, abortions, or gays—rather it is a
war against the creeping changes to our entrepreneurial culture, the true bedrock of who we
}
'''———. 2012. The Road to Freedom: How to Win the Fight for Free Enterprise. Basic Books''' @book{brooks_road_2012, title = {The road to freedom: how to win the fight for free enterprise}, shorttitle = {The road to freedom}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5tNvv4I4Z4IC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=info:9XgI-cmWyN8J:scholar.google.com&ots=izIJ1ScO7I&sig=uJPX-iEWTQlejSZ5WckAuQB_sIA }, urldate = {2017-07-19}, publisher = {Basic Books (AZ)}, author = {Brooks, Arthur C.}, year = {2012}, file = {Snapshot:files/70/books.html:text/html}} ==Powell Memorandum== '''Powell Jr, Lewis F. 1971. “Attack on American Free Enterprise System.” '''
@article{powell_jr_attack_1971,
title = {Attack on {American} free enterprise system},
abstract = {Free enterprise economic systems evolved in the modern period as culturally
transmitted values related to honesty, hard work, and education achievement emerged. One
year = {2008},
file = {[PDF] from researchgate.net:files/155/Richerson and Boyd - 2008 - The evolution of free enterprise values.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/156/papers.html:text/html}
}
==Evolution of Capitalism==
'''Halal, William E. 1988. “The New Capitalism: Democratic Free Enterprise.” The Futurist 22 (1): 26.'''
@article{halal_new_1988,
title = {The {New} {Capitalism}: {Democratic} {Free} {Enterprise}},