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{{Article
|Has page=Spence (1984) - Cost Reduction Competition And Industry Performance
|Has bibtex key=
|Has article title=Cost Reduction Competition And Industry Performance
|Has author=Spence
|Has year=1984
|In journal=
|In volume=
|In number=
|Has pages=
|Has publisher=
}}
*This page is referenced in [[PHDBA602 (Innovation Models)]]
Which is the '''total benefits from R&D''' as a function of a single parameter <math>v\;</math>, such that the '''marginal benefits from R&D''' are:
:<math>R'(v) = 1-s\;</math>

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