Changes

{{AcademicPaperProject|TitleHas project output=Content|Has sponsor=McNair Center|Has title=Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Literature Review and Citations|Has authorowner=Ramee Saleh|Has paper start date=Spring 2017|Has keywords=entrepreneurship, economic growth, innovation|Has project status=In developmentComplete

@misc{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_????Below is a list of complete citations I have gathered for this project. I have broken them up by topic and those can be found on their respective pages. I have created the categories of [[General Entrepreneurship Citations]], title = {Zotero {Quick} {Start} {Guide}}[[Innovation Citations]], url = {http://zotero[[U.org/support/quick_start_guide}S. Specific Study Citations]], author = {{Center for History and New Media}}, annote = {Welcome to Zotero!View the Quick Start Guide to learn how to begin collecting, managing[[American Regional Differences Study Citations]], citing[[Venture Capital Policy Citations]], and sharing your research sources.Thanks for installing Zotero[[International or Comparative Study Citations]].}}

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by David Audretsch, Max Keilbach, and Erik Lehmann @articlebook{baumol_entrepreneurship_2007audretsch_entrepreneurship_2006, title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth{Economic}, volume = {1Growth}}, issn isbn = {1932978-0-19-518351-443X1}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.rice.edu/doi/10.1002/sej.26/ abstract}, doi = {10.1002/sej.26}By serving as a conduit for knowledge spillovers, abstract = {Entrepreneurs who focus on innovation entrepreneurship is the missing link between investments in their products, their production techniques, new knowledge and their markets play a key role in economic growth. The direction knowledge spillover theory of their activity is guided by their goals: wealth, power, and prestige. Current institutions, shaped by history and government are critical in determining where entrepreneurs will find it most promising to direct their efforts, sometimes, but entrepreneurship provides not always, benefiting just an explanation of why entrepreneurship has become more prevalent as the general welfare. One goal factor of good policy, thereforeknowledge has emerged as a crucial source for comparative advantage, but also why entrepreneurship plays a vital role in generating economic growth. Entrepreneurship is redesign an important mechanism permeating the knowledge filter to facilitate the spill over of institutions so as to attract entrepreneurial activity to beneficial directions. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Societyknowledge and ultimately generate economic growth.}, language = {en}, number publisher = {3-4}, urldate = {2017-02-17}Oxford University Press, journal = {Strategic Entrepreneurship JournalUSA}, author = {BaumolAudretsch, William JDavid B. and StromKeilbach, Robert JMax C. and Lehmann, Erik E.}, month = decapr, year = {20072006}, keywords note = {Economic Growth, economic growth, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, institutions, invention disseminationGoogle-Books-ID: 4dzsGA62mcgC}, pages keywords = {233--237Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship}, file annote = {Full Text PDFhttps:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1twww.default/zotero/storage/ZEKWBRS2/Baumol and Strom - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and economic growthresearchgate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Usersnet/tonimasalehprofile/LibraryErik\_Lehmann/Application Supportpublication/Zotero31845618\_Entrepreneurship\_and\_Economic\_Growth\_DB\_Audretsch\_MC\_Keilbach\_EE\_Lehmann/Profileslinks/ujmvea1t00b49528522209f258000000.default/zotero/storage/7CKVMQBP/abstract.html:text/html}pdf}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth by Randall Holcombe @article{hoselitz_entrepreneurship_1952holcombe_entrepreneurship_1998, title = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Growth}economic growth}, volume = {121}, issn = {00021098-92463708, 1936-4806}, url = {http://wwwlink.springer.jstorcom/article/10.org1007/stables12113-998-1008-1}, doi = {10.1007/3484612s12113-998-1008-1}, language = {en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2017-02-17}, journal = {The American Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics and Sociology}, author = {HoselitzHolcombe, Bert FRandall G.}, month = jun, year = {19521998}, pages = {9745--11062}, file = {JSTOR Full Text PDFSnapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KUZ4CSTK7J6IR3EH/Hoselitz s12113- 1952 998- Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth1008-1.pdfhtml:applicationtext/pdf}html}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth by William Baumol and Robert Strom @techreportarticle{carree_entrepreneurship_2006baumol_entrepreneurship_2007, type title = {BooksEntrepreneurship and economic growth}, title volume = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic1} , issn = {Growth}1932-443X}, url = {http://econpapersonlinelibrary.repecwiley.com.ezproxy.rice.edu/doi/10.org1002/bookchapsej.26/elgeebookabstract}, doi = {10.1002/3673sej.htm26}, abstract = {This authoritative volume presents Entrepreneurs who focus on innovation in their products, their production techniques, and their markets play a collection key role in economic growth. The direction of the their activity is guided by their goals: wealth, power, and prestige. Current institutions, shaped by history and government are critical in determining where entrepreneurs will find it most influential and important articles dealing with promising to direct their efforts, sometimes, but not always, benefiting the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth and developmentgeneral welfare. The collection covers a range One goal of good policy, therefore, is redesign of key issues through which institutions so as to attract entrepreneurial activity may influence economic progressto beneficial directions. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.}, language = {en}, number = {3-4}, urldate = {2017-02-17}, institution journal = {Edward Elgar PublishingStrategic Entrepreneurship Journal}, author = {CarreeBaumol, Martin William J. and ThurikStrom, RoyRobert J.}, month = dec, year = {20062007}, keywords = {Business and ManagementEconomic Growth, economic growth, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, institutions, invention dissemination}, pages = {233--237}, file = {RePEc Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZEKWBRS2/Baumol and Strom - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and economic growth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/PPWPGWKD7CKVMQBP/3673abstract.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Bert Hoselitz @article{wennekers_linking_1999hoselitz_entrepreneurship_1952, title = {Linking {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {1312}, issn = {0921-898X, 15730002-09139246}, url = {http://linkwww.springer.com/article/10jstor.1023org/A:1008063200484}, doi = {10.1023stable/A:1008063200484}, abstract = {In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship, macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role of entrepreneurship in the process of economic growth requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. A first part of our synthesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). A second part is to gain insight in the causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and economic growth. A third part is to make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of) entrepreneurship and economic growth.}, language = {en3484612}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-02-17}, journal = {Small Business The American Journal of Economicsand Sociology}, author = {WennekersHoselitz, Sander and Thurik, RoyBert F.}, month = aug, year = {19991952}, pages = {2797--56110}, file = {SnapshotJSTOR Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CI5H2HK9KUZ4CSTK/A1008063200484Hoselitz - 1952 - Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth.htmlpdf:textapplication/html}pdf}

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Martin Carree and Roy Thurik @articletechreport{scott_need_1984carree_entrepreneurship_2006, title type = {Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: {A} critique of the {McClelland} thesisBooks}, volume title = {21Entrepreneurship and {Economic}, copyright = {(c) 2016 APA, all rights reservedGrowth}, issn = {0362-3319}, shorttitle url = {Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growthhttp://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/elgeebook/3673.htm}, abstract = {Examines D. McClelland's (1961) theory, as presented in The Achieving Society, that there exists This authoritative volume presents a causal link between a psychological factor known as need for achievement (nAch) and collection of the economic growth most influential and decline of nations. Attention is directed to McClelland's conception of important articles dealing with the nature and origin of nAch relationship between entrepreneurship and the role nAch plays in the economic growth process. It is argued that the theory is empirically invalid, theoretically inadequate, and offers little value to those interested in promoting economic growthdevelopment. It is suggested that future theory and research should concentrate on the interaction between psychological and structural factors as they relate to The collection covers a range of key issues through which entrepreneurial activity may influence economic growth. This approach would more closely approximate reality by emphasizing factors at individual, national, and international levelsprogress.}, language urldate = {English2017-02-17}, number institution = {2Edward Elgar Publishing}, journal author = {The Social Science Journal}Carree, author = {ScottMartin and Thurik, R.Roy}, year = {19842006}, keywords = {*Achievement Motivation, Economy}, pages = {125--134Business and Management}, file = {APA PsycNET RePEc Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/T56QB2S5PPWPGWKD/Scott - 1984 - Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and econom3673.html:text/html}}

Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Sander Wennekers and Roy Thurik @article{tang_venture_2004wennekers_linking_1999, title = {Venture Linking {Entrepreneurship}, {Innovation} {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {913}, copyright issn = {Copyright Norfolk State University Foundation Aug 2004}0921-898X, issn = {108494671573-0913}, url = {http://searchlink.proquestspringer.com/docviewarticle/20844056110.1023/abstractA:1008063200484}, doi = {10.1023/994F041007FE42E9PQ/1A:1008063200484}, abstract = {In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This article makes a distinction will be done by investigating the relationship between two types entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship activities. Venture Entrepreneurship , macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (VEPorter's competitive advantage of nations), which deals with new venture creation evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and Innovation Entrepreneurship (IEfall of nations), which involves innovations within existing enterprisesand the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role of entrepreneurship in the process of economic growth requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. VE A first part of our synthesis is found to be positively related contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to GDP growth ratethe level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). IE A second part is negatively related to economic growth rate gain insight in high-income countries, while the findings for middle causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and low-income countries are mixedeconomic growth. The study contributes A third part is to a relatively sparse body of literature by exploring the nature of make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of) entrepreneurship and economic performancegrowth. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]}, language = {Englishen}, number = {21}, urldate = {2017-02-2317}, journal = {Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship; NorfolkSmall Business Economics}, author = {TangWennekers, Linghui Sander and KoveosThurik, Peter E.Roy}, month = aug, year = {20041999}, keywords = {Business And Economics, Correlation analysis, Economic growth, Entrepreneurs, Innovations, Studies, Venture capital}, pages = {16127--17156}, file = {Full Text PDFSnapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/UNEIR24JCI5H2HK9/Tang and Koveos - 2004 - Venture Entrepreneurship, Innovation EntrepreneursA1008063200484.pdfhtml:applicationtext/pdf}html}

Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: A critique of the McClelland thesis by R. Scott @article{mueller_exploring_2006scott_need_1984, series title = {Triple helix Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: {IndicatorsA} critique of the {Knowledge}-{Based} {Innovation} {SystemsMcClelland}thesis}, title volume = {Exploring the knowledge filter: {How} entrepreneurship and university–industry relationships drive economic growth21}, volume copyright = {35(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved}, issn = {00480362-73333319}, shorttitle = {Exploring the knowledge filter}Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733306001600and economic growth}, doi abstract = {10.1016/j.respol.2006.09Examines D.023}McClelland's (1961) theory, abstract = {Knowledge is recognized as presented in The Achieving Society, that there exists a crucial element of causal link between a psychological factor known as need for achievement (nAch) and the economic growth in addition to physical capital and labordecline of nations. Knowledge can be transformed into products Attention is directed to McClelland's conception of the nature and processes origin of nAch and the role nAch plays in the economic growth process. It is argued that the theory isempirically invalid, theoretically inadequate, and offers little value to those interested in this way, exploited commerciallypromoting economic growth. The ability to produce, identify, It is suggested that future theory and exploit knowledge depends research should concentrate on the existing knowledge stock interaction between psychological and the absorptive capacity of actors such structural factors as employees at firms and researchers at universities and research institutions. The existing knowledge stock might not be commercialized they relate to its full extent; therefore, knowledge flows must occur and transmission channels are neededeconomic growth. The paper tests the hypotheses that entrepreneurship and university–industry relations are vehicles for knowledge flows andThis approach would more closely approximate reality by emphasizing factors at individual, thusnational, spur economic growthand international levels.}, number language = {10English}, urldate number = {2017-02-242}, journal = {Research PolicyThe Social Science Journal}, author = {MuellerScott, PamelaR.}, month = dec, year = {20061984}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Knowledge*Achievement Motivation, Regional growthEconomy}, pages = {1499125--1508134}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/QPNSTJGS/Mueller - 2006 - Exploring the knowledge filter How entrepreneursh.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect APA PsycNET Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/XWC3AJR9T56QB2S5/Mueller Scott - 2006 1984 - Exploring the knowledge filter How entrepreneurshNeed for achievement, entrepreneurship, and econom.html:text/html}}

Venture Entrepreneurship, Innovation Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth by Linghui Tang and Peter Koveos @bookarticle{hart_emergence_2003tang_venture_2004, title = {The {Emergence} of Venture {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {StartInnovation}-{UpsEntrepreneurship}, and {GrowthEconomic} in the {UGrowth}.{S}. , volume = {Knowledge9} , copyright = {Economy}Copyright Norfolk State University Foundation Aug 2004}, isbn issn = {978-1-139-44078-310849467}, shorttitle url = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}http://search.proquest.com/docview/208440561/abstract/994F041007FE42E9PQ/1}, abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of article makes a novel field distinction between two types of policy studies: entrepreneurship policyactivities. Practical experience Venture Entrepreneurship (VE), which deals with new venture creation and academic research both point Innovation Entrepreneurship (IE), which involves innovations within existing enterprises. VE is found to be positively related to GDP growth rate. IE is negatively related to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy rate in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributorshigh-income countries, who hail from while the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings for middle and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policylow-makers and researchers in this areaincome countries are mixed. The chapters include surveys study contributes to a relatively sparse body of literature by exploring the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments nature of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster the relationship between entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementationeconomic performance.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]}, language = {enEnglish}, publisher number = {Cambridge University Press2}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal = {Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship; Norfolk}, author = {HartTang, David MLinghui and Koveos, Peter E.}, month = octaug, year = {20032004}, keywords = {Business And Economics, Correlation analysis, Economic growth, Entrepreneurs, Innovations, Studies, Venture capital}, note pages = {Google161-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C171}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/ Economics Zotero/ General, Business \& Economics Profiles/ General, Business \& Economics ujmvea1t.default/ Industrial Management, Political Science zotero/ General, Political Science storage/ Public Policy UNEIR24J/ Economic PolicyTang and Koveos - 2004 - Venture Entrepreneurship, Social Science / Sociology Innovation Entrepreneurs.pdf:application/ General}pdf}

Triple helix Indicators of Knowledge-Based Innovation Systems by Pamela Mueller @article{segerstrom_innovation_1991mueller_exploring_2006, title series = {Triple helix {Indicators} of {Knowledge}-{Based} {Innovation, } {ImitationSystems}}, and title = {Economic} Exploring the knowledge filter: {GrowthHow}entrepreneurship and university–industry relationships drive economic growth}, volume = {9935}, issn = {00220048-38087333}, shorttitle = {Exploring the knowledge filter}, url = {http://www.journals.uchicagosciencedirect.educom/doiscience/absarticle/10.1086pii/261779S0048733306001600}, doi = {10.10861016/261779j.respol.2006.09.023}, abstract = {This paper develops Knowledge is recognized as a dynamic general equilibrium model crucial element of economic growth. The model has a steady-state equilibrium in which some firms devote resources addition to discovering qualitatively improved physical capital and labor. Knowledge can be transformed into products and other firms devote resources processes and is, in this way, exploited commercially. The ability to copying these products. Rates of both innovation produce, identify, and imitation are endogenously determined exploit knowledge depends on the basis of existing knowledge stock and the outcomes absorptive capacity of \$R \& D\$ races between actors such as employees at firmsand researchers at universities and research institutions. Innovation subsidies The existing knowledge stock might not be commercialized to its full extent; therefore, knowledge flows must occur and transmission channels are shown to unambiguously promote economic growthneeded. Welfare is enhancedThe paper tests the hypotheses that entrepreneurship and university–industry relations are vehicles for knowledge flows and, howeverthus, only if the steady-state intensity of innovative effort exceeds a critical levelspur economic growth.}, number = {410}, urldate = {2017-02-2724}, journal = {Journal of Political EconomyResearch Policy}, author = {SegerstromMueller, Paul S.Pamela}, month = augdec, year = {19912006}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Knowledge, Regional growth}, pages = {8071499--8271508}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/QPNSTJGS/Mueller - 2006 - Exploring the knowledge filter How entrepreneursh.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZAWEQ2JNXWC3AJR9/Segerstrom Mueller - 1991 2006 - Innovation, Imitation, and Economic GrowthExploring the knowledge filter How entrepreneursh.html:text/html}}

The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-Ups, and Growth in the U.S. Knowledge Economy by David Hart @articlebook{thurik_entrepreneurship_2004hart_emergence_2003, title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: {Governance}, {Start}-{Ups}, small business and economic growth{Growth} in the {U}.{S}. {Knowledge} {Economy}}, volume isbn = {11978-1-139-44078-3}, issn shorttitle = {1462-6004The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}}, url abstract = {httpThis volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies://wwwentrepreneurship policy.emeraldinsightPractical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish.com/doi/abs/10The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area.1108/14626000410519173}The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, doi = {10and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.1108/14626000410519173}, number = {1}, urldate language = {2017-02-23en}, journal publisher = {Journal of Small Business and Enterprise DevelopmentCambridge University Press}, author = {ThurikHart, Roy and Wennekers, SanderDavid M.}, month = maroct, year = {20042003}, pages note = {140Google-Books-149ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C}, file keywords = {Snapshot:Business \& Economics /UsersEconomics /tonimasalehGeneral, Business \& Economics /LibraryGeneral, Business \& Economics /Application SupportIndustrial Management, Political Science /ZoteroGeneral, Political Science /ProfilesPublic Policy /ujmvea1t.defaultEconomic Policy, Social Science /zoteroSociology /storage/EA7WG29G/Thurik and Wennekers - 2004 - Entrepreneurship, small business and economic grow.html:text/html}General}

Innovation, Imitation, and Economic Growth by Pail Segerstrom @article{baumol_entrepreneurship_1968segerstrom_innovation_1991, title = {Entrepreneurship in Innovation, {Imitation}, and {Economic} {TheoryGrowth}}, volume = {5899}, issn = {00020022-82823808}, url = {http://www.jstorjournals.orguchicago.edu/doi/abs/stable10.1086/1831798261779}, doi = {10.1086/261779}, abstract = {This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model of economic growth. The model has a steady-state equilibrium in which some firms devote resources to discovering qualitatively improved products and other firms devote resources to copying these products. Rates of both innovation and imitation are endogenously determined on the basis of the outcomes of \$R \& D\$ races between firms. Innovation subsidies are shown to unambiguously promote economic growth. Welfare is enhanced, however, only if the steady-state intensity of innovative effort exceeds a critical level.}, number = {24}, urldate = {2017-02-2327}, journal = {The American Economic ReviewJournal of Political Economy}, author = {BaumolSegerstrom, William JPaul S.}, month = aug, year = {19681991}, pages = {64807--71827}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZAWEQ2JN/Segerstrom - 1991 - Innovation, Imitation, and Economic Growth.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, small business and economic growth by Roy Thurk and Sander Wennekers @article{valliere_entrepreneurship_2009thurik_entrepreneurship_2004, title = {Entrepreneurship , small business and economic growth: {Evidence} from emerging and developed countries}, volume = {2111}, issn = {08981462-56266004}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth}, url = {http://www.tandfonlineemeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.10801108/0898562080233272314626000410519173}, doi = {10.10801108/08985620802332723}, abstract = {This paper presents an extension to the economic growth model developed by Wong, Ho, and Autio (2005), to reflect differences in the economic effects of opportunity and necessity-based entrepreneurship in both emerging and developed countries. Data from 44 countries for the years 2004 and 2005, as collected by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research and Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) research, are used to identify predictors of GDP growth for emerging and developed nations. The GEM data are used to determine the effect of different types of entrepreneurship on GDP growth. The GCR data operationalize additional control variables suggested by three economic growth theories: new economic geography, endogenous growth theory and national systems of innovation. This contribution to the literature suggests that, in developed countries, a significant portion of economic growth rates can be attributed to high-expectation entrepreneurs exploiting national investments in knowledge creation and regulatory freedom. However, in emerging countries this effect is absent. It is hypothesized that a threshold exists for entrepreneurs to gain access to the formal economy, below which entrepreneurial contributions act through informal mechanisms.14626000410519173}, number = {5-61}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development}, author = {ValliereThurik, Dave Roy and PetersonWennekers, ReinSander}, month = sepmar, year = {2009}, keywords = {economic growth, emerging nations, entrepreneurship, knowledge creation, regulatory freedom2004}, pages = {459140--480149}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/A8ZVWXV8EA7WG29G/Valliere Thurik and Peterson Wennekers - 2009 2004 - Entrepreneurship , small business and economic growth Evidence frogrow.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship in Economic Theory by William Baumol @incollectionarticle{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2003baumol_entrepreneurship_1968, series title = {Advances Entrepreneurship in {AustrianEconomic} {EconomicsTheory}}, title volume = {Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic growth58}, volume issn = {60002-8282}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsightjstor.comorg/doistable/abs/10.1016/S1529-2134%2803%2906003-41831798}, number = {62}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, booktitle = {Austrian {Economics} and {Entrepreneurial} {Studies}23}, publisher journal = {Emerald Group Publishing LimitedThe American Economic Review}, author = {AudretschBaumol, David BWilliam J. and Thurik, A.Roy}, month = jan, year = {20031968}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-4DOI: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-4}, pages = {3964--56}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MAAM7XIS/Audretsch and Thurik - 2003 - Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic .html:text/html}71}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developed countries by Dave Valliere and Rein Peterson @incollectionarticle{carree_impact_2010valliere_entrepreneurship_2009, series title = {International Entrepreneurship and economic growth: {Handbook} {Series} on {EntrepreneurshipEvidence}from emerging and developed countries}, title volume = {The {Impact} of {Entrepreneurship} on {Economic} {Growth}21}, copyright issn = {©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC0898-5626}, isbn shorttitle = {978-1-4419-1190-2 978-1-4419-1191-9Entrepreneurship and economic growth}, url = {http://linkwww.springertandfonline.com/chapterdoi/abs/10.10071080/978-1-4419-1191-9_2008985620802332723}, doi = {10.1080/08985620802332723}, abstract = {The present chapter deals with This paper presents an extension to the economic growth model developed by Wong, Ho, and Autio (2005), to reflect differences in the consequences economic effects of opportunity and necessity-based entrepreneurship in both emerging and developed countries. Data from 44 countries for macro-economic growth. It consists of eight sections: the years 2004 and 2005, as collected by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (1GEM) Introduction; research and Global Competitiveness Report (2GCR) research, are used to identify predictors of GDP growth for emerging and developed nations. The influence GEM data are used to determine the effect of economic development on entrepreneurship; (3) Types different types of entrepreneurship and their relation to on GDP growth. The GCR data operationalize additional control variables suggested by three economic growth theories: new economic geography, endogenous growth; (4) The effects theory and national systems of innovation. This contribution to the choice between entrepreneurship and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship literature suggests that, in endogenous developed countries, a significant portion of economic growth models; (6) Strands of empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; rates can be attributed to high-expectation entrepreneurs exploiting national investments in knowledge creation and (8) Conclusionregulatory freedom. However, in emerging countries this effect is absent.}It is hypothesized that a threshold exists for entrepreneurs to gain access to the formal economy, language = {enbelow which entrepreneurial contributions act through informal mechanisms.}, number = {5-6}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, booktitle journal = {Handbook of {Entrepreneurship} {Research}\& Regional Development}, publisher = {Springer New York}, author = {CarreeValliere, Martin A. Dave and ThurikPeterson, A. RoyRein}, editor month = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B.}sep, year = {20102009}, note keywords = {DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9\_20}economic growth, emerging nations, keywords = {Economic Growthentrepreneurship, Economic Policyknowledge creation, Entrepreneurshipregulatory freedom}, pages = {557459--594480}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/DUS7NURSA8ZVWXV8/Carree et al. Valliere and Peterson - 2010 2009 - The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growthand economic growth Evidence fro.html:text/html}}

@article{carlsson_knowledge_2009, title = {Knowledge creation, entrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic growth: a historical review}by David Audretsch and Roy Thurik @incollection{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2003, volume series = {18Advances in {Austrian}, issn = {0960-6491Economics}}, shorttitle title = {Knowledge creation, entrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic growth}, volume = {6}, url = {httpshttp://academicwww.oupemeraldinsight.com/iccdoi/articleabs/18/6/1193/79548810.1016/Knowledge-creation-entrepreneurshipS1529-and2134%2803%2906003-economic4}, doi = {10.1093/icc/dtp043}, number = {6}, urldate = {2017-02-2324}, journal booktitle = {Industrial Austrian {Economics} and Corporate Change{Entrepreneurial} {Studies}}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, author = {Carlsson, Bo and Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B. and BraunerhjelmThurik, PontusA.Roy}, month = decjan, year = {20092003}, pages note = {1193DOI: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-4 DOI: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-12294}, file pages = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4R6CR8KM/Carlsson et al. 39- 2009 - Knowledge creation56}, entrepreneurship, and economic.pdf:application/pdf; file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SISZH7TNMAAM7XIS/Carlsson et al. Audretsch and Thurik - 2009 2003 - Knowledge creation, entrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic.html:text/html}}

The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth by Martin Caree and Roy Thurik @articleincollection{wong_entrepreneurship_2005carree_impact_2010, title series = {International {Handbook} {Series} on {Entrepreneurship}}, title = {Innovation} and The {EconomicImpact} of {GrowthEntrepreneurship}: on {EvidenceEconomic} from {GEMGrowth} data}, volume copyright = {24©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC}, issn isbn = {0921978-1-898X, 15734419-1190-2 978-1-4419-1191-0913}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation} and {Economic} {Growth}9}, url = {httpshttp://link.springer.com/articlechapter/10.1007/s11187-005-2000978-1}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-0054419-20001191-19_20}, abstract = {Studies on The present chapter deals with the impact consequences of technological innovation on growth have been largely mute on the role of␣new firm formation. Using crossentrepreneurship for macro-sectional data on the 37 countries participating in GEM 2002, this paper uses an augmented Cobb–Douglas production to explore firm formation and technological innovation as separate determinants of economic growth. One area It consists of interest is the contrast between different types eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The influence of entrepreneurial activities as measured using GEM Total Entrepreneurial Activity economic development on entrepreneurship; (TEA3) rates – high growth potential TEA, necessity TEA, opportunity TEA and overall TEA. Of the four types Types of entrepreneurship, only high growth potential entrepreneurship is found and their relation to have a significant impact on economic growth. This finding is consistent with extant findings in ; (4) The effects of the literature that it is fast growing new firms, not new firms choice between entrepreneurship and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship in general, that accounted for most endogenous growth models; (6) Strands of the new job creation by small empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; and medium enterprises in advanced countries(8) Conclusion.}, language = {en}, number = {35}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal booktitle = {Handbook of {Entrepreneurship} {Research}}, publisher = {Small Business EconomicsSpringer New York}, author = {WongCarree, Poh Kam Martin A. and HoThurik, A. Roy}, editor = {Acs, Yuen Ping Zoltan J. and AutioAudretsch, ErkkoDavid B.}, month year = apr{2010}, year note = {DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9\_20}, keywords = {2005Economic Growth, Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship}, pages = {335557--350594}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/2NDFWSU6DUS7NURS/Wong Carree et al. - 2005 2010 - The Impact of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and on Economic Growth .html:text/html}}

Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: a historical review by Bo Carlsson, Zoltan Acs, David Audretsch, and Pontus Braunerheilm @incollectionarticle{carree_impact_2010-1carlsson_knowledge_2009, series title = {International {Handbook} {Series} on {Entrepreneurship}Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: a historical review}, title volume = {The {Impact} of {Entrepreneurship} on {Economic} {Growth}18}, copyright issn = {©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC0960-6491}, isbn shorttitle = {978-1-4419-1190-2 978-1-4419-1191-9Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth}, url = {httphttps://linkacademic.springeroup.com/chaptericc/10.1007article/18/6/1193/795488/978Knowledge-1creation-4419-1191-9_20}, abstract = {The present chapter deals with the consequences of entrepreneurship for macro-economic growth. It consists of eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The influence of economic development on entrepreneurship; (3) Types of entrepreneurship and their relation to -economic growth; (4) The effects of the choice between entrepreneurship and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship in endogenous growth models; (6) Strands of empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; and (8) Conclusion.}, language doi = {en10.1093/icc/dtp043}, number = {56}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, booktitle journal = {Handbook of {Entrepreneurship} {Research}Industrial and Corporate Change}, publisher = {Springer New York}, author = {CarreeCarlsson, Martin A. Bo and Thurik, A. Roy}, editor = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B.}and Braunerhjelm, year = {2010Pontus}, note month = {DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9\_20}dec, keywords year = {Economic Growth, Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship2009}, pages = {5571193--5941229}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4R6CR8KM/Carlsson et al. - 2009 - Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MHQV2FE3SISZH7TN/Carree Carlsson et al. - 2010 2009 - The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic GrowthKnowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data by Poh kam Wong, Yuen Ping Ho, and Erkko Autio @article{wennekers_relationship_2010wong_entrepreneurship_2005, title = {The {Relationship} between Entrepreneurship, {EntrepreneurshipInnovation} and {Economic} {DevelopmentGrowth}: {IsEvidence} from {ItGEM} {U}-{Shaped}?data}, volume = {624}, issn = {15510921-3114898X, 15511573-31220913}, shorttitle = {The Entrepreneurship, {Relationship} between {EntrepreneurshipInnovation} and {Economic} {DevelopmentGrowth}}, url = {httphttps://wwwlink.nowpublishersspringer.com/article/Details10.1007/ENTs11187-023005-2000-1}, doi = {10.15611007/0300000023s11187-005-2000-1}, abstract = {The Relationship Studies on the impact of technological innovation on growth have been largely mute on the role of␣new firm formation. Using cross-sectional data on the 37 countries participating in GEM 2002, this paper uses an augmented Cobb–Douglas production to explore firm formation and technological innovation as separate determinants of growth. One area of interest is the contrast between Entrepreneurship different types of entrepreneurial activities as measured using GEM Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rates – high growth potential TEA, necessity TEA, opportunity TEA and overall TEA. Of the four types of entrepreneurship, only high growth potential entrepreneurship is found to have a significant impact on economic growth. This finding is consistent with extant findings in the literature that it is fast growing new firms, not new firms in general, that accounted for most of the new job creation by small and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped?medium enterprises in advanced countries.}, language = {Englishen}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-02-2423}, journal = {Foundations and Trends® in EntrepreneurshipSmall Business Economics}, author = {Wennekers, Sander and StelWong, André van Poh Kam and CarreeHo, Martin Yuen Ping and ThurikAutio, RoyErkko}, month = julapr, year = {20102005}, pages = {167335--237350}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/WF65SNQE/Wennekers et al. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BKKD9QHN2NDFWSU6/Wennekers Wong et al. - 2010 2005 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship , Innovation and EconEconomic Growth .html:text/html}}

International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship by Martin Carree and Roy Thurik @incollection{audretsch_knowledge_2005carree_impact_2010-1, series = {Research on International {TechnologicalHandbook} {InnovationSeries}, on {Management} and {PolicyEntrepreneurship}}, title = {The {Knowledge} {Spillover} {TheoryImpact} of {Entrepreneurship} and on {Economic} {Growth}}, volume copyright = {©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC}, isbn = {978-1-4419-1190-2 978-1-4419-1191-9}, url = {http://wwwlink.emeraldinsightspringer.com/doi/abschapter/10.10161007/S0737978-10711-4419-1191-9_20}, abstract = {The present chapter deals with the consequences of entrepreneurship for macro-economic growth. It consists of eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The influence of economic development on entrepreneurship; (3) Types of entrepreneurship and their relation to economic growth; (4) The effects of the choice between entrepreneurship and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship in endogenous growth models; (056)09003-Strands of empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; and (8) Conclusion.}, language = {en}, number = {95}, urldate = {2017-02-2423}, booktitle = {The {Emergence} Handbook of {EntrepreneurialEntrepreneurship} {EconomicsResearch}}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing LimitedSpringer New York}, author = {Carree, Martin A. and Thurik, A. Roy}, editor = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B.}, month = jan, year = {20052010}, note = {DOI: 10.10161007/S0737978-1071(05)090031-7DOI: 10.1016/S07374419-1071(05)090031191-79\_20}, keywords = {Economic Growth, Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship}, pages = {37557--54594}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/VKFHNSNMMHQV2FE3/Audretsch Carree et al. - 2005 2010 - The Knowledge Spillover Theory Impact of Entrepreneurshipon Economic Growth.html:text/html}}

The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped? by Sander Wennekers, Andre van Stel, Martin Carree, and Roy Thurik @article{leff_entrepreneurship_1979wennekers_relationship_2010, title = {The {Relationship} between {Entrepreneurship } and {Economic} {Development}: {TheIs} {It} {ProblemU} -{RevisitedShaped}?}, volume = {176}, issn = {00221551-3114, 1551-05153122}, shorttitle = {The {Relationship} between {Entrepreneurship } and {Economic} {Development}}, url = {http://www.jstornowpublishers.orgcom/article/stableDetails/2723640ENT-023}, doi = {10.1561/0300000023}, abstract = {The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped?}, language = {English}, number = {13}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Economic LiteratureFoundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship}, author = {LeffWennekers, Nathaniel H.Sander and Stel, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, Roy}, month = jul, year = {19792010}, pages = {46167--64237}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/WF65SNQE/Wennekers et al. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BKKD9QHN/Wennekers et al. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ.html:text/html}

Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy by David Audretsch @articleincollection{stel_effect_2005audretsch_knowledge_2005, series = {Research on {Technological} {Innovation}, {Management} and {Policy}}, title = {The {EffectKnowledge} of {EntrepreneurialSpillover} {ActivityTheory} on of {NationalEntrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {24}, issn = {0921-898X, 1573-09139}, url = {httpshttp://linkwww.springeremeraldinsight.com/articledoi/10.1007abs/s11187-005-1996-6}, doi = {10.10071016/s11187-005-1996S0737-6}, abstract = {Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition. This paper investigates whether total entrepreneurial activity 1071(TEA05) influences GDP growth for a sample of 36 countries. We test whether this influence depends on the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. Adjustment is made for a range of alternative explanations for achieving economic growth by incorporating the Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI). We find that entrepreneurial activity by nascent entrepreneurs and owner/managers of young businesses affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.09003-7}, language = {en}, number = {39}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal booktitle = {Small Business The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurial} {Economics}}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, author = {StelAudretsch, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, RoyDavid B.}, month = aprjan, year = {2005}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7 DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7}, pages = {31137--32154}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/FT24NI8QVKFHNSNM/Stel et al. Audretsch - 2005 - The Effect Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurial Activity on NationalEntrepreneurship.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: The Problem Revisited by Nathaniel Leff @article{galindo_innovation_2013leff_entrepreneurship_1979, title = {Innovation, entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship and economic growth{Economic} {Development}: {The} {Problem} {Revisited}}, volume = {5117}, issn = {00250022-17470515}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Development}}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsightjstor.com/doiorg/absstable/10.1108/002517413113096252723640}, doi = {10.1108/00251741311309625}, number = {31}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Management DecisionJournal of Economic Literature}, author = {GalindoLeff, Miguel‐Ángel and Méndez‐Picazo, María‐TeresaNathaniel H.}, month = mar, year = {20131979}, pages = {50146--514}64}

The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth by Andre van Stel, Martin Carree, and Roy Thurik @article{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2007stel_effect_2005, title = {Entrepreneurship capital and economic growthThe {Effect} of {Entrepreneurial} {Activity} on {National} {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {2324}, issn = {02660921-898X, 1573-903X0913}, url = {https://academiclink.oupspringer.com/oxrep/article-abstract/23/1/63/51059410.1007/Entrepreneurship-capitals11187-and005-economic1996-growth6}, doi = {10.10931007/oxreps11187-005-1996-6}, abstract = {Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition. This paper investigates whether total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) influences GDP growth for a sample of 36 countries. We test whether this influence depends on the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. Adjustment is made for a range of alternative explanations for achieving economic growth by incorporating the Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI). We find that entrepreneurial activity by nascent entrepreneurs and owner/grm001managers of young businesses affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.}, language = {en}, number = {13}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Oxford Review of Economic PolicySmall Business Economics}, author = {AudretschStel, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, David B.Roy}, month = marapr, year = {20072005}, pages = {63311--78321}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7MHRJA7DFT24NI8Q/Audretsch Stel et al. - 2007 2005 - Entrepreneurship capital and economic growthThe Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National.html:text/html}}

@misc{cameron_innovation_1996Innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth by Miguel-Angel Galindo,Maria-Teresa Mendez-Picazo type = @article{Monograph}galindo_innovation_2013, title = {Innovation , entrepreneurship and economic growth}, volume = {51}, issn = {0025-1747}, url = {http://cepwww.lseemeraldinsight.accom/doi/abs/10.uk1108/00251741311309625}, abstract doi = {This paper surveys the empirical evidence on the link between innovation and economic growth. It considers a number of different measures of innovation, such as R\&D spending, patenting, and innovation counts, as well as the pervasive effect of technological spillovers between firms, industries, and countries. There are three main conclusions. The first is that innovation makes a significant contribution to growth. The second is there are significant spillovers between countries, firms and industries, and to a lesser extent from government-funded research. Third, that these spillovers tend to be localized, wit foreign economies gaining significantly less from domestic innovation than other domestic firms. This suggests that although technological ''catch-up'' may act to equalize productivity across countries, the process is likely to be slow and uncertain, and require substantial domestic innovation effort10.1108/00251741311309625}, language number = {en3}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Management Decision}, author = {CameronGalindo, Miguel‐Ángel and Méndez‐Picazo, G.María‐Teresa}, month = febmar, year = {19962013}, file pages = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZDX7XF2X/Cameron 501- 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/GMK4JNQK/Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.html:text/html}514}

Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth by David Audretsch @bookarticle{hart_emergence_2003-1audretsch_entrepreneurship_2007, title = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurshipcapital and economic growth} , volume = {Policy}: {Governance23}, issn = {Start}0266-{Ups903X}, and url = {Growth} in the {U}https://academic.{S}oup. {Knowledge} {Economy}}, isbn = {978com/oxrep/article-abstract/23/1/63/510594/Entrepreneurship-139capital-44078and-3economic-growth}, shorttitle doi = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}10.1093/oxrep/grm001}, abstract number = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.1}, language urldate = {en2017-02-24}, publisher journal = {Cambridge University PressOxford Review of Economic Policy}, author = {HartAudretsch, David MB.}, month = octmar, year = {20032007}, note pages = {Google63-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C78}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics Snapshot:/ Economics Users/ General, Business \& Economics tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/ General, Business \& Economics Profiles/ Industrial Management, Political Science ujmvea1t.default/ General, Political Science zotero/ Public Policy storage/ Economic Policy, Social Science 7MHRJA7D/ Sociology Audretsch - 2007 - Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth.html:text/ General}html}

Innovation and economic growth by G. Cameron @bookmisc{brown_innovation_2004cameron_innovation_1996, title type = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}: {The} {Interaction} {Between} {Technology}, {Progress} and {Economic} {Growth}Monograph}, isbn title = {978-1-84542-055-0Innovation and economic growth}, shorttitle url = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}http://cep.lse.ac.uk}, abstract = {The purpose This paper surveys the empirical evidence on the link between innovation and economic growth. It considers a number of this book is to examine the nature different measures of organizational innovation , such as R\&D spending, patenting, and change by looking at innovation counts, as well as the complex interplay pervasive effect of technological spillovers between firms, industries, and countries. There are three main conclusions. The first is that innovation makes a significant contribution to growth. The second is there are significant spillovers between entrepreneurshipcountries, firms and industries, and to a lesser extent from government-funded research. Third, that these spillovers tend to be localized, wit foreign economies gaining significantly less from domestic innovation than other domestic firms. This suggests that although technological ''catch-up'' may act to equalize productivity across countries, the process is likely to be slow and cultureuncertain, and require substantial domestic innovation effort.}, language = {en}, publisher urldate = {Edward Elgar Publishing2017-02-24}, author = {BrownCameron, Terrence E. and Ulijn, J. MG.}, month = janfeb, year = {20041996}, note file = {GoogleFull Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZDX7XF2X/Cameron -Books1996 -IDInnovation and economic growth.pdf: nLvjQkBajocC}, keywords = {Business \& Economics application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ Development GMK4JNQK/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.html:text/ General}html}

Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Culture: The Interaction Between Technology, Progress and Economic Growth by Terrence Brown and J. M. Ulijn @articlebook{freeman_continental_2002brown_innovation_2004, series title = {Innovation , {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}: {The} {SystemsInteraction}{Between} {Technology}, title = {Continental, national Progress} and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth{Economic}, volume = {31Growth}}, issn isbn = {0048978-1-84542-7333055-0}, url shorttitle = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733301001366Innovation, {Entrepreneurship}, doi = and {10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00136-6Culture}}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper book is to discuss examine the relevance nature of organizational innovation systems to economic growth rates over and change by looking at the last two centuries. The focus is on complementarity (or lack of it) complex interplay between sub-systems of society and on models of active learning in catching up economies. The paper discusses variations in rates of growth of economic regions and the extent to which variations may be attributed to “innovation systems”. The analysis is applied to Britain in the 18th centuryentrepreneurship, the United States in the second half of the 19th century innovation and the innovation systems of catching up countries in the 20th centuryculture.}, number language = {2en}, urldate publisher = {2017-02-27Edward Elgar Publishing}, journal author = {Research Policy}Brown, author = {FreemanTerrence E. and Ulijn, ChrisJ. M.}, month = febjan, year = {20022004}, keywords note = {Economic growth, Economic history, Innovation system, Institutional change}, pages = {191Google-Books-211ID: nLvjQkBajocC}, file keywords = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:Business \& Economics /UsersDevelopment /tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KXFNJ3PU/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7M7E3EH3/Freeman - 2002 - ContinentalEconomic Development, national and sub-national innovation .html:textBusiness \& Economics /html}General}

Continental, national and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth by Chris Freeman @article{chrisman_faculty_1995freeman_continental_2002, title series = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: Innovation {TheSystems} case of the {University} of , title = {Calgary}Continental, national and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth}, volume = {1031}, issn = {08830048-9026}, shorttitle = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development7333}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088390269500015ZS0048733301001366}, doi = {10.1016/0883S0048-90267333(9501)0001500136-Z6}, abstract = {The common perception of universities as merely institutions purpose of higher learning this paper is giving way to one where universities are viewed as engines discuss the relevance of innovation systems to economic growth and developmentrates over the last two centuries. This study documents the entrepreneurial activities The focus is on complementarity (or lack of the faculty of the University it) between sub-systems of Calgary, as well as the impact the University has had society and the impact its recent budgetary problems might have on such activitiesmodels of active learning in catching up economies. Results indicate that nearly 100 new ventures with at least one full-time employee were started by faculty or were started as a consequence The paper discusses variations in rates of growth of significant faculty inputseconomic regions and the extent to which variations may be attributed to “innovation systems”. These ventures, The analysis is applied to Britain in turnthe 18th century, have generated at least 723 new jobs in Alberta. Furthermore, our projections suggest that faculty entrepreneurs will create approximately 14 ventures per year the United States in the near future. Implications for second half of the role universities 19th century and governments should play to encourage faculty entrepreneurship are discussedthe innovation systems of catching up countries in the 20th century.}, number = {42}, urldate = {2017-02-2427}, journal = {Journal of Business VenturingResearch Policy}, author = {ChrismanFreeman, James J. and Hynes, Timothy and Fraser, ShelbyChris}, month = julfeb, year = {19952002}, keywords = {Economic growth, Economic history, Innovation system, Institutional change}, pages = {267191--281211}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KXFNJ3PU/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8GNRIU7Q7M7E3EH3/Chrisman et al. Freeman - 1995 2002 - Faculty entrepreneurship Continental, national and economic developmentsub-national innovation .html:text/html}}

Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: The case of the University of Calgary James Chrisman, Timothy Hynes, and Shelby Fraser @article{samila_venture_2010chrisman_faculty_1995, title = {Venture Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: {CapitalThe}, case of the {Entrepreneurship}, and {EconomicUniversity} of {GrowthCalgary}}, volume = {9310}, issn = {00340883-65359026}, shorttitle = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development}, url = {http://dxwww.doisciencedirect.orgcom/science/article/10.1162pii/REST_a_00066088390269500015Z}, doi = {10.11621016/REST_a_000660883-9026(95)00015-Z}, abstract = {Using a panel The common perception of universities as merely institutions of higher learning is giving way to one where universities are viewed as engines of Ueconomic growth and development.S. metropolitan areas, we find that increases in This study documents the entrepreneurial activities of the faculty of the supply University of venture capital positively affect firm starts, employmentCalgary, as well as the impact the University has had and aggregate incomethe impact its recent budgetary problems might have on such activities. Our results remain robust to Results indicate that nearly 100 new ventures with at least one full-time employee were started by faculty or were started as a variety consequence of specificationssignificant faculty inputs. These ventures, in turn, including ones that address endogeneityhave generated at least 723 new jobs in Alberta. The estimated magnitudes imply Furthermore, our projections suggest that venture capital stimulates the creation of more firms than it funds, which appears consistent with two mechanisms: First, would-be faculty entrepreneurs anticipating financing needs more likely start firms when will create approximately 14 ventures per year in the supply of capital expandsnear future. Second, funded companies may transfer know-how Implications for the role universities and governments should play to their employees, thereby enabling spin-offs, and may encourage others to become entrepreneurs through demonstration effectsfaculty entrepreneurship are discussed.}, number = {14}, urldate = {2017-02-2324}, journal = {Review Journal of Economics and StatisticsBusiness Venturing}, author = {SamilaChrisman, James J. and Hynes, Sampsa Timothy and SorensonFraser, OlavShelby}, month = jul, year = {20101995}, pages = {338267--349281}, file = {Review of Economics and Statistics Full Text PDFScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SQUNPGVA/Samila and Sorenson - 2010 - Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Gr.pdf:application/pdf;Review of Economics and Statistics Snapshot:/Users8GNRIU7Q/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1tChrisman et al.default/zotero/storage/MC8SR7FG/Samila and Sorenson - 2010 1995 - Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, Faculty entrepreneurship and Economic Greconomic development.html:text/html}}

Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth by Sampsa Samila and Olav Sorenson @article{audretsch_resolving_2008samila_venture_2010, series title = {Special Venture {SectionCapital} , {Knowledge} {Dynamics} out of {Balance}: {Knowledge} {BiasedEntrepreneurship}, {Skewed} and {Unmatched}Economic}, title = {Resolving the knowledge paradox: {KnowledgeGrowth}-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth}, volume = {3793}, issn = {00480034-7333}, shorttitle = {Resolving the knowledge paradox6535}, url = {http://wwwdx.sciencedirectdoi.comorg/science10.1162/article/pii/S0048733308001881REST_a_00066}, doi = {10.10161162/j.respol.2008.08.008REST_a_00066}, abstract = {The knowledge paradox suggests Using a panel of U.S. metropolitan areas, we find that high levels of investment increases in new knowledge do not necessarily and automatically generate the anticipated levels supply of competitiveness of growth. In particularventure capital positively affect firm starts, employment, knowledge investments do not automatically translate into balanced growth and competitivenessaggregate income. The purpose Our results remain robust to a variety of this paper is to explain why knowledge investments are inherently unbalancedspecifications, so including ones that address endogeneity. The estimated magnitudes imply that venture capital stimulates the competitiveness and growth ensuing from knowledge are not equally spread across individualscreation of more firms than it funds, which appears consistent with two mechanisms: First, would-be entrepreneurs anticipating financing needs more likely start firmswhen the supply of capital expands. Second, and spatial units of observationfunded companies may transfer know-how to their employees, thereby enabling spin-offs, such as regions and countries. Based on a data set linking entrepreneurial activity may encourage others to growth within the context of German regions, this paper shows that entrepreneurship serves a conduit of knowledge spilloversbecome entrepreneurs through demonstration effects.}, number = {101}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal = {Research PolicyReview of Economics and Statistics}, author = {AudretschSamila, David B. Sampsa and KeilbachSorenson, MaxOlav}, month = decjul, year = {20082010}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Growth, Innovation, Knowledge}, pages = {1697338--1705349}, file = {ScienceDirect Review of Economics and Statistics Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/TADZBQ3MSQUNPGVA/Audretsch Samila and Keilbach Sorenson - 2008 2010 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillovVenture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Gr.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Review of Economics and Statistics Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9ZDNQCVFMC8SR7FG/Audretsch Samila and Keilbach Sorenson - 2008 2010 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillovVenture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Gr.html:text/html}}

Special Section Knowledge Dynamics out of Balance: Knowledge Biased, Skewed and Unmatched by David Audretsch and Max Keilbach @article{salgado-banda_entrepreneurship_2007audretsch_resolving_2008, series = {Special {Section} {Knowledge} {Dynamics} out of {Balance}: {Knowledge} {Biased}, {Skewed} and {Unmatched}}, title = {Entrepreneurship Resolving the knowledge paradox: {Knowledge}-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth: an empirical analysis}, volume = {1237}, issn = {10840048-94677333}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growthResolving the knowledge paradox}, url = {http://www.worldscientificsciencedirect.com/doiscience/absarticle/10.1142pii/S1084946707000538S0048733308001881}, doi = {10.11421016/S1084946707000538j.respol.2008.08.008}, abstract = {This study examines The knowledge paradox suggests that high levels of investment in new knowledge do not necessarily and automatically generate the impact anticipated levels of competitiveness of entrepreneurship on economic growth by using a new variable based on patent data to proxy for productive entrepreneurship. Data on self-employment is used as an alternative proxyIn particular, knowledge investments do not automatically translate into balanced growth and competitiveness. The study considers 22 OECD countries and finds a positive relationship between purpose of this paper is to explain why knowledge investments are inherently unbalanced, so that the proposed measure of productive entrepreneurship — degree of innovativeness of different nations — competitiveness and economic growthensuing from knowledge are not equally spread across individuals, while the alternative measurefirms, and spatial units of observation, based such as regions and countries. Based on self-employment, appears a data set linking entrepreneurial activity to be negatively correlated with economic growth. A battery within the context of German regions, this paper shows that entrepreneurship serves a conduit of econometric specifications and techniques backs the findingsknowledge spillovers.}, number = {0110}, urldate = {2017-02-2423}, journal = {Journal of Developmental EntrepreneurshipResearch Policy}, author = {Salgado-BandaAudretsch, David B. and Keilbach, HéctorMax}, month = mardec, year = {20072008}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Growth, Innovation, Knowledge}, pages = {31697--291705}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/TADZBQ3M/Audretsch and Keilbach - 2008 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillov.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZGS7GAFF9ZDNQCVF/SalgadoAudretsch and Keilbach -Banda 2008 - 2007 Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge- Entrepreneurship and economic growth an empiricalspillov.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth: an empirical analysis by Hector Salgado-Banda @article{acs_entrepreneurship_2007salgado-banda_entrepreneurship_2007, title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Growth} and {Public} {Policy}economic growth: an empirical analysis}, volume = {2812}, issn = {09211084-898X9467}, 1573-0913 shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth}, url = {httpshttp://linkwww.springerworldscientific.com/articledoi/abs/10.10071142/s11187-006-9012-3S1084946707000538}, doi = {10.10071142/s11187-006-9012-3S1084946707000538}, abstract = {This paper study examines the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth by using a new variable based on patent data to proxy for productive entrepreneurship. Data on self-employment is used as an introduction to the second Global Entrepreneurship Research Conferencealternative proxy. The conference focused on developing study considers 22 OECD countries and finds a better understanding positive relationship between the proposed measure of the relationships among productive entrepreneurship, — degree of innovativeness of different nations — and economic growth and public policy, and variations according to while the stage of economic development. The papers in this special issue conduct analysis with GEM micro-and-macro dataalternative measure, and offer several important policy recommendations. First, middlebased on self-income countries should focus on increasing human capitalemployment, upgrading technology availability and promoting enterprise development. It is important appears to start enterprise development policies early because the main drivers are perceptual variables that are difficult to change in the short run. Second, for developed economies, reducing entry regulations, in most cases, will not result in more high-potential startups. Both labor market reform and deregulation of financial markets may be needed to support negatively correlated with economic growth . A battery of high-performance ventureseconometric specifications and techniques backs the findings.}, language = {en}, number = {2-301}, urldate = {2017-02-2324}, journal = {Small Business EconomicsJournal of Developmental Entrepreneurship}, author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and SzerbSalgado-Banda, LaszloHéctor}, month = mar, year = {2007}, pages = {1093--12229}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZZK72585ZGS7GAFF/Acs and Szerb Salgado-Banda - 2007 - Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Policeconomic growth an empirical.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Policy by Zoltan Acs and Laszlo Szerb @bookarticle{brown_innovation_2004-1acs_entrepreneurship_2007, title = {InnovationEntrepreneurship, {EntrepreneurshipEconomic} and {CultureGrowth}: and {ThePublic} {InteractionPolicy} {Between} , volume = {Technology28}, issn = {Progress} and {Economic} {Growth}0921-898X, 1573-0913}, isbn url = {978-1https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-84542006-0559012-03}, shorttitle doi = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}10.1007/s11187-006-9012-3}, abstract = {This paper is an introduction to the second Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference. The purpose conference focused on developing a better understanding of the relationships among entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy, and variations according to the stage of economic development. The papers in this book special issue conduct analysis with GEM micro-and-macro data, and offer several important policy recommendations. First, middle-income countries should focus on increasing human capital, upgrading technology availability and promoting enterprise development. It is important to examine start enterprise development policies early because the nature of organizational innovation and main drivers are perceptual variables that are difficult to change by looking at in the complex interplay between entrepreneurshipshort run. Second, for developed economies, reducing entry regulations, in most cases, innovation will not result in more high-potential startups. Both labor market reform and culturederegulation of financial markets may be needed to support growth of high-performance ventures.}, language = {en}, publisher number = {2-3}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal = {Edward Elgar PublishingSmall Business Economics}, author = {BrownAcs, Terrence EZoltan J. and UlijnSzerb, J. M.Laszlo}, month = janmar, year = {20042007}, note pages = {Google109-Books-ID: nLvjQkBajocC122}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ Development ZZK72585/ Acs and Szerb - 2007 - Entrepreneurship, Economic Development, Business \& Economics Growth and Public Polic.html:text/ General}html}

Entrepreneurship Causes Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for Western European Countries and the United States by Miltiades Georgiou @techreport{georgiou_entrepreneurship_2009, address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, title = {Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}: {An} {Empirical} {Analysis} for {Western} {European} {Countries} and the {United} {States} 1990-2004}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1478903}, abstract = {In this paper a distinction will be made between manager and owner and it will be attempted to estimate numerically the country’s total economy’s entrepreneuri}, number = {ID 1478903}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, institution = {Social Science Research Network}, author = {Georgiou, Miltiades N.}, month = sep, year = {2009}, keywords = {corporate governance, economic growth, entrepreneurship}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NKT9D7FX/Georgiou - 2009 - Entrepreneurship Causes Economic Growth An Empiri.html:text/html}}

The Economics of Science and Technology: An Overview of Initiatives to Foster Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth by M. P. Feldman, Albert Link, and Donald Siegel @book{feldman_economics_2012, title = {The {Economics} of {Science} and {Technology}: {An} {Overview} of {Initiatives} to {Foster} {Innovation}, {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {Growth}}, isbn = {978-1-4615-0981-3}, shorttitle = {The {Economics} of {Science} and {Technology}}, abstract = {Science and technology have long been regarded as important determinants of economic growth. Edwin Mansfield (1971, pp. 1- 2), a pioneer in the economics of technological change, noted: Technological change is an important, if not the most important, factor responsible for economic growth . . . without question, [it] is one of the most important determinants of the shape and evolution of the American economy. Science and technology are even more important in the "new economy," with its greater emphasis on the role of intellectual property and knowledge transfer. Therefore, it is unfortunate that most individuals rarely have the opportunity to explore the economic implications of science and technology. As a result, the antecedents and consequences of technological change are poorly understood by many in the general public. This lack of understanding is reflected in a recent survey conducted by the National Science Board (2000), summarized in Science \& Engineering Indicators. ' As shown in Table 1. 1, the findings of the survey indicated that many Americans, despite a high level of interests in such matters, are not as well-informed about technological issues as they are about other policy issues. As shown in the table, individuals self assess, based on a scale from 1 to 100, their interest in science and technology policy issues as being relatively high, yet they self assess their knowledge or informedness about these issues relatively lower.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media}, author = {Feldman, M. P. and Link, Albert N. and Siegel, Donald}, month = dec, year = {2012}, note = {Google-Books-ID: wca9BwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Management Science, Business \& Economics / Production \& Operations Management, Business \& Economics / Research \& Development, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}}

Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy by David Audretsch @incollection{audretsch_knowledge_2005-1, series = {Research on {Technological} {Innovation}, {Management} and {Policy}}, title = {The {Knowledge} {Spillover} {Theory} of {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {9}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7}, number = {9}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, booktitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurial} {Economics}}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, author = {Audretsch, David B.}, month = jan, year = {2005}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7 DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7}, pages = {37--54}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8XPFGHW6/Audretsch - 2005 - The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship.html:text/html}}

Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Andre van Stel @book{stel_empirical_2006, title = {Empirical {Analysis} of {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}}, isbn = {978-0-387-29419-3}, abstract = {The importance of entrepreneurship for achieving economic growth in contemporary economies is widely recognized, both by policy makers and economists. It is deeply embedded in the current European policy approach that the creativity and independence of entrepreneurs contribute to higher levels of economic activity. Indeed, according to the European Commission (2003, p. 9), "The challenge for the European Union is to identify the key factors for building a climate in which entrepreneurial initiative and business activities can thrive. Policy measures should seek to boost the Union's levels of entrepreneurship, adopting the most appropriate approach for producing more entrepreneurs and for getting more firms to grow. " Audretsch (2003, p. 5) states that "Entrepreneurship has become the engine of economic and social development throughout the world. " The relation between entrepreneurship and economic growth is embedded in several strands of the economic literature. A first strand of literature involves the general understanding of the role of entrepreneurship in the modern economy. Seminal contributions were made by Schumpeter (1934), Knight (1921) and Kirzner (1973). These economists stress different aspects of the role of the entrepreneur. While Schumpeter stresses the innovating aspect, Knight stresses the risk assuming aspect. Kirzner, finally, stresses the role of the entrepreneur in leading markets to equilibrium. Acs (1992) discusses the contribution of small firms in modern economies.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media}, author = {Stel, André van}, month = jun, year = {2006}, note = {Google-Books-ID: VUOHlzSuqk0C}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General}}

Harnessing University Entrepreneurship for Economic Growth: Factors of Success Among University Spin-of by Christopher Hayter @article{hayter_harnessing_2013, title = {Harnessing {University} {Entrepreneurship} for {Economic} {Growth}: {Factors} of {Success} {Among} {University} {Spin}-offs}, volume = {27}, issn = {0891-2424}, shorttitle = {Harnessing {University} {Entrepreneurship} for {Economic} {Growth}}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0891242412471845}, doi = {10.1177/0891242412471845}, abstract = {University spin-offs are an important vehicle for knowledge dissemination and have the potential to generate jobs and economic growth. Despite their importance, little research exists on spin-off performance or impact, especially from the perspective of academic entrepreneurs. Using logit regression, this article makes a scholarly contribution by testing the relationship between spin-off success—defined here as technology commercialization—and multiple factors derived from the extant literature. Several significant variables are found to enable commercialization success within the sample, including venture capital, multiple and external licenses, outside management, joint ventures with other companies, previous faculty consulting experience, and—surprisingly—a negative relationship to post-spin-off services provided by universities. The results have important implications for public policy and management, supporting an overall “open innovation” approach to spin-off success.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Economic Development Quarterly}, author = {Hayter, Christopher S.}, month = feb, year = {2013}, pages = {18--28}}

Entrepreneurship, Geography, and American Economic Growth by Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington @book{acs_entrepreneurship_2006, title = {Entrepreneurship, {Geography}, and {American} {Economic} {Growth}}, isbn = {978-1-139-45663-0}, abstract = {The spillovers in knowledge among largely college-educated workers were among the key reasons for the impressive degree of economic growth and spread of entrepreneurship in the United States during the 1990s. Prior 'industrial policies' in the 1970s and 1980s did not advance growth because these were based on outmoded large manufacturing models. Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington use a knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship to explain new firm formation rates in regional economies during the 1990s period and beyond. The fastest-growing regions are those that have the highest rates of new firm formation, and which are not dominated by large businesses. The authors of this text also find support for the thesis that knowledge spillovers move across industries and are not confined within a single industry. As a result, they suggest, regional policies to encourage and sustain growth should focus on entrepreneurship among other factors.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, author = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Armington, Catherine}, month = jun, year = {2006}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Economics / Theory, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}}

RandD, innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis by Hulya Ulku @book{ulku_randd_2004, title = {{RandD}, innovation, and {Economic} {Growth}: {An} {Empirical} {Analysis}}, isbn = {978-1-4519-0480-2}, shorttitle = {{RandD}, innovation, and {Economic} {Growth}}, abstract = {This paper investigates the main postulations of the R\&D based growth models that innovation is created in the R\&D sectors and it enables sustainable economic growth, provided that there are constant returns to innovation in terms of R\&D. The analysis employs various panel data techniques and uses patent and R\&D data for 20 OECD and 10 Non-OECD countries for the period 1981–97. The results suggest a positive relationship between per capita GDP and innovation in both OECD and non-OECD countries, while the effect of R\&D stock on innovation is significant only in the OECD countries with large markets. Although these results provide support for endogenous growth models, there is no evidence for constant returns to innovation in terms of R\&D, implying that innovation does not lead to permanent increases in economic growth. However, these results do not necessarily suggest a rejection of R\&D based growth models, given that neither patent nor R\&D data capture the full range of innovation and R\&D activities.}, language = {en}, publisher = {International Monetary Fund}, author = {Ulku, Hulya}, month = sep, year = {2004}, note = {Google-Books-ID: hfY8XHg8HCYC}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Economics / Macroeconomics, Business \& Economics / International / Economics}}

Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Regional Differences in Economic Growth by Russell Sobel and Joshua Hall @article{sobel_institutions_2008, title = {Institutions, {Entrepreneurship}, and {Regional} {Differences} in {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {I}, issn = {2164-9685}, url = {https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=152625}, language = {English}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {American Journal of Entrepreneurship}, author = {Sobel, Russell S. and Hall, Joshua C.}, year = {2008}, pages = {69--96}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CXW5A2UM/Sobel and Hall - 2008 - Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Regional Diffe.html:text/html}}

Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth} in Lagging Regions by Heather Stephens, Mark Partridge, and Alessandra Faggian @article{stephens_innovation_2013, title = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth} in {Lagging} {Regions}}, volume = {53}, issn = {1467-9787}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jors.12019/abstract}, doi = {10.1111/jors.12019}, abstract = {The paper investigates what are the most important factors in fostering growth in rural, remote regions with historically low growth rates. In particular, we focus on the lagging Appalachian region and compare it to both nearby counties and other similarly lagging U.S. counties. Factors such as self-employment, human capital, creativity, university spillovers and high-technology clusters are considered. Our results suggest that entrepreneurship and creativity factors are key to increasing growth in the Appalachian region and in similar lagging regions nationally. However, there is little evidence that other knowledge-based factors are conducive to growth in these regions.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Regional Science}, author = {Stephens, Heather M. and Partridge, Mark D. and Faggian, Alessandra}, month = dec, year = {2013}, pages = {778--812}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/T76GD2CE/Stephens et al. - 2013 - Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/UK28EG9T/Stephens et al. - 2013 - Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth i.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development by Adam Szirmai, Wim Naude, and Micheline Goedhuys @book{szirmai_entrepreneurship_2011, title = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation}, and {Economic} {Development}}, isbn = {978-0-19-959651-5}, abstract = {Entrepreneurship and innovation are two of the most pervasive concepts of our times, yet there are still gaps in our understanding of the interactions between entrepreneurship and innovation, particularly in developing countries. This book is an attempt to fill this gap. It focuses on the entrepreneurship-innovation-development nexus, drawing heavily on empirical evidence from developing countries. Cross-country and individual country experiences cover nations as diverse as Ethiopia, India, Turkey, Vietnam, and also examine lessons from advanced economies such as Finland. Three sets of questions are addressed. What is the impact of entrepreneurship and innovation on growth and development? What determines the innovative performance of entrepreneurs in developing countries? What role does the institutional environment play in shaping the extent and impact of innovative activities? A key message is that entrepreneurial innovation, whether through small firms, large national firms, or multinational firms, is often vibrant in developing countries, but does not always realise its full potential. This is due to institutional constraints, the absence of the appropriate mix of different types of small and large and domestic and foreign firms, and insufficiently developed firm capabilities. The contributions provide a better understanding of the determinants and impacts of innovation in developing countries and the policies and institutions that support or hinder innovation.}, language = {en}, publisher = {OUP Oxford}, author = {Szirmai, Adam and Naudé, Wim and Goedhuys, Micheline}, month = apr, year = {2011}, note = {Google-Books-ID: ML8c8YPvTvsC}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / Microeconomics, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General}}

The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern @bookarticle{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2006-1gans_product_2003, title series = {Special {Issue} on {Technology} {Entrepreneurship } and {EconomicContact} {GrowthInformation} for corresponding authors}, title = {The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs}, volume = {32}, isbn issn = {9780048-07333}, shorttitle = {The product market and the market for “ideas”}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302001038}, doi = {10.1016/S0048-197333(02)00103-518351-18}, abstract = {By serving as This paper presents a conduit synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship is industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the missing link between investments in new knowledge commercialization environment—the microeconomic and economic growthstrategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship provides not just an explanation of framework addresses why entrepreneurship has become more prevalent as technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the factor presence or absence of knowledge has emerged as a crucial source “market for comparative advantage, but also why entrepreneurship plays a vital role in generating economic growthideas”. Entrepreneurship is an important mechanism permeating By focusing on the knowledge filter to facilitate operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the spill over management of knowledge and ultimately generate economic growthhigh-technology entrepreneurial firms.}, language number = {en2}, publisher urldate = {Oxford University Press2017-03-27}, USA journal = {Research Policy}, author = {Audretsch, David B. and KeilbachGans, Max CJoshua S. and LehmannStern, Erik E.Scott}, month = aprfeb, year = {20062003}, note keywords = {GoogleAppropriability, Commercialization strategies, Ideas market, Product market, Technology entrepreneurs}, pages = {333-Books-ID: 4dzsGA62mcgC350}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ Development BVZBMHTS/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics Gans and Stern - 2003 - The product market and the market for “ideas” com.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BR8CUQAE/S0048733302001038.html:text/ Entrepreneurship}html}

Clusters and entrepreneruship by Mercedes Delgado, Michael Porter, and Scott Stern @bookarticle{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2006-2delgado_clusters_2010, title = {Entrepreneurship Clusters and {Economicentrepreneurship} , volume = {Growth}10}, isbn issn = {9781468-0-19-518351-12702}, abstract url = {By serving as a conduit for knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship is the missing link between investments in new knowledge https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653/Clusters-and economic growth. The knowledge spillover theory of -entrepreneurship provides not just an explanation of why entrepreneurship has become more prevalent as the factor of knowledge has emerged as a crucial source for comparative advantage}, but also why entrepreneurship plays a vital role in generating economic growth. Entrepreneurship is an important mechanism permeating the knowledge filter to facilitate the spill over of knowledge and ultimately generate economic growth doi = {10.1093/jeg/lbq010}, language number = {en4}, publisher urldate = {Oxford University Press2017-03-27}, USA journal = {Journal of Economic Geography}, author = {AudretschDelgado, David B. Mercedes and KeilbachPorter, Max CMichael E. and LehmannStern, Erik E.Scott}, month = aprjul, year = {20062010}, keywords pages = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship}, annote = {Google495-Books-ID: 4dzsGA62mcgC518}, annote file = {httpsFull Text PDF:/Users/wwwtonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.researchgatedefault/zotero/storage/9UJB7GDJ/Delgado et al.net- 2010 - Clusters and entrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/profileProfiles/Erik\_Lehmannujmvea1t.default/publicationzotero/31845618\_Entrepreneurship\_and\_Economic\_Growth\_DB\_Audretsch\_MC\_Keilbach\_EE\_Lehmannstorage/linksSPMPZECB/00b49528522209f258000000Clusters-and-entrepreneurship.pdf}html:text/html}

New Challenge to America's prosperity by Michael Porter and Scott Stern @articlebook{baumol_entrepreneurship_2007-1porter_new_1999, title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growthnew challenge to {America}'s prosperity}, volume isbn = {978-1}, issn = {1932-443X889866-21-5}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxyagris.ricefao.eduorg/doi/10.1002agris-search/sejsearch.26/abstract}, doi do?recordID= {10.1002/sej.26US201300034528}, abstract = {Entrepreneurs who focus on innovation in their products, their production techniques, and their markets play a key role in economic growth. The direction of their activity is guided by their goals: wealth, power, and prestige. Current institutions, shaped by history and government are critical in determining where entrepreneurs will find it most promising to direct their efforts, sometimes, but not always, benefiting the general welfare. One goal of good policy, therefore, is redesign of institutions so as to attract entrepreneurial activity to beneficial directions. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.}, language = {enEnglish}, number = {3-4}, urldate = {2017-0203-1727}, journal publisher = {Strategic Entrepreneurship JournalCouncil on Competitiveness}, author = {BaumolPorter, William JMichael E. and Strom1947- and Stern, Robert J.Scott and 1969-}, month = dec, year = {20071999}, keywords = {Economic Growth, Entrepreneurship, institutions, invention dissemination}, pages = {233--237}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/34FHRV4N/Baumol and Strom - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and economic growth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/QX7HEF5RWEKHN8V3/abstractsearch.html:text/html}}

The Determinants of National Competitiveness by Mercedes Delgado, Christian Ketels, Michael Porter, and Scott Stern @techreport{carree_entrepreneurship_2006-1delgado_determinants_2012, type = {BooksWorking {Paper}}, title = {Entrepreneurship and The {Determinants} of {EconomicNational} {GrowthCompetitiveness}}, url = {http://econpaperswww.repecnber.org/bookchap/elgeebookpapers/3673.htmw18249}, abstract = {This authoritative volume presents We define foundational competitiveness as the expected level of output per working-age individual that is supported by the overall quality of a country as a place to do business. The focus on output per potential worker, a collection broader measure of national productivity than output per current worker, reflects the most influential dual role of workforce participation and important articles dealing with output per worker in determining a nation's standard of living. Our framework highlights three broad and interrelated drivers of foundational competitiveness: social infrastructure and political institutions, monetary and fiscal policy, and the microeconomic environment. We estimate this framework using multiple data sets covering more than 130 countries over the relationship between entrepreneurship 2001-2008 period. We find a positive and economic growth and developmentseparate influence of each driver on output per potential worker. The collection covers microeconomic environment has a positive effect on output per potential worker even after controlling for historical legacies. Using our framework we define a range new concept, global investment attractiveness, which is the cost of key issues through which entrepreneurial activity may influence factor inputs relative to a country's competitiveness. This analysis reveals important insight into the economic progresstrajectory of individual countries. Our framework also offers a novel methodology for the estimation of a theoretically grounded and empirically validated measure of national competitiveness.}, number = {18249}, urldate = {2017-0203-1727}, institution = {Edward Elgar PublishingNational Bureau of Economic Research}, author = {CarreeDelgado, Mercedes and Ketels, Christian and Porter, Martin Michael E. and ThurikStern, RoyScott}, month = jul, year = {20062012}, keywords note = {Business and ManagementDOI: 10.3386/w18249}, file = {RePEc SnapshotNBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/73I42RVGHXSAFKCF/3673Delgado et al. - 2012 - The Determinants of National Competitiveness.htmlpdf:textapplication/html}pdf}

Innovation Policy and the Economy by Adam Jaffe, Josh Lerne, and Scott Sterne @articlebook{scott_need_1984-1jaffe_innovation_2001, title = {Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: Innovation {APolicy} critique of and the {McClellandEconomy} thesis}, volume isbn = {21}, copyright = {(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved}, issn = {0362978-0-262-60041-33195}, shorttitle = {Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growth}, abstract = {Examines D. McClelland's (1961) theoryThis new annual series, as presented in The Achieving Societysponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research, that there exists will provide a causal link forum for research on the interactions between a psychological factor known as need for achievement (nAch) public policy and the economic growth and decline of nationsinnovation process. Attention is directed to McClelland's conception Discussions will cover all types of policy that affect the nature and origin ability of nAch an economy to achieve scientific and the role nAch plays in the economic growth process. It is argued technological progress or that affect the theory is empirically invalid, theoretically inadequate, impact of science and offers little value to those interested in promoting economic growth. It is suggested that future theory and research should concentrate technology on the interaction between psychological and structural factors as they relate to economic growth. This approach would more closely approximate reality by emphasizing factors at individual, national, and international levels.}, language = {Englishen}, number publisher = {2MIT Press}, journal = {The Social Science Journal}, author = {ScottJaffe, RAdam B.and Lerner, Josh and Stern, Scott}, year = {19842001}, keywords note = {*Achievement Motivation, Economy}, pages = {125Google-Books-134ID: Nc33ZS5nRa0C}, file keywords = {APA PsycNET Snapshot:Business \& Economics /UsersDevelopment /tonimasalehEconomic Development, Business \& Economics /LibraryEconomics /Application SupportGeneral, Technology \& Engineering /Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7TVMQPFQ/Scott - 1984 - Need for achievement, entrepreneurshipIndustrial Technology, and econom.html:textTechnology \& Engineering /html}Nanotechnology \& MEMS}

The Government as Venture Capitalist: The Long-Run Effects of the SBIR Program by Josh Lerner @articletechreport{lerner_government_1996, type = {Working {mueller_exploring_2006-1Paper}}, series title = {Triple helix The {IndicatorsGovernment} of as {KnowledgeVenture}-{BasedCapitalist} : {InnovationThe} {SystemsLong}-{Run}, title = {Exploring Effects} of the knowledge filter: {HowSBIR} {Program} entrepreneurship and university–industry relationships drive economic growth}, volume shorttitle = {35The {Government}, issn = as {0048-7333Venture}, shorttitle = {Exploring the knowledge filterCapitalist}}, url = {http://www.sciencedirectnber.com/scienceorg/articlepapers/pii/S0048733306001600w5753}, doi abstract = {10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.023}Public programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, abstract = {Knowledge is recognized as a crucial element of economic growth have become commonplace in addition to physical capital the United States and laborabroad. Knowledge can be transformed into products and processes and isThe long-run effectiveness of these programs, in this wayhowever, exploited commerciallyhas attracted little empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the impact of the largest U. The ability to produceS. public venture capital initiative, identifythe Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms between 1983 and exploit knowledge depends on 1995. Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the existing knowledge stock and the absorptive capacity U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of actors such as employees at firms and researchers at universities and research institutionsover a ten-year period. The existing knowledge stock might not be commercialized positive effects of SBIR awards were confined to its full extent; therefore, knowledge flows must occur and transmission channels are neededfirms based in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The paper tests findings are consistent with both the hypotheses that entrepreneurship corporate finance literature on capital constraints and university–industry relations are vehicles for knowledge flows and, thus, spur economic the growthliterature on the importance of localization effects.}, number = {105753}, urldate = {2017-0203-2427}, journal institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research Policy}, author = {MuellerLerner, PamelaJosh}, month = decsep, year = {20061996}, keywords note = {Entrepreneurship, Knowledge, Regional growth}, pages = {1499--1508DOI: 10.3386/w5753}, file = {ScienceDirect NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/EG7WN66DEHHIB8W6/Mueller Lerner - 2006 1996 - The Government as Venture Capitalist The Long- Exploring the knowledge filter How entrepreneurshRun.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/3CCC99B6/Mueller - 2006 - Exploring the knowledge filter How entrepreneursh.html:text/html}}

The Venture Capital Revolution by Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner @article{segerstrom_innovation_1991-1gompers_venture_2001, title = {Innovation, The {ImitationVenture}, and {EconomicCapital} {GrowthRevolution}}, volume = {9915}, issn = {00220895-38083309}, url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10jstor.1086org/261779}, doi = {10.1086stable/261779}, abstract = {This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model of economic growth. The model has a steady-state equilibrium in which some firms devote resources to discovering qualitatively improved products and other firms devote resources to copying these products. Rates of both innovation and imitation are endogenously determined on the basis of the outcomes of \$R \& D\$ races between firms. Innovation subsidies are shown to unambiguously promote economic growth. Welfare is enhanced, however, only if the steady-state intensity of innovative effort exceeds a critical level.2696596}, number = {42}, urldate = {2017-0203-27}, journal = {The Journal of Political EconomyEconomic Perspectives}, author = {SegerstromGompers, Paul S.and Lerner, Josh}, month = aug, year = {19912001}, pages = {807--827}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/QBUG7C55/Segerstrom 145- 1991 - Innovation, Imitation, and Economic Growth.html:text/html}168}

Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation & Economic Growth by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner @articleincollection{baumol_entrepreneurship_1968-1kortum_does_2001, title series = {Advances in the {Study} of {Entrepreneurship in }, {Innovation} \& {Economic} {TheoryGrowth}}, volume title = {58Does venture capital spur innovation?}, issn volume = {0002-828213}, url = {http://www.jstoremeraldinsight.orgcom/doi/abs/stable10.1016/1831798S1048-4736%2801%2913003-1}, number = {213}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, booktitle = {Entrepreneurial inputs and outcomes: {New} studies of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}}, journal publisher = {The American Economic ReviewEmerald Group Publishing Limited}, author = {BaumolKortum, William J.Samuel and Lerner, Josh}, month = jan, year = {19682001}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1 DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1}, pages = {641--7144}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/P8SJ5DJ9/S1048-4736(01)13003-1.html:text/html}

What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising? by Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner @incollectiontechreport{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2003-1gompers_what_1999, series type = {Advances in {Austrian} Working {EconomicsPaper}}, title = {Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic growthWhat {Drives} {Venture} {Capital}, volume = {6Fundraising}?}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsightnber.comorg/doipapers/abs/10w6906}, abstract = {We examine the determinants of venture capital fundraising in the U.S. over the past twenty-five years.1016/S1529We study industry aggregate, state-level, and firm-2134%2803%2906003specific fundraising to determine if macroeconomic, regulatory, or performance factors affect venture capital activity. We find that shifts in demand for venture capital appear to have a positive and important impact on commitments to new venture capital funds. Commitments by taxable and tax-4exempt investors seem equally sensitive to changes in capital gains tax rates that decreases in capital gains tax rates increase the demand for venture capital as more workers are incented to become entrepreneurs. Aggregate and state level venture fundraising are positively affected by easing of pension investment restrictions as well as industrial and academic R\&D expenditures. Fund performance and reputation also lead to greater fundraising by venture organizations.}, number = {66906}, urldate = {2017-0203-24}, booktitle = {Austrian {Economics} and {Entrepreneurial} {Studies}27}, publisher institution = {Emerald Group Publishing LimitedNational Bureau of Economic Research}, author = {AudretschGompers, David BPaul A. and ThurikLerner, A.RoyJosh}, month = jan, year = {2003}, pages = {39--561999}, annote note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-4 DOI: 10.10163386/S1529-2134(03)06003-4w6906}, file = {SnapshotNBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/3H4SIMAUT95N8SZ9/Audretsch Gompers and Thurik Lerner - 2003 1999 - Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising.htmlpdf:textapplication/html}pdf}

Does venture capital spur innovation? by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner @articleincollection{carlsson_knowledge_2009kortum_does_2001-1, title series = {Knowledge creationAdvances in the {Study} of {Entrepreneurship}, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: a historical review{Innovation} \& {Economic}, volume = {18Growth}}, issn title = {0960-6491Does venture capital spur innovation?}, shorttitle volume = {Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth13}, url = {httpshttp://academicwww.oupemeraldinsight.com/iccdoi/articleabs/18/6/1193/79548810.1016/KnowledgeS1048-creation4736%2801%2913003-entrepreneurship-and-economic}, doi = {10.1093/icc/dtp0431}, number = {613}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, journal booktitle = {Industrial Entrepreneurial inputs and Corporate Changeoutcomes: {New} studies of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, author = {Carlsson, Bo and AcsKortum, Zoltan J. Samuel and AudretschLerner, David B. and Braunerhjelm, PontusJosh}, month = decjan, year = {20092001}, pages note = {1193DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1 DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-12291}, file pages = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/5V3UAMRF/Carlsson et al. 1- 2009 - Knowledge creation44}, entrepreneurship, and economic.pdf:application/pdf; file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/R6X5JXHZZ27E3MFC/Carlsson et al. S1048- 2009 4736(01)13003- Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic1.html:text/html}}

An analysis of compensation in the U.S. venture capital partnership by Paul Gompers @incollection{carree_impact_2010-3, series = {International {Handbook} {Series} on article{Entrepreneurship}}gompers_analysis_1999, title = {The {Impact} An analysis of compensation in the {EntrepreneurshipU} on .{Economic} {GrowthS}. venture capital partnership1}, copyright volume = {©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC51}, isbn issn = {978-1-4419-11900304-2 978-1-4419-1191-9405X}, url = {http://linkwww.springersciencedirect.com/chapterscience/article/pii/S0304405X98000427}, doi = {10.10071016/978S0304-1405X(98)00042-4419-1191-9_207}, abstract = {The present chapter deals with the consequences of entrepreneurship for macroVenture capital limited partnerships are an attractive arena to study cross-sectional and time-economic growthseries variations in compensation schemes. We empirically examine 419 partnerships. It consists of eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The influence of economic development on entrepreneurship; (3) Types compensation of entrepreneurship new and their relation smaller funds displays considerably less sensitivity to economic growth; (4) performance and less variation than that of other funds. The effects fixed base component of the choice compensation is higher for younger and smaller firms. We observe no relation between entrepreneurship incentive compensation and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship performance. Our evidence is consistent with a learning model, in endogenous growth models; (6) Strands which the pay of empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; and (8) Conclusionnew venture capitalists is less sensitive to performance because reputational concerns induce them to work hard.}, language = {en}, number = {51}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, booktitle journal = {Handbook Journal of {Entrepreneurship} {Research}}, publisher = {Springer New YorkFinancial Economics}, author = {CarreeGompers, Martin A. Paul and ThurikLerner, A. RoyJosh}, editor month = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B.}jan, year = {20101999}, keywords = {Economic GrowthContract, Economic PolicyLimited partnership, EntrepreneurshipPrivate equity, Venture capital}, pages = {5573--59444}, annote file = {DOIScienceDirect Full Text PDF: 10/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.1007default/zotero/storage/7IEC7R6C/978Gompers and Lerner -11999 -4419-1191-9\_20}, file = {An analysis of compensation in the U.S. venture ca.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/EVDDVQ48HV9JFZX6/Carree et al. - 2010 - The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic GrowthS0304405X98000427.html:text/html}}

Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Why Public Efforts to Boost Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital Have Failed--and What to Do About It by Josh Lerner @incollectionbook{audretsch_knowledge_2005-2lerner_boulevard_2009, series title = {Research on Boulevard of {TechnologicalBroken} {InnovationDreams}: {Why}, {ManagementPublic} and {PolicyEfforts}to {Boost}, title = {The Entrepreneurship} and {KnowledgeVenture} {SpilloverCapital} {TheoryHave} of {EntrepreneurshipFailed} --and {EconomicWhat} to {GrowthDo}{About}, volume = {9It}}, url isbn = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0737978-1-4008-1071(05)090033163-70}, number shorttitle = {9Boulevard of {Broken} {Dreams}}, urldate abstract = {2017Silicon Valley, Singapore, Tel Aviv--the global hubs of entrepreneurial activity--all bear the marks of government investment. Yet, for every public intervention that spurs entrepreneurial activity, there are many failed efforts that waste untold billions in taxpayer dollars. When has governmental sponsorship succeeded in boosting growth, and when has it fallen terribly short? Should the government be involved in such undertakings at all? Boulevard of Broken Dreams is the first extensive look at the ways governments have supported entrepreneurs and venture capitalists across decades and continents. Josh Lerner, one of the foremost experts in the field, provides valuable insights into why some public initiatives work while others are hobbled by pitfalls, and he offers suggestions for how public ventures should be implemented in the future. Discussing the complex history of Silicon Valley and other pioneering centers of venture capital, Lerner uncovers the extent of government influence in prompting growth. He examines the public strategies used to advance new ventures, points to the challenges of these endeavors, and reveals the common flaws undermining far too many programs-02-24poor design, a lack of understanding for the entrepreneurial process, and implementation problems. Lerner explains why governments cannot dictate how venture markets evolve, and why they must balance their positions as catalysts with an awareness of their limited ability to stimulate the entrepreneurial sector. As governments worldwide seek to spur economic growth in ever more aggressive ways, Boulevard of Broken Dreams offers an important caution. The book argues for a careful approach to government support of entrepreneurial activities, so that the mistakes of earlier efforts are not repeated.}, booktitle language = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurial} {Economics}en}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing LimitedPrinceton University Press}, author = {AudretschLerner, David B.Josh}, month = jansep, year = {20052009}, pages note = {37Google-Books-54ID: cv10iRcUXVgC}, annote keywords = {DOI: 10.1016Business \& Economics /S0737-1071(05)09003-7 DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7}Entrepreneurship, file = {Snapshot:Business \& Economics /UsersFinance /tonimasalehGeneral, Political Science /LibraryPublic Policy /Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/N9ARJK26/Audretsch - 2005 - The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship.html:text/html}Economic Policy}

Special Issue on Technology Entrepreneurship and Contact Information for corresponding authors by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern @article{stel_effect_2005gans_product_2003-1, title series = {The Special {EffectIssue} of on {EntrepreneurialTechnology} {ActivityEntrepreneurship} on and {NationalContact} {EconomicInformation} for corresponding authors} , title = {Growth}The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs}, volume = {2432}, issn = {09210048-898X7333}, 1573-0913 shorttitle = {The product market and the market for “ideas”}, url = {httpshttp://linkwww.springersciencedirect.com/science/article/10.1007pii/s11187-005-1996-6S0048733302001038}, doi = {10.10071016/s11187S0048-0057333(02)00103-1996-68}, abstract = {Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the organization implications of industries most conducive these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to innovative activity the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and unrestrained competitionstrategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. This paper investigates whether total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) influences GDP growth for a sample of 36 countriesThe framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. We test whether this influence Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the level presence or absence of economic development measured as GDP per capita. Adjustment is made for a range of alternative explanations “market for achieving economic growth by incorporating ideas”. By focusing on the Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI). We find that entrepreneurial activity by nascent entrepreneurs operating requirements, efficiency, and owner/managers of young businesses affects economic growthinstitutions associated with markets for ideas, but that this effect depends upon framework holds several implications for the level management of per capita incomehigh-technology entrepreneurial firms. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.}, language = {en}, number = {32}, urldate = {2017-0203-2427}, journal = {Small Business EconomicsResearch Policy}, author = {StelGans, André van Joshua S. and CarreeStern, Martin and Thurik, RoyScott}, month = aprfeb, year = {20052003}, keywords = {Appropriability, Commercialization strategies, Ideas market, Product market, Technology entrepreneurs}, pages = {311333--321350}, file = {SnapshotScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/H9I6CPV8KA9BZJQ2/Stel et al. Gans and Stern - 2005 2003 - The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on Nationalproduct market and the market for “ideas” com.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/6HDNNZFW/S0048733302001038.html:text/html}}

Private Equity and Long-Run Investment: The Case of Innovation by Josh Lerner, Morten Sorensen, and Per Stromberg @article{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2007-1lerner_private_2011, title = {Entrepreneurship capital Private {Equity} and economic growth{Long}-{Run} {Investment}: {The} {Case} of {Innovation}}, volume = {2366}, issn = {02661540-903X6261}, shorttitle = {Private {Equity} and {Long}-{Run} {Investment}}, url = {httpshttp://academiconlinelibrary.oupwiley.com/oxrepdoi/10.1111/articlej.1540-6261.2010.01639.x/abstract}, doi = {10.1111/23/1/63/510594/Entrepreneurshipj.1540-capital6261.2010.01639.x}, abstract = {A long-andstanding controversy is whether leveraged buyouts (LBOs) relieve managers from short-economicterm pressures from public shareholders, or whether LBO funds themselves sacrifice long-term growthto boost short-term performance. We examine one form of long-run activity, namely, investments in innovation as measured by patenting activity. Based on 472 LBO transactions, we find no evidence that LBOs sacrifice long-term investments. LBO firm patents are more cited (a proxy for economic importance), show no shifts in the fundamental nature of the research, and become more concentrated in important areas of companies' innovative portfolios.}, doi language = {10.1093/oxrep/grm001en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2017-0203-2427}, journal = {Oxford Review The Journal of Economic PolicyFinance}, author = {AudretschLerner, Josh and Sorensen, Morten and Strömberg, David B.Per}, month = marapr, year = {20072011}, pages = {63445--78477}, file = {SnapshotFull Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KKXXC8DTFWCUXVTH/Audretsch Lerner et al. - 2007 2011 - Entrepreneurship capital Private Equity and economic growthLong-Run Investment The Case o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NTXHVB2K/abstract.html:text/html}}

Opportunities and Entrepreneurship by Jonathan Eckhardt and Scott Shane @bookarticle{hart_emergence_2003-3eckhardt_opportunities_2003, title = {The {Emergence} of Opportunities and {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}: , volume = {Governance29}, issn = {Start}0149-{Ups2063}, and url = {Growth} in the {U}http://dx.doi.{S}org/10. {Knowledge} {Economy}1177/014920630302900304}, isbn doi = {978-1-139-44078-310.1177/014920630302900304}, shorttitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}}, abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze article extends and elaborates the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: perspective on entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience articulated by Shane and Venkataraman (2000) and academic research both point to Venkataraman (1997) by explaining in more detail the central role of entrepreneurs opportunities in the entrepreneurial process of economic growth and to . In particular, the article explains the importance of public policy in creating examining entrepreneurship through a disequilibrium framework that focuses on the conditions under which characteristics and existence of entrepreneurial companies can flourishopportunities. The contributorsIn addition, who hail from the disciplines article describes several typologies of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts their implications for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster understanding entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.}, language = {en}, publisher number = {3}, urldate = {Cambridge University Press2017-03-27}, journal = {Journal of Management}, author = {HartEckhardt, David MJonathan T. and Shane, Scott A.}, month = octjun, year = {2003}, keywords pages = {333--349}, file = {Business \& Economics SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/tonimasaleh/ Economics Library/ General, Business \& Economics Application Support/ General, Business \& Economics Zotero/ Industrial Management, Political Science Profiles/ General, Political Science ujmvea1t.default/ Public Policy zotero/ Economic Policy, Social Science storage/ Sociology BM6E5PW7/ General}, annote = {GoogleEckhardt and Shane -Books2003 -IDOpportunities and Entrepreneurship.pdf: 2fo6eEp42J4C}application/pdf}

Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation by Scott Shane @articlebook{freeman_continental_2002-1shane_academic_2004, series title = {Innovation Academic {SystemsEntrepreneurship}: {University}, title = {Continental, national Spinoffs} and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth{Wealth}, volume = {31Creation}}, issn isbn = {0048978-73331-84376-982-8}, url shorttitle = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733301001366Academic {Entrepreneurship}, doi = {10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00136-6}, abstract = {The purpose of In this paper is to discuss unique and timely volume, Scott Shane systematically explains the relevance formation of innovation systems to economic growth rates over the last two centuries. The focus is on complementarity (or lack of it) between sub-systems of society university spinoff companies and on models of active learning their role in catching up economies. The paper discusses variations in rates the commercialization of growth of economic regions university technology and the extent to which variations may be attributed to “innovation systems”. The analysis is applied to Britain wealth creation in the 18th century, the United States in the second half and elsewhere. The importance of the 19th century university spinoff activity is discussed and the innovation systems historical development of catching up countries in the 20th centuryuniversity spinoff ventures is traced over time.}, number language = {2en}, urldate publisher = {2017-02-27Edward Elgar Publishing}, journal = {Research Policy}, author = {FreemanShane, ChrisScott Andrew}, month = febjan, year = {2002}, keywords = {Economic Growth, Economic history, Innovation system, Institutional change2004}, pages note = {191Google-Books-211ID: fMRGAgAAQBAJ}, file keywords = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:Business \& Economics /Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/IIGDC5JE/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/HJPPATWF/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .html:text/html}General}

Technological Opportunities and New Firm Creation by Scott Shane @article{samila_venture_2010-1shane_technological_2001, title = {Venture Technological {CapitalOpportunities}, and {EntrepreneurshipNew}, and {EconomicFirm} {GrowthCreation}}, volume = {9347}, issn = {00340025-65351909}, url = {http://dxpubsonline.doiinforms.org/doi/abs/10.11621287/REST_a_00066mnsc.47.2.205.9837}, doi = {10.11621287/REST_a_00066mnsc.47.2.205.9837}, abstract = {Using a panel Research on the creation of new high-technology companies has typically focused either on industry-level factors such as market structure and technology regime or on individual-level factors such as the work experience of U.Sentrepreneurs. metropolitan areas, we find that increases in This study complements these approaches by examining the supply effect of venture capital positively affect technological opportunities on firm starts, employment, and aggregate incomeformation. Our results remain robust to a variety of specificationsIn particular, including ones the study shows that address endogeneity. The estimated magnitudes imply the probability that venture capital stimulates the creation of more firms than it funds, which appears consistent with two mechanisms: First, would-an invention will be entrepreneurs anticipating financing needs more likely start firms when the supply of capital expands. Second, funded companies may transfer know-how to their employeescommercialized through firm formation is influenced by its importance, thereby enabling spin-offsradicalness, and may encourage others to become entrepreneurs through demonstration effectspatent scope.}, number = {12}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, journal = {Review of Economics and StatisticsManagement Science}, author = {Samila, Sampsa and SorensonShane, OlavScott}, month = julfeb, year = {20102001}, pages = {338205--349220}, file = {Review of Economics and Statistics Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/3Q29WEI9NB3TMCIX/Samila and Sorenson Shane - 2010 2001 - Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, Technological Opportunities and Economic GrNew Firm Creation.pdf:application/pdf;Review of Economics and Statistics Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/Q5PHQ8S7XBGW3B4J/Samila and Sorenson - 2010 - Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Grmnsc.47.2.205.html:text/html}}

Empirical studies of innovation and market structure by Wesley Cohen and Richard Levin @article{salgado-banda_entrepreneurship_2007-1cohen_chapter_1989, title = {Entrepreneurship Chapter 18 {Empirical} studies of innovation and economic growth: an empirical analysismarket structure}, volume = {122}, issn = {10841573-9467}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth448X}, url = {http://www.worldscientificsciencedirect.com/doiscience/absarticle/10.1142pii/S1084946707000538S1573448X89020066}, doi = {10.11421016/S1084946707000538S1573-448X(89)02006-6}, abstract = {This study examines chapter discusses the impact perceptible movement of entrepreneurship on economic growth by using empirical scholars from a new variable based on patent data to proxy for productive entrepreneurship. Data on self-employment is used as an alternative proxy. The study considers 22 OECD countries narrow concern with the role of firm size and finds market concentration toward a positive relationship between broader consideration of the proposed measure fundamental determinants of productive entrepreneurship — degree of innovativeness of different nations — technical change in industry. Although tastes, technological opportunity, and economic growthappropriability conditions themselves are subject to change over time, while particularly in response to radical innovations that alter the alternative measuretechnological regime, based these conditions are reasonably assumed to determine inter-industry differences in innovative activity over relatively long periods. Although a substantial body of descriptive evidence has begun to accumulate on self-employmentthe way the nature and effects of demand, opportunity, and appropriability differ across industries, appears to be negatively correlated with economic growththe absence of suitable data constrains progress in many areas. A battery It has been observed that much of the empirical understanding of innovation derives not from the estimation of econometric specifications models but from the use of other empirical methods. Many of the most credible empirical regularities have been established not by estimating and techniques backs testing elaborate optimization models with published data but by the findingspainstaking collection of original data, usually in the form of responses to relatively simple questions.}, number = {01}, urldate = {2017-0203-2427}, journal = {Journal Handbook of Developmental EntrepreneurshipIndustrial Organization}, author = {Salgado-BandaCohen, Wesley M. and Levin, HéctorRichard C.}, month = marjan, year = {20071989}, pages = {31059--291107}, file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/UK4MJ35CSGM2ERHI/Salgado-Banda - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and economic growth an empiricalS1573448X89020066.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship as Innovation by Joseph Schumpeter @booktechreport{brown_innovation_2004-3schumpeter_entrepreneurship_2000, title address = {InnovationRochester, {EntrepreneurshipNY} and , type = {Culture}: {TheSSRN} {InteractionScholarly} {BetweenPaper} {Technology}, title = {Progress} and Entrepreneurship as {Economic} {GrowthInnovation}}, isbn url = {978-1-84542-055-0}, shorttitle https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract= {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}1512266}, abstract = {The purpose chief characteristics of this book is to examine the nature entrepreneur are identified, one of organizational innovation and change by looking at which is the complex interplay between entrepreneurshipability to combine already existing resources in creative ways. Distinguishing}, innovation and culture. number = {ID 1512266}, language urldate = {en2017-03-27}, publisher institution = {Edward Elgar PublishingSocial Science Research Network}, author = {Brown, Terrence E. and UlijnSchumpeter, J. MJoseph A.}, month = jan, year = {20042000}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic DevelopmentCapitalism, Creativity, Individual traits, Industrial organization, Innovation process, Leadership, Motivation, Business \& Economics / GeneralPersonal success}, annote file = {Google-Books-IDSnapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/3Q3Z47HA/papers.html: nLvjQkBajocC}text/html}

The Politics and Aesthetics of Entrepreneurship: A Fourth Movements in Entrepreneurship Book by Daniel Jhorth and Chris Steyaert @book{feldman_economics_2012hjorth_politics_2010-1, title = {The {EconomicsPolitics} of and {ScienceAesthetics} and of {TechnologyEntrepreneurship}: {AnA} {OverviewFourth} of {InitiativesMovements} to {Foster} {Innovation}, in {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {GrowthBook}}, isbn = {978-1-461584844-0981607-36}, shorttitle = {The {EconomicsPolitics} of and {ScienceAesthetics} and of {TechnologyEntrepreneurship}}, abstract = {Science and technology have long been regarded as important determinants of economic growth. Edwin Mansfield (1971Stylish, bold, pp. 1- 2)fiery, a pioneer in the economics and full of technological changezest, noted: Technological change is an important, if not the most important, factor responsible for economic growth this book could well have been called Embodying Entrepreneurship . . . without question, [it] is one of the most important determinants of for perhaps the shape and evolution of the American economy. Science and technology are even more important in the "new economyfirst time," with its greater emphasis on the role of intellectual property and knowledge transfer. Therefore, it is unfortunate that most individuals rarely we have the opportunity to explore the economic implications of science and technology. As a resultcultured, the antecedents and consequences of technological change are poorly understood by many in the general public. This lack of understanding is reflected in a recent survey conducted by the National Science Board (2000)scholarly, summarized in Science \& Engineering Indicators. ' As shown in Table 1. 1, -the findings -flesh treatment of the survey indicated that many Americans, despite a high level of interests in such matters, are not as well-informed about technological issues as they are about other policy issuesentrepreneurial life. As shown in the table, individuals self assess, based on a scale Ranging from 1 striptease to 100, their interest in science and technology policy issues as being relatively highde Sade, yet they self assess their knowledge or informedness about these issues relatively lower.t}, language = {en}, publisher = {Springer Science \& Business MediaEdward Elgar Publishing}, author = {FeldmanHjorth, M. P. Daniel and LinkSteyaert, Albert N. and Siegel, DonaldChris}, month = decjan, year = {20122010}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Management Science, Business \& Economics / Production \& Operations Management, Business \& Economics / Research \& Development, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}, annote note = {Google-Books-ID: wca9BwAAQBAJ\_CI5K8PG1TEC}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship}

Urban Entrepreneurship and the Sunbelt Frontier by William Angel @bookarticle{stel_empirical_2006-1angel_zenith_1980, title = {Empirical {AnalysisZENITH} {REVISITED}: {URBAN} {ENTREPRENEURSHIP} {AND} of {EntrepreneurshipTHE} and {EconomicSUNBELT} {GrowthFRONTIER}}, isbn volume = {978-0-387-29419-361}, abstract issn = {The importance of entrepreneurship for achieving economic growth in contemporary economies is widely recognized, both by policy makers and economists. It is deeply embedded in the current European policy approach that the creativity and independence of entrepreneurs contribute to higher levels of economic activity. Indeed, according to the European Commission (2003, p. 9), "The challenge for the European Union is to identify the key factors for building a climate in which entrepreneurial initiative and business activities can thrive. Policy measures should seek to boost the Union's levels of entrepreneurship, adopting the most appropriate approach for producing more entrepreneurs and for getting more firms to grow. " Audretsch (2003, p. 5) states that "Entrepreneurship has become the engine of economic and social development throughout the world. " The relation between entrepreneurship and economic growth is embedded in several strands of the economic literature. A first strand of literature involves the general understanding of the role of entrepreneurship in the modern economy. Seminal contributions were made by Schumpeter (1934), Knight (1921) and Kirzner (1973). These economists stress different aspects of the role of the entrepreneur. While Schumpeter stresses the innovating aspect, Knight stresses the risk assuming aspect. Kirzner, finally, stresses the role of the entrepreneur in leading markets to equilibrium. Acs (1992) discusses the contribution of small firms in modern economies.0038-4941}, language shorttitle = {en{ZENITH} {REVISITED}}, publisher url = {Springer Science \& Business Mediahttp://www.jstor.org/stable/42860763}, author number = {Stel, André van3/4}, month urldate = jun{2017-03-27}, year journal = {2006Social Science Quarterly}, keywords author = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic DevelopmentANGEL, Business \& Economics / Economics / GeneralWILLIAM D.}, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General year = {1980}, annote pages = {Google434-Books-ID: VUOHlzSuqk0C}445}

Entrepreneurship and the City by Edward Galeser @booktechreport{acs_entrepreneurship_2006-1glaeser_entrepreneurship_2007, title type = {Entrepreneurship, Working {GeographyPaper}}, title = {Entrepreneurship and the {American} {Economic} {GrowthCity}}, isbn url = {978-1-139-45663-0http://www.nber.org/papers/w13551}, abstract = {The spillovers in knowledge among largely college-educated workers were among the key reasons for the impressive degree Why do levels of economic growth and spread entrepreneurship differ across America's cities? This paper presents basic facts on two measures of entrepreneurship in : the United States during self-employment rate and the 1990snumber of small firms. Prior 'industrial policies' Both of these measures are correlated with urban success, suggesting that more entrepreneurial cities are more successful. There is considerable variation in the 1970s self-employment rate across metropolitan areas, but about one-half of this heterogeneity can be explained by demographic and 1980s did not advance growth because these were based on outmoded large manufacturing modelsindustrial variation. Zoltan Acs Self-employment is particularly associated with abundant, older citizens and Catherine Armington use a knowledge spillover theory with the presence of entrepreneurship input suppliers. Conversely, small firm size and employment growth due to explain unaffiliated new firm formation rates in regional economies during establishments is associated most strongly with the 1990s period and beyond. The fastest-growing regions are those that have the highest rates presence of new firm formation, input suppliers and which are not dominated by large businessesan appropriate labor force. The authors of this text I also find support for the thesis Chinitz (1961) hypothesis that knowledge spillovers move across entrepreneurship is linked to a large number of small firms in supplying industries and are not confined within a single industry. As Finally, there is a result, they suggest, regional policies to encourage strong connection between area-level education and sustain growth should focus on entrepreneurship among other factors.}, language number = {en13551}, publisher urldate = {Cambridge University Press2017-03-27}, institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, author = {AcsGlaeser, Zoltan JEdward L. and Armington, Catherine}, month = junoct, year = {20062007}, note = {DOI: 10.3386/w13551}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/ Development tonimasaleh/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ Economics ujmvea1t.default/ General, Business \& Economics zotero/ Economics storage/ Theory, Political Science GGUKUU84/ Public Policy Glaeser - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and the City.pdf:application/ Economic Policy}pdf}

Entrepreneurship and welfare by Jagannadha Pawan Tamvada @article{sobel_institutions_2008-1tamvada_entrepreneurship_2010, title = {Institutions, {Entrepreneurship}, and {Regional} {Differences} in {Economic} {Growth}welfare}, volume = {I34}, issn = {21640921-898X, 1573-96850913}, url = {https://wwwlink.ceeolspringer.com/searcharticle/10.1007/s11187-009-9195-5}, doi = {10.1007/articles11187-009-9195-detail?id5}, abstract =152625{Here, I examine returns to entrepreneurship using a standard measure of welfare, the per-capita consumption expenditure. This analysis, using quantile regressions, reveals the existence of a welfare hierarchy in occupations. The results suggest that, across the welfare distribution, entrepreneurs who employ others have the highest returns in terms of consumption, while those entrepreneurs who work for themselves, that is, self-employed individuals, have slightly lower returns than the salaried employees. However, self-employment entails higher returns than casual labor and a relative escape from poverty.}, language = {Englishen}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-0203-2427}, journal = {American Journal of EntrepreneurshipSmall Business Economics}, author = {SobelTamvada, Russell S. and HallJagannadha Pawan}, Joshua C.} month = jan, year = {20082010}, pages = {6965--9679}, file = {SnapshotFull Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/M7D6WP8WXCZDSSXS/Sobel and Hall Tamvada - 2008 2010 - Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Regional Diffewelfare.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/52GUIKIW/s11187-009-9195-5.html:text/html}}

The interaction of entrepreneurship and institutions by Magnus Henrekson and Tino Sanandaji @bookarticle{szirmai_entrepreneurship_2011-1henrekson_interaction_2011, title = {Entrepreneurship, {InnovationThe interaction of entrepreneurship and institutions}, and {Economic} volume = {Development}7}, isbn issn = {9781744-01382, 1744-19-959651-51374}, abstract url = {Entrepreneurship and innovation are two https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of the most pervasive concepts -institutional-economics/article/interaction-of our times, yet there are still gaps in our understanding of the interactions between -entrepreneurship -and innovation, particularly in developing countries. This book is an attempt to fill this gap. It focuses on the entrepreneurship-innovation-development nexusinstitutions/DD9AF1A1BFA6DC0714066B09E9D52E0C}, drawing heavily on empirical evidence from developing countries doi = {10. Cross-country and individual country experiences cover nations as diverse as Ethiopia1017/S1744137410000342}, India, Turkey abstract = {Abstract:Previous research, Vietnamnotably Baumol (1990), and also examine lessons from advanced economies such as Finland. Three sets of questions are addressed. What is has highlighted the impact role of entrepreneurship and innovation on growth and development? What determines the innovative performance of entrepreneurs institutions in developing countries? What role does the institutional environment play in shaping the extent and impact of innovative activities? A key message is that channeling entrepreneurial innovation, whether through small firmssupply into productive, large national firmsunproductive, or multinational firmsdestructive activities. However, entrepreneurship is not only influenced by institutions – entrepreneurs often vibrant help shape institutions themselves. The bilateral causal relation between entrepreneurs and institutions is examined in developing countries, but does not always realise its full potentialthis paper. Entrepreneurs affect institutions in at least three ways. This Entrepreneurship abiding by existing institutions is due occasionally disruptive enough to institutional constraints, challenge the absence foundations of prevailing institutions. Entrepreneurs sometimes have the appropriate mix of different types of small and large and domestic and foreign firmsopportunity to evade institutions, and insufficiently developed firm capabilities. The contributions provide a better understanding which tends to undermine the effectiveness of the determinants and impacts of innovation in developing countries and institutions, or cause institutions to change for the policies and better. Lastly, entrepreneurs can directly alter institutions that support through innovative political entrepreneurship. Like business entrepreneurship, innovative political activity may be productive or hinder innovationunproductive, depending on the incentives facing entrepreneurs.}, language number = {en1}, publisher urldate = {OUP Oxford2017-03-27}, journal = {Journal of Institutional Economics}, author = {SzirmaiHenrekson, Adam Magnus and NaudéSanandaji, Wim and Goedhuys, MichelineTino}, month = aprmar, year = {2011}, keywords pages = {47--75}, file = {Business \& Economics Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/ Development Profiles/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics ujmvea1t.default/ Economics zotero/ Microeconomics, Business \& Economics storage/ Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics RMIM2R2C/ General}, annote = {Google-Books-IDDD9AF1A1BFA6DC0714066B09E9D52E0C.html: ML8c8YPvTvsC}text/html}

High-growth firms: does location matter? by Jose Miguel Giner, Marian Santa-Maria, and Antonio Fuster @bookarticle{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2006miguel_giner_high-3growth_2017, title = {High-growth firms: does location matter?}, volume = {13}, issn = {1554-7191}, shorttitle = {High-growth firms}, doi = {10.1007/s11365-016-0392-9}, abstract = {The challenge for economies lies in boosting employment growth, not just by fostering entrepreneurship, but also by improving the growth potential of existing firms. Consequently, many studies have focused on assessing the dynamism of firms, and especially the capacity of high-growth firms (HGFs) to generate employment. This study aimed to identify HGFs in Spain during two periods, 2003-2006 and 2007-2010 and to analyse their characteristics and territorial distribution during the initial years of the economic crisis. Accordingly, a key area of inquiry of the study was the influence of agglomeration (in metropolitan areas, industrial districts and technological districts) on the locations of HGFs. To analyse the influence of location on the probability of firms being HGFs, a logit model was estimated. The main results supported the study's hypotheses that technological districts and large urban areas are significantly associated with the probability of firms being HGFs, because firms profit from comparative locational advantages offered by these areas. The importance of HGFs requires special emphasis in relation to Spain's context of economic crisis and high unemployment levels because of their significant contribution to employment generation.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal}, author = {EconomicMiguel Giner, Jose and Jesus Santa-Maria, Maria and Fuster, Antonio} , month = mar, year = {Growth2017}, note = {WOS:000394301700003}, isbn keywords = {978Agglomeration, empirical-analysis, Firm growth, gazelles, geography, High-0growth firms, Innovation, Job creation, Location, performance, smes, spillovers}, pages = {75-19-51835196} The city as innovation machine by Richard Florida, Patrick Adler, and Charlotta Mellander @article{florida_city_2017, title = {The city as innovation machine}, volume = {51}, issn = {0034-13404}, doi = {10.1080/00343404.2016.1255324}, abstract = {By serving The city as innovation machine. Regional Studies. This paper puts cities and urban regions at the very centre of the processes of innovation and entrepreneurship. It combines the insights of Jane Jacobs and recent urban research on the role of the city with the literature on innovation and entrepreneurship going back to Joseph Schumpeter. Innovation and entrepreneurship and their geography privileges the firm, industry clusters and/or the individual and poses the city as a conduit container for them. By marrying Jacobs' insights on cities to those of Schumpeter on innovation, it is argued that innovation and entrepreneurship do not simply take in place in cities but in fact require them.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Regional Studies}, author = {Florida, Richard and Adler, Patrick and Mellander, Charlotta}, month = jan, year = {2017}, note = {WOS:000394438300008}, keywords = {academic research, cities, Creativity, economic-geography, Entrepreneurship, firm formation, geography, industry, Innovation, knowledge spillovers, life-cycle, patent citations, product innovation, regions, technological-change, united-states, urbanism}, pages = {86--96} Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the United States: 1899–1988 by Scott Shane @article{shane_explaining_1996, title = {Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}: 1899–1988}, volume = {22}, issn = {0149-2063}, shorttitle = {Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149206396900215}, doi = {10.1016/S0149-2063(96)90021-5}, abstract = {This paper examines rates of entrepreneurship over time in the U.S. economy. It finds strong support for the argument that variations in rates of entrepreneurship follow a Schumpeterian model. Changes in rates of entrepreneurship appear to be driven by changes in technology. Some evidence is also found for the effects of the Protestant Ethic, interest rates, prior rates of entrepreneurship, risk-taking propensity, business failure rates, economic growth, immigration, and age distribution of the population.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2017-04-03}, journal = {Journal of Management}, author = {Shane, Scott}, month = jan, year = {1996}, pages = {747--781}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/TATNEWCT/Shane - 1996 - Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/Z27SXHIS/S0149206396900215.html:text/html} Entrepreneurship in the United States: The Future Is Now by Paul Reynolds @book{reynolds_entrepreneurship_2007, title = {Entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}: {The} {Future} {Is} {Now}}, isbn = {978-0-387-45671-3}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship in the {United} {States}}, abstract = {Entrepreneurship is among the missing link between investments most vibrant and important parts of the economy. This important book enhances understanding of entrepreneurial dynamics, providing the first analysis of changes in US entrepreneurial activity. Based on the unprecedented Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, it examines adult participation in new knowledge firm creation and economic differences in regional firm creation activity.  Shedding light on the importance of new firms for job growth, productivity enhancements, innovation, and routes for social mobility, the author tracks the success or failure of entrepreneurs, including comparisons of different groups, such as women and minorities, along with different countries.   All sectors of the population are making significant contributions. Significant implications for practitioners, educators and policy makers are discussed.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media}, author = {Reynolds, Paul D.}, month = sep, year = {2007}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Management Science, Business \& Economics / Urban \& Regional, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy} The knowledge spillover theory regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom: A socioecological perspective by Martin Obschonka, Eva Schmitt-Rodermund, Rainer Silbereisen, and Samuel Gosling, and Jeff Potter @article{obschonka_regional_2013, title = {The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship provides not just -prone personality profile in the {United} {States}, {Germany}, and the {United} {Kingdom}: {A} socioecological perspective}, volume = {105}, copyright = {(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved}, issn = {1939-1315 0022-3514}, shorttitle = {The regional distribution and correlates of an explanation entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the {United} {States}, {Germany}, and the {United} {Kingdom}}, doi = {10.1037/a0032275}, abstract = {In recent years the topic of why entrepreneurship has become more prevalent a major focus in the social sciences, with renewed interest in the links between personality and entrepreneurship. Taking a socioecological perspective to psychology, which emphasizes the role of social habitats and their interactions with mind and behavior, we investigated regional variation in and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone Big Five profile. Specifically, we analyzed personality data collected from over half a million U.S. residents (N = 619,397) as well as public archival data on state-level entrepreneurial activity (i.e., business-creation and self-employment rates). Results revealed that an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile is regionally clustered. This geographical distribution corresponds to the pattern that can be observed when mapping entrepreneurial activity across the factor United States. Indeed, the state-level correlation (N = 51) between an entrepreneurial personality structure and entrepreneurial activity was positive in direction, substantial in magnitude, and robust even when controlling for regional economic prosperity. These correlations persisted at the level of knowledge has emerged as U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (N = 15) and were replicated in independent German (N = 19,842; 14 regions) and British (N = 15,617; 12 regions) samples. In contrast to these profile-based analyses, an analysis linking the individual Big Five dimensions to regional measures of entrepreneurial activity did not yield consistent findings. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for interdisciplinary theory development and practical applications.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, author = {Obschonka, Martin and Schmitt-Rodermund, Eva and Silbereisen, Rainer K. and Gosling, Samuel D. and Potter, Jeff}, year = {2013}, keywords = {*Entrepreneurship, *Personality Traits, *Regional Differences, Ecological Factors, Sociology}, pages = {104--122}, file = {APA Psycnet Fulltext PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NKW7AHQ9/Obschonka et al. - 2013 - The regional distribution and correlates of an ent.pdf:application/pdf} Entrepreneurship: a weak link in the welfare state? by Magnus Henrekson @article{henrekson_entrepreneurship:_2005, title = {Entrepreneurship: a weak link in the welfare state?}, volume = {14}, issn = {0960-6491}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/14/3/437/679151/Entrepreneurship-a-weak-link-in-the-welfare-state}, doi = {10.1093/icc/dth060}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-04-03}, journal = {Industrial and Corporate Change}, author = {Henrekson, Magnus}, month = jun, year = {2005}, pages = {437--467}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KKWH46HX/Henrekson - 2005 - Entrepreneurship a weak link in the welfare state.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CKQVD3IK/Entrepreneurship-a crucial source -weak-link-in-the-welfare-state.html:text/html}  Entrepreneurship, Economic Risks, and Risk Insurance in the Welfare State: Results with OECD Data by Pekka Ilmakunnas and Vesa Kanniainen @article{ilmakunnas_entrepreneurship_2001, title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Risks}, and {Risk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {State}: {Results} with {OECD} {Data} 1978–93}, volume = {2}, issn = {1468-0475}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Risks}, and {Risk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {State}}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0475.00034/abstract}, doi = {10.1111/1468-0475.00034}, abstract = {We find evidence in the OECD cross-country data to support the Knightian view that non-diversifiable economic risks shape equilibrium entrepreneurship in an occupational choice model. Differential social insurance of entrepreneurial and labor risk is found to be statistically significant and detrimental to entrepreneurship. The crowding-out effect of public production of private goods on entrepreneurship dominates the crowding-in effect of public production of public goods in the OECD data. Weak evidence is found for comparative advantagethe proposition that the rate of entrepreneurship is related to the degree of income inequality and to the union power in the economy. The results also suggest that in countries with low GDP per capita ratio, self-employment is high.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-04-03}, journal = {German Economic Review}, author = {Ilmakunnas, Pekka and Kanniainen, Vesa}, month = aug, year = {2001}, pages = {195--218}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8ZVRACRP/abstract.html:text/html}  Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship by Christian Keuschnigg and Soren Nielsen @article{keuschnigg_tax_2003, series = {Proceedings of the {Trans} {Atlantic} {Public} {Economics} {Seminar} on ``{Taxation} of {Financial} {Incomet}`` 22-24 {May}, 2000.}, title = {Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship}, volume = {87}, issn = {0047-2727}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272701001700}, doi = {10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00170-0}, abstract = {The paper studies the effects of tax policy on venture capital activity. Entrepreneurs pursue a single high risk project each but have no own resources. Financiers provide funds, covering investment cost plus an upfront payment, in exchange for a share in the firm. The contract must include incentives to enlist full effort of entrepreneurs. Venture capitalists also why assist with valuable business advice to enhance survival chances. The paper develops a general equilibrium framework with a traditional and an entrepreneurial sector and investigates the effects of taxes on the equilibrium level of managerial advice, entrepreneurship plays and welfare. It considers differential wage and capital income taxes, a vital comprehensive income tax, progressive taxation as well as investment and output subsidies to the entrepreneurial sector.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-04-03}, journal = {Journal of Public Economics}, author = {Keuschnigg, Christian and Nielsen, Soren Bo}, month = jan, year = {2003}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Moral hazard, Subsidies, Taxes, Venture capital}, pages = {175--203}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4RAXSM49/Keuschnigg and Nielsen - 2003 - Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4UBMTNG9/S0047272701001700.html:text/html} Financial Distress, Employee}' Welfare and Entrepreneurship Among SMEs by John Inekwe @article{inekwe_financial_2016, title = {Financial {Distress}, {Employees}' {Welfare} and {Entrepreneurship} {Among} {SMEs}}, volume = {129}, issn = {0303-8300}, doi = {10.1007/s11205-015-1164-6}, abstract = {The study predicts ex-ante financial distress in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and examines its significance in entrepreneurial activity. Thus, the study provides the dynamic characterization of the link between financial distress, employment and the growth in the establishment of SMEs. The study further examines employees' welfare and financial distress of SMEs. The results reveal that financial ratios and market variables are significant in predicting financial distress risks. In the wake of financial distress, the results reveal contractions in the growth of SMEs. In addition, financial distress in SMEs induces an adverse effect on the level of employment and a reduction in employees' welfare.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Social Indicators Research}, author = {Inekwe, John Nkwoma}, month = dec, year = {2016}, note = {WOS:000387421700010}, keywords = {bankruptcy prediction, Clogit, Entrepreneur, Financial distress, market, models, risk, smes}, pages = {1135--1153} Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Sander Wennekers and Roy Thurik @article{wennekers_linking_1999, title = {Linking {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {13}, issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008063200484}, doi = {10.1023/A:1008063200484}, abstract = {In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship, macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role of entrepreneurship in generating the process of economic growthrequires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. A first part of our synthesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). Entrepreneurship A second part is an important mechanism permeating to gain insight in the knowledge filter causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and economic growth. A third part is to facilitate make suggestions for future empirical research into the spill over relationship between (dimensions of knowledge ) entrepreneurship and ultimately generate economic growth.}, language = {en}, publisher number = {1}, urldate = {Oxford University Press2017-04-03}, USA journal = {Small Business Economics}, author = {AudretschWennekers, David BSander and Thurik, Roy}, month = aug, year = {1999}, pages = {27--56}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t. default/zotero/storage/9QVV7PRD/10.html:text/html} Employment Growth and Entrepreneurial Activity in Cities by Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington @article{acs_employment_2004, title = {Employment {Growth} and Keilbach{Entrepreneurial} {Activity} in {Cities}}, Max volume = {38}, issn = {0034-3404}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000280938}, doi = {10.1080/0034340042000280938}, abstract = {Acs Z. J. and Armington C. (2004) Employment growth and entrepreneurial activity in cities, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Recent theories of economic growth have stressed the role of externalities in generating growth. Using data from the Census Bureau that tracks all employers in the whole US private-sector economy, the impact of these externalities, as measured by entrepreneurial activity, on employment growth in Local Market Areas are examined. Differences in levels of entrepreneurial activity, diversity among geographically proximate industries and Lehmannthe extent of human capital are positively associated with variation in growth rates, but the manufacturing sector appears to be an exception. Acs Z. J. et Armington C. (2004) La croissance de l'emploi et l'esprit d'entreprise dans les grandes villes, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Des théories récentes de la croissance économique ont souligné l'importance des effets externes. A partir des données provenant du Census Bureau, institut national de la statistique qui fait le suivi de tous les employeurs dans toute l'économie privée aux Etats-Unis, cet article cherche à examiner les retombées de ces effets externes-là, mesurés en termes de l'esprit d'entreprise, sur la croissance de l'emploi dans les bassins d'emplois locaux. Il s'avère que les écarts des les niveaux de l'esprit d'entreprise, la diversité des industries à proximité, et l'importance du capital humain sont en corrélation étroite avec la variation des taux de croissance, à une exception près, le secteur industriel. Acs Z. J. und Armington C. (2004) Zunahme der Arbeitsstellen und Unternehmertätigkeit in Städten, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Kürzlich aufgekommene Theorien wirtschaftlichen Wachstums haben die Rolle externer Effekte bei der Wachstumsentwicklung betont. Mit Hilfe von Daten des Census Bureaus, das sämtliche Arbeitgeber des Privatsektors der Wirtschaft der USA erfaßt, wird die Auswirkung dieser externen Effekte auf die Zunahme von Erwerbsstellen in 'Local Market Areas' durch Messung an Hand unternehmerischer Aktivität untersucht. Es wird festgestellt, daß Unterschiede der Stufen unternehmerischer Aktivität, Vielfalt in geographisch benachbarten Industrien und der Umfang des Menschenkapitals in positiver Verbindung mit Abweichungen bei Zuwachsraten auftreten, obschon der herstellende Sektor hierbei eine Ausnahme darstellt. Acs Z. J. y Armington C. (2004) Crecimiento en el empleo y actividad emprendedora en las ciudades, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Las teorías recientes sobre el crecimiento económico han enfatizado el rol de las externalidades en la generación de crecimiento. Utilizando datos de la Oficina del Censo que siguen la trayectoria de todos los empresarios en la totalidad de la economía del sector privado en los Estados Unidos, examinamos el impacto de estas externalidades, Erik Emedido por medio del grado de actividad emprendedora, en el crecimiento del empleo en Áreas de Mercado Local. Encontramos que las diferencias en los niveles de actividad empresarial, la diversidad entre industrias que estÁn geogrÁficamente próximas, y el grado de capital humano estÁn positivamente asociados a una variación en los índices de crecimiento, pero el sector manufacturero parece presentar una excepción.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2017-04-03}, journal = {Regional Studies}, author = {Acs, Zoltan and Armington, Catherine}, month = aprnov, year = {20062004}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic DevelopmentGrowth, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Industry diversity, Knowledge spillovers}, annote pages = {Google911-Books-ID: 4dzsGA62mcgC927}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/35FA6H4D/0034340042000280938.html:text/html}