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Mowery Ziedonis (2001) - How Has The Bayh Dole Act Affected Us University Patenting And Licensing (view source)
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*This page is referenced in [[BPP Field Exam Papers]]
**Key players include the Department of Defense, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) (now the HHS, which includes the NIH)
*1970's to 2000: Federal funding declines, private funding increases again. By 1997, federal funding is at 59% and private at 7%.
In the post war period, many federal agencies allowed patenting of funded research under Institutional Patent Agreements (IPAs), which were negotiated by individual univerities. Tensions in these agreements, over exclusivity, intensified in the late 1970s, when the HEW wanted to limit exclusive licensing.
'''AUTM ''' is the Association of University Technology Managers
**Issued percentage of patents shrank - suggest decline in quality
**Share of licenses yeilding positive royalties shrank dramatically
**Though any patent with a marginal positive benefit greater than its cost of issue (assuming research costs are sunk) should be applied for.
*Patents from UC, Stanford and Columbia more frequently cited that non-academic - implying higher quality
*UC and Stanford's patents appear to have increased in importance post 1980 (as measured by citations)
