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==Defining "high tech"==
'''High tech''': a high-tech industry is defined by the presence of four factors: a high proportion of scientists, engineers, and technicians; a high proportion of R&D employment; production of high-tech products, as specified on a Census Bureau list of advanced-technology products; and the use of high-tech production methods, including intense use of high-tech capital goods and services in the production process [http://www.kauffman.org/~/media/kauffman_org/research%20reports%20and%20covers/2014/02/declining_business_dynamism_in_us_high_tech_sector.pdf Kauffman]
A Congressional Office of Technology Assessment document describes high-technology firms as those “engaged in the design, development, and introduction of new products and/or innovative manufacturing processes through the systematic application of scientific and technical knowledge.”
National Science Foundation report on science and technology resources also refers to the employment of scientists, engineers, and technicians and to measures of R&D activities as “two of the most important parameters of innovation” and uses those two parameters “as surrogates for measuring the broader concept of innovation.”
''Which of these is best definition?''
==High tech and firm birth/death==
Kauffman study found that decline in business dynamism occurred in both the general U.S. economy and the high-tech sector in the post-2000 period. As part of this decline in dynamism, Kauffman found indicators of a slowdown in entrepreneurship in the high-tech sector in the post-2000 period.
The Penn State study found that an increase of one standard deviation in student debt uses results in a decrease of 70 new small businesses per county, a decline of approximately 14.4%. While student debt is used to fund increases in human capital (education), the utilization of student debt reduces an individual's ability to access other forms of credit. As a result, the study's findings suggest a debt trade-off in which larger amounts of student debt lower an individual's ability to start a new business. Penn State's study found that an increase of one standard deviation in student debt uses results in a decrease of 70 new small businesses per county, a decline of approximately 14.4%. [http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=250070119116011113124099103112018099029051017051045044067089002120116105111114122091055102119102108111124001067027106101088127010005061051067105078103112127022029065052114071094113003125125064112116102099068082028078069030125114010072077114106025&EXT=pdf]
Business Dynamism in High Tech (view source)
Revision as of 17:11, 24 February 2016
, 17:11, 24 February 2016no edit summary
==Article==
===IntroIntroduction===
The American perception of entrepreneurship and innovation is an overwhelmingly positive one; Americans believe not only that there are good opportunities for starting a business, but also that they have the capabilities to start one themselves. [http://www.forbes.com/sites/elainepofeldt/2013/05/27/u-s-entrepreneurship-hits-record-high/#7144d97d73aa] The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor U.S. Report found that 43% of Americans believe there are good opportunities for entrepreneurship, and that 56% of American adults believe they have the capability to start a business. [http://www.babson.edu/news-events/babson-news/PublishingImages/babson-gem-info-graphic-692.png] But recent trends in business birth and death rates tell a more sinister story. Many studies report sustained declines in entrepreneurship and business dynamism across the U.S. economy. [http://www.kauffman.org/~/media/kauffman_org/research%20reports%20and%20covers/2014/02/declining_business_dynamism_in_us_high_tech_sector.pdf%20Kauffman] Though many Americans view the high-tech sector as the pinnacle of entrepreneurship and innovation [http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/05/06/snowden-effect-americans-still-like-tech-industry-but-not-telecom/], the Kauffman Foundation found the declines in business dynamism that occurred broadly across the U.S. economy over the past two decades also occurred in the high-tech sector in the post-2000 period (high-tech sector being defined as the group of industries with very high shares of workers in the STEM occupations of science, technology, engineering, and math). [http://www.kauffman.org/~/media/kauffman_org/research%20reports%20and%20covers/2014/02/declining_business_dynamism_in_us_high_tech_sector.pdf%20Kauffman] This article aims to ask what happened in the American economy to cause the decline of business dynamism in high technology sectors, and the impacts of this slowdown on economic growth.
===Decline, causes Cause of decline===
During the period of aggregate productivity and job growth in the 1990s, the high tech sector and newly listed public companies exhibited increases in indicators in dynamism and entrepreneurship. However, since 2000, the high tech sector and publicly traded firms have exhibited a decline in dynamism. The number of IPOs has fallen in the post-2000 period and those that have entered have not exhibited the same rapid growth as earlier cohorts. [http://econweb.umd.edu/~haltiwan/Haltiwanger_Kauffman_Conference_August_1_2015.pdf]
===Impacts===
===Conclusion===
Millennials and recent college graduates comprise a large majority of those with interest in the high technology workforce. Because their access to capital is limited both institutionally and due to high levels of student debt, many of these workforce participants are either unable or unwilling to take on more debt to start their own businesses. This has resulted in a decline in business dynamism in high technology fields to the tune of a decrease of 70 small businesses per increase in standard deviation in student debt. It seems as though increasing access to capital through easily accessible bank loans or implementing policy aimed towards lowering student debt would help to reverse the trend.
