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{{AcademicPaperProject|TitleHas project output=Content|Has sponsor=McNair Center|Has title=Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Literature Review and Citations|Has authorowner=Ramee Saleh|Has paper start date=Spring 2017|Has keywords=entrepreneurship, economic growth, innovation|Has project status=In developmentComplete

@article{baumol_entrepreneurship_2007, title = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth}, volume = {1}, issn = {1932-443X}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.rice.edu/doi/10.1002/sej.26/abstract}, doi = {10.1002/sej.26}, abstract = {Entrepreneurs who focus on innovation in their products, their production techniques, and their markets play a key role in economic growth. The direction of their activity is guided by their goals: wealth, power, and prestige. Current institutions, shaped by history and government are critical in determining where entrepreneurs will find it most promising to direct their efforts, sometimes, but not always, benefiting the general welfare. One goal of good policy, therefore, is redesign of institutions so as to attract entrepreneurial activity to beneficial directions. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.}, language = {en}, number = {3-4}, urldate = {2017-02-17}, journal = {Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal}, author = {Baumol, William J. and Strom, Robert J.}, month = dec, year = {2007}, keywords = {Economic Growth, economic growth, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, institutions, invention dissemination}, pages = {233--237}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZEKWBRS2/Baumol and Strom - 2007 - Entrepreneurship and economic growth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7CKVMQBP/abstract.html:text/html} by Bert Hoselitz

url = {https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/18/6/1193/795488/Knowledge-creation-entrepreneurship-and-economic}, doi = {10.1093/icc/dtp043}, number = {6}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal = {Industrial and Corporate Change}, author = {Carlsson, Bo and Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B. and Braunerhjelm, Pontus}, month = dec, year = {2009}, pages = {1193--1229}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4R6CR8KM/Carlsson et al. - 2009 - Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SISZH7TN/Carlsson et al. - 2009 - Knowledge creation, entrepreneurship, and economic.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data by Poh kam Wong, Yuen Ping Ho, and Erkko Autio @article{wong_entrepreneurship_2005, title = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation} and {Economic} {Growth}: {Evidence} from {GEM} data}, volume = {24}, issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation} and {Economic} {Growth}}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-005-2000-1}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-005-2000-1}, abstract = {Studies on the impact of technological innovation on growth have been largely mute on the role of␣new firm formation. Using cross-sectional data on the 37 countries participating in GEM 2002, this paper uses an augmented Cobb–Douglas production to explore firm formation and technological innovation as separate determinants of growth. One area of interest is the contrast between different types of entrepreneurial activities as measured using GEM Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rates – high growth potential TEA, necessity TEA, opportunity TEA and overall TEA. Of the four types of entrepreneurship, only high growth potential entrepreneurship is found to have a significant impact on economic growth. This finding is consistent with extant findings in the literature that it is fast growing new firms, not new firms in general, that accounted for most of the new job creation by small and medium enterprises in advanced countries.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal = {Small Business Economics}, author = {Wong, Poh Kam and Ho, Yuen Ping and Autio, Erkko}, month = apr, year = {2005}, pages = {335--350}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/2NDFWSU6/Wong et al. - 2005 - Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth .html:text/html}}

International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship by Martin Carree and Roy Thurik @incollection{carree_impact_2010-1, series = {International {Handbook} {Series} on {Entrepreneurship}}, title = {The {Impact} of {Entrepreneurship} on {Economic} {Growth}}, copyright = {©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC}, isbn = {978-1-4419-1190-2 978-1-4419-1191-9}, url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_20}, abstract = {The present chapter deals with the consequences of entrepreneurship for macro-economic growth. It consists of eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The influence of economic development on entrepreneurship; (3) Types of entrepreneurship and their relation to economic growth; (4) The effects of the choice between entrepreneurship and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship in endogenous growth models; (6) Strands of empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; and (8) Conclusion.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Entrepreneurship} {Research}}, publisher = {Springer New York}, author = {Carree, Martin A. and Thurik, A. Roy}, editor = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B.}, year = {2010}, note = {DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9\_20}, keywords = {Economic Growth, Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship}, pages = {557--594}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MHQV2FE3/Carree et al. - 2010 - The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth.html:text/html}}

The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped? by Sander Wennekers, Andre van Stel, Martin Carree, and Roy Thurik @article{wennekers_relationship_2010, title = {The {Relationship} between {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Development}: {Is} {It} {U}-{Shaped}?}, volume = {6}, issn = {1551-3114, 1551-3122}, shorttitle = {The {Relationship} between {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Development}}, url = {http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/ENT-023}, doi = {10.1561/0300000023}, abstract = {The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is It U-Shaped?}, language = {English}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship}, author = {Wennekers, Sander and Stel, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, Roy}, month = jul, year = {2010}, pages = {167--237}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/WF65SNQE/Wennekers et al. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BKKD9QHN/Wennekers et al. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ.html:text/html}}

Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy by David Audretsch @incollection{audretsch_knowledge_2005, series = {Research on {Technological} {Innovation}, {Management} and {Policy}}, title = {The {Knowledge} {Spillover} {Theory} of {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {9}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7}, number = {9}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, booktitle = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurial} {Economics}}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, author = {Audretsch, David B.}, month = jan, year = {2005}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7 DOI: 10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7}, pages = {37--54}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/VKFHNSNM/Audretsch - 2005 - The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: The Problem Revisited by Nathaniel Leff @article{leff_entrepreneurship_1979, title = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Development}: {The} {Problem} {Revisited}}, volume = {17}, issn = {0022-0515}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Development}}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2723640}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Economic Literature}, author = {Leff, Nathaniel H.}, year = {1979}, pages = {46--64} The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth by Andre van Stel, Martin Carree, and Roy Thurik @article{stel_effect_2005, title = {The {Effect} of {Entrepreneurial} {Activity} on {National} {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {24}, issn = {0921-898X, 1573-0913}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-005-1996-6}, abstract = {Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition. This paper investigates whether total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) influences GDP growth for a sample of 36 countries. We test whether this influence depends on the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. Adjustment is made for a range of alternative explanations for achieving economic growth by incorporating the Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI). We find that entrepreneurial activity by nascent entrepreneurs and owner/managers of young businesses affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Small Business Economics}, author = {Stel, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, Roy}, month = apr, year = {2005}, pages = {311--321}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/FT24NI8Q/Stel et al. - 2005 - The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National.html:text/html} Innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth by Miguel-Angel Galindo, Maria-Teresa Mendez-Picazo @article{galindo_innovation_2013, title = {Innovation, entrepreneurship and economic growth}, volume = {51}, issn = {0025-1747}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/00251741311309625}, doi = {10.1108/00251741311309625}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Management Decision}, author = {Galindo, Miguel‐Ángel and Méndez‐Picazo, María‐Teresa}, month = mar, year = {2013}, pages = {501--514} Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth by David Audretsch @article{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2007, title = {Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth}, volume = {23}, issn = {0266-903X}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article-abstract/23/1/63/510594/Entrepreneurship-capital-and-economic-growth}, doi = {10.1093/oxrep/grm001}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy}, author = {Audretsch, David B.}, month = mar, year = {2007}, pages = {63--78}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7MHRJA7D/Audretsch - 2007 - Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth.html:text/html} Innovation and economic growth by G. Cameron @misc{cameron_innovation_1996, type = {Monograph}, title = {Innovation and economic growth}, url = {http://cep.lse.ac.uk}, abstract = {This paper surveys the empirical evidence on the link between innovation and economic growth. It considers a number of different measures of innovation, such as R\&D spending, patenting, and innovation counts, as well as the pervasive effect of technological spillovers between firms, industries, and countries. There are three main conclusions. The first is that innovation makes a significant contribution to growth. The second is there are significant spillovers between countries, firms and industries, and to a lesser extent from government-funded research. Third, that these spillovers tend to be localized, wit foreign economies gaining significantly less from domestic innovation than other domestic firms. This suggests that although technological ''catch-up'' may act to equalize productivity across countries, the process is likely to be slow and uncertain, and require substantial domestic innovation effort.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, author = {Cameron, G.}, month = feb, year = {1996}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZDX7XF2X/Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/GMK4JNQK/Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.html:text/html} Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Culture: The Interaction Between Technology, Progress and Economic Growth by Terrence Brown and J. M. Ulijn @book{brown_innovation_2004, title = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}: {The} {Interaction} {Between} {Technology}, {Progress} and {Economic} {Growth}}, isbn = {978-1-84542-055-0}, shorttitle = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}}, abstract = {The purpose of this book is to examine the nature of organizational innovation and change by looking at the complex interplay between entrepreneurship, innovation and culture.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, author = {Brown, Terrence E. and Ulijn, J. M.}, month = jan, year = {2004}, note = {Google-Books-ID: nLvjQkBajocC}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / General} Continental, national and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth by Chris Freeman @article{freeman_continental_2002, series = {Innovation {Systems}}, title = {Continental, national and sub-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growth}, volume = {31}, issn = {0048-7333}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733301001366}, doi = {10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00136-6}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevance of innovation systems to economic growth rates over the last two centuries. The focus is on complementarity (or lack of it) between sub-systems of society and on models of active learning in catching up economies. The paper discusses variations in rates of growth of economic regions and the extent to which variations may be attributed to “innovation systems”. The analysis is applied to Britain in the 18th century, the United States in the second half of the 19th century and the innovation systems of catching up countries in the 20th century.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2017-02-27}, journal = {Research Policy}, author = {Freeman, Chris}, month = feb, year = {2002}, keywords = {Economic growth, Economic history, Innovation system, Institutional change}, pages = {191--211}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KXFNJ3PU/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7M7E3EH3/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .html:text/html} Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: The case of the University of Calgary James Chrisman, Timothy Hynes, and Shelby Fraser @article{chrisman_faculty_1995, title = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: {The} case of the {University} of {Calgary}}, volume = {10}, issn = {0883-9026}, shorttitle = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088390269500015Z}, doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(95)00015-Z}, abstract = {The common perception of universities as merely institutions of higher learning is giving way to one where universities are viewed as engines of economic growth and development. This study documents the entrepreneurial activities of the faculty of the University of Calgary, as well as the impact the University has had and the impact its recent budgetary problems might have on such activities. Results indicate that nearly 100 new ventures with at least one full-time employee were started by faculty or were started as a consequence of significant faculty inputs. These ventures, in turn, have generated at least 723 new jobs in Alberta. Furthermore, our projections suggest that faculty entrepreneurs will create approximately 14 ventures per year in the near future. Implications for the role universities and governments should play to encourage faculty entrepreneurship are discussed.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing}, author = {Chrisman, James J. and Hynes, Timothy and Fraser, Shelby}, month = jul, year = {1995}, pages = {267--281}, file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8GNRIU7Q/Chrisman et al. - 1995 - Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development.html:text/html} Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth by Sampsa Samila and Olav Sorenson @article{samila_venture_2010, title = {Venture {Capital}, {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {Growth}}, volume = {93}, issn = {0034-6535}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00066}, doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00066}, abstract = {Using a panel of U.S. metropolitan areas, we find that increases in the supply of venture capital positively affect firm starts, employment, and aggregate income. Our results remain robust to a variety of specifications, including ones that address endogeneity. The estimated magnitudes imply that venture capital stimulates the creation of more firms than it funds, which appears consistent with two mechanisms: First, would-be entrepreneurs anticipating financing needs more likely start firms when the supply of capital expands. Second, funded companies may transfer know-how to their employees, thereby enabling spin-offs, and may encourage others to become entrepreneurs through demonstration effects.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics}, author = {Samila, Sampsa and Sorenson, Olav}, month = jul, year = {2010}, pages = {338--349}, file = {Review of Economics and Statistics Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SQUNPGVA/Samila and Sorenson - 2010 - Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Gr.pdf:application/pdf;Review of Economics and Statistics Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MC8SR7FG/Samila and Sorenson - 2010 - Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Gr.html:text/html} Special Section Knowledge Dynamics out of Balance: Knowledge Biased, Skewed and Unmatched by David Audretsch and Max Keilbach @article{audretsch_resolving_2008, series = {Special {Section} {Knowledge} {Dynamics} out of {Balance}: {Knowledge} {Biased}, {Skewed} and {Unmatched}}, title = {Resolving the knowledge paradox: {Knowledge}-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth}, volume = {37}, issn = {0048-7333}, shorttitle = {Resolving the knowledge paradox}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733308001881}, doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2008.08.008}, abstract = {The knowledge paradox suggests that high levels of investment in new knowledge do not necessarily and automatically generate the anticipated levels of competitiveness of growth. In particular, knowledge investments do not automatically translate into balanced growth and competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to explain why knowledge investments are inherently unbalanced, so that the competitiveness and growth ensuing from knowledge are not equally spread across individuals, firms, and spatial units of observation, such as regions and countries. Based on a data set linking entrepreneurial activity to growth within the context of German regions, this paper shows that entrepreneurship serves a conduit of knowledge spillovers.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal = {Research Policy}, author = {Audretsch, David B. and Keilbach, Max}, month = dec, year = {2008}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Growth, Innovation, Knowledge}, pages = {1697--1705}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/TADZBQ3M/Audretsch and Keilbach - 2008 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillov.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9ZDNQCVF/Audretsch and Keilbach - 2008 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillov.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship and economic growth: an empirical analysis by Hector Salgado-Banda @article{stel_effect_2005salgado-banda_entrepreneurship_2007, title = {The {Effect} of {Entrepreneurial} {Activity} on {National} {Economic} {Growth}Entrepreneurship and economic growth: an empirical analysis}, volume = {2412}, issn = {09211084-898X9467}, 1573-0913 shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth}, url = {httpshttp://linkwww.springerworldscientific.com/articledoi/abs/10.10071142/s11187-005-1996-6S1084946707000538}, doi = {10.10071142/s11187-005-1996-6S1084946707000538}, abstract = {Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of This study examines the organization impact of industries most conducive entrepreneurship on economic growth by using a new variable based on patent data to innovative activity and unrestrained competition. This paper investigates whether total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) influences GDP growth proxy for a sample of 36 countriesproductive entrepreneurship. We test whether this influence depends Data on the level of economic development measured self-employment is used as GDP per capitaan alternative proxy. Adjustment is made for The study considers 22 OECD countries and finds a range positive relationship between the proposed measure of alternative explanations for achieving productive entrepreneurship — degree of innovativeness of different nations — and economic growth by incorporating , while the Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI). We find that entrepreneurial activity by nascent entrepreneurs and owner/managers of young businesses affects alternative measure, based on self-employment, appears to be negatively correlated with economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages A battery of economic developmenteconometric specifications and techniques backs the findings.}, language = {en}, number = {301}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Small Business EconomicsJournal of Developmental Entrepreneurship}, author = {StelSalgado-Banda, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, RoyHéctor}, month = aprmar, year = {20052007}, pages = {3113--32129}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/FT24NI8QZGS7GAFF/Stel et al. Salgado-Banda - 2005 2007 - The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on NationalEntrepreneurship and economic growth an empirical.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Policy by Zoltan Acs and Laszlo Szerb @article{galindo_innovation_2013acs_entrepreneurship_2007, title = {InnovationEntrepreneurship, entrepreneurship {Economic} {Growth} and economic growth{Public} {Policy}}, volume = {5128}, issn = {00250921-898X, 1573-17470913}, url = {httphttps://wwwlink.emeraldinsightspringer.com/doi/absarticle/10.11081007/00251741311309625s11187-006-9012-3}, doi = {10.11081007/00251741311309625s11187-006-9012-3}, abstract = {This paper is an introduction to the second Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference. The conference focused on developing a better understanding of the relationships among entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy, and variations according to the stage of economic development. The papers in this special issue conduct analysis with GEM micro-and-macro data, and offer several important policy recommendations. First, middle-income countries should focus on increasing human capital, upgrading technology availability and promoting enterprise development. It is important to start enterprise development policies early because the main drivers are perceptual variables that are difficult to change in the short run. Second, for developed economies, reducing entry regulations, in most cases, will not result in more high-potential startups. Both labor market reform and deregulation of financial markets may be needed to support growth of high-performance ventures.}, language = {en}, number = {2-3}, urldate = {2017-02-2423}, journal = {Management DecisionSmall Business Economics}, author = {GalindoAcs, Miguel‐Ángel Zoltan J. and Méndez‐PicazoSzerb, María‐TeresaLaszlo}, month = mar, year = {20132007}, pages = {501109--514122}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZZK72585/Acs and Szerb - 2007 - Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Polic.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship Causes Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for Western European Countries and the United States by Miltiades Georgiou @articletechreport{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2007georgiou_entrepreneurship_2009, title address = {Entrepreneurship capital and economic growthRochester, NY}, volume type = {23{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, issn title = {0266Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}: {An} {Empirical} {Analysis} for {Western} {European} {Countries} and the {United} {States} 1990-903X2004}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}}, url = {https://academicpapers.oupssrn.com/oxrep/article-abstract/23/1/63/510594/Entrepreneurship-capital-and-economic-growth=1478903}, doi abstract = {10.1093/oxrep/grm001In this paper a distinction will be made between manager and owner and it will be attempted to estimate numerically the country’s total economy’s entrepreneuri}, number = {1ID 1478903}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal institution = {Oxford Review of Economic PolicySocial Science Research Network}, author = {AudretschGeorgiou, David BMiltiades N.}, month = marsep, year = {20072009}, pages keywords = {63--78corporate governance, economic growth, entrepreneurship}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7MHRJA7DNKT9D7FX/Audretsch Georgiou - 2007 2009 - Entrepreneurship capital and economic growthCauses Economic Growth An Empiri.html:text/html}}

The Economics of Science and Technology: An Overview of Initiatives to Foster Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth by M. P. Feldman, Albert Link, and Donald Siegel @miscbook{cameron_innovation_1996feldman_economics_2012, type title = {MonographThe {Economics} of {Science} and {Technology}: {An} {Overview} of {Initiatives} to {Foster} {Innovation}, {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {Growth}}, title isbn = {Innovation and economic growth978-1-4615-0981-3}, url shorttitle = {http://cep.lse.ac.ukThe {Economics} of {Science} and {Technology}}, abstract = {This paper surveys the empirical evidence on the link between innovation Science and technology have long been regarded as important determinants of economic growth. It considers Edwin Mansfield (1971, pp. 1- 2), a number pioneer in the economics of different measures of innovationtechnological change, noted: Technological change is an important, such as R\&D spendingif not the most important, patentingfactor responsible for economic growth . . . without question, [it] is one of the most important determinants of the shape and evolution of the American economy. Science and innovation countstechnology are even more important in the "new economy, as well as " with its greater emphasis on the pervasive effect role of technological spillovers between firmsintellectual property and knowledge transfer. Therefore, industriesit is unfortunate that most individuals rarely have the opportunity to explore the economic implications of science and technology. As a result, the antecedents and countries. There consequences of technological change are three main conclusionspoorly understood by many in the general public. The first This lack of understanding is that innovation makes reflected in a significant contribution to growthrecent survey conducted by the National Science Board (2000), summarized in Science \& Engineering Indicators. ' As shown in Table 1. The second is there are significant spillovers between countries1, firms and industriesthe findings of the survey indicated that many Americans, and to despite a lesser extent from governmenthigh level of interests in such matters, are not as well-funded researchinformed about technological issues as they are about other policy issues. ThirdAs shown in the table, that these spillovers tend to be localizedindividuals self assess, wit foreign economies gaining significantly less based on a scale from domestic innovation than other domestic firms. This suggests that although technological ''catch-up'' may act 1 to equalize productivity across countries100, the process is likely to be slow their interest in science and uncertaintechnology policy issues as being relatively high, and require substantial domestic innovation effortyet they self assess their knowledge or informedness about these issues relatively lower.}, language = {en}, urldate publisher = {2017-02-24Springer Science \& Business Media}, author = {CameronFeldman, M. P. and Link, GAlbert N.and Siegel, Donald}, month = febdec, year = {19962012}, file note = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZDX7XF2X/Cameron Google- 1996 Books- Innovation and economic growth.pdfID:applicationwca9BwAAQBAJ}, keywords = {Business \& Economics /pdf;Snapshot:Development /UsersEconomic Development, Business \& Economics /tonimasalehGeneral, Business \& Economics /LibraryManagement Science, Business \& Economics /Application SupportProduction \& Operations Management, Business \& Economics /Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/GMK4JNQKResearch \& Development, Political Science /Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.html:textPublic Policy /html}Economic Policy}

Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy by David Audretsch @bookincollection{hart_emergence_2003audretsch_knowledge_2005-1, title series = {The Research on {Technological} {EmergenceInnovation} of , {EntrepreneurshipManagement} and {Policy}: {Governance}, title = {The {StartKnowledge}-{UpsSpillover}, and {GrowthTheory} in the of {UEntrepreneurship}.and {SEconomic}. {KnowledgeGrowth}} , volume = {Economy}9}, isbn url = {978http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0737-11071(05)09003-139-44078-37}, shorttitle number = {The {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurship} {Policy}9}, abstract urldate = {This volume seeks to catalyze the emergence of a novel field of policy studies: entrepreneurship policy. Practical experience and academic research both point to the central role of entrepreneurs in the process of economic growth and to the importance of public policy in creating the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributors, who hail from the disciplines of economics, geography, history, law, management, and political science, seek to crystallize key findings and to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy2017-makers and researchers in this area. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations of policies that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under02-represented communities; detailed analyses of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementation.24}, language booktitle = {enThe {Emergence} of {Entrepreneurial} {Economics}}, publisher = {Cambridge University PressEmerald Group Publishing Limited}, author = {HartAudretsch, David MB.}, month = octjan, year = {20032005}, note = {GoogleDOI: 10.1016/S0737-Books1071(05)09003-ID7 DOI: 2fo6eEp42J4C10.1016/S0737-1071(05)09003-7}, keywords pages = {Business \& Economics 37--54}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/ Economics Application Support/ General, Business \& Economics Zotero/ General, Business \& Economics Profiles/ Industrial Management, Political Science ujmvea1t.default/ General, Political Science zotero/ Public Policy storage/ Economic Policy, Social Science 8XPFGHW6/ Sociology Audretsch - 2005 - The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship.html:text/ General}html}

Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Andre van Stel @book{brown_innovation_2004stel_empirical_2006, title = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and Empirical {CultureAnalysis}: of {The} {Interaction} {Between} {Technology}, {ProgressEntrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Growth}}, isbn = {978-10-84542387-05529419-03}, shorttitle abstract = {InnovationThe importance of entrepreneurship for achieving economic growth in contemporary economies is widely recognized, {Entrepreneurship} both by policy makers and economists. It is deeply embedded in the current European policy approach that the creativity and {Culture}}independence of entrepreneurs contribute to higher levels of economic activity. Indeed, according to the European Commission (2003, p. 9), abstract = {"The purpose challenge for the European Union is to identify the key factors for building a climate in which entrepreneurial initiative and business activities can thrive. Policy measures should seek to boost the Union's levels of this book is entrepreneurship, adopting the most appropriate approach for producing more entrepreneurs and for getting more firms to examine grow. " Audretsch (2003, p. 5) states that "Entrepreneurship has become the nature engine of organizational innovation economic and change by looking at social development throughout the complex interplay world. " The relation between entrepreneurshipand economic growth is embedded in several strands of the economic literature. A first strand of literature involves the general understanding of the role of entrepreneurship in the modern economy. Seminal contributions were made by Schumpeter (1934), innovation Knight (1921) and cultureKirzner (1973). These economists stress different aspects of the role of the entrepreneur. While Schumpeter stresses the innovating aspect, Knight stresses the risk assuming aspect. Kirzner, finally, stresses the role of the entrepreneur in leading markets to equilibrium. Acs (1992) discusses the contribution of small firms in modern economies.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Edward Elgar PublishingSpringer Science \& Business Media}, author = {Brown, Terrence E. and UlijnStel, J. M.André van}, month = janjun, year = {20042006}, note = {Google-Books-ID: nLvjQkBajocCVUOHlzSuqk0C}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General}}

Harnessing University Entrepreneurship for Economic Growth: Factors of Success Among University Spin-of by Christopher Hayter @article{freeman_continental_2002hayter_harnessing_2013, series title = {Innovation Harnessing {University} {Entrepreneurship} for {Economic} {Growth}: {Factors} of {Success} {SystemsAmong}{University}, title = {Continental, national and subSpin}-national innovation systems—complementarity and economic growthoffs}, volume = {3127}, issn = {00480891-73332424}, shorttitle = {Harnessing {University} {Entrepreneurship} for {Economic} {Growth}}, url = {http://wwwjournals.sciencedirectsagepub.com/sciencedoi/articleabs/pii10.1177/S00487333010013660891242412471845}, doi = {10.10161177/S0048-7333(01)00136-60891242412471845}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to discuss University spin-offs are an important vehicle for knowledge dissemination and have the relevance of innovation systems potential to generate jobs and economic growth rates over the last two centuries. The focus is Despite their importance, little research exists on complementarity (spin-off performance or lack impact, especially from the perspective of it) academic entrepreneurs. Using logit regression, this article makes a scholarly contribution by testing the relationship between subspin-systems of society off success—defined here as technology commercialization—and multiple factors derived from the extant literature. Several significant variables are found to enable commercialization success within the sample, including venture capital, multiple and on models of active learning in catching up economiesexternal licenses, outside management, joint ventures with other companies, previous faculty consulting experience, and—surprisingly—a negative relationship to post-spin-off services provided by universities. The paper discusses variations in rates of growth of economic regions results have important implications for public policy and the extent management, supporting an overall “open innovation” approach to which variations may be attributed to “innovation systems”spin-off success. The analysis is applied to Britain in the 18th century}, the United States in the second half of the 19th century and the innovation systems of catching up countries in the 20th century. language = {en}, number = {21}, urldate = {2017-02-2724}, journal = {Research PolicyEconomic Development Quarterly}, author = {FreemanHayter, ChrisChristopher S.}, month = feb, year = {2002}, keywords = {Economic growth, Economic history, Innovation system, Institutional change2013}, pages = {191--211}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KXFNJ3PU/Freeman - 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7M7E3EH3/Freeman 18- 2002 - Continental, national and sub-national innovation .html:text/html}28}

Entrepreneurship, Geography, and American Economic Growth by Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington @articlebook{chrisman_faculty_1995acs_entrepreneurship_2006, title = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: Entrepreneurship, {The} case of the {University} of {Calgary}Geography}, volume = and {10American}, issn = {0883-9026Economic}, shorttitle = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic developmentGrowth}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088390269500015Z}, doi isbn = {10.1016/0883978-1-139-9026(95)0001545663-Z0}, abstract = {The common perception of universities as merely institutions of higher learning is giving way to one where universities are viewed as engines spillovers in knowledge among largely college-educated workers were among the key reasons for the impressive degree of economic growth and development. This study documents the entrepreneurial activities spread of entrepreneurship in the faculty of United States during the University of Calgary, as well as 1990s. Prior 'industrial policies' in the impact the University has had 1970s and the impact its recent budgetary problems might have 1980s did not advance growth because these were based on such activitiesoutmoded large manufacturing models. Results indicate that nearly 100 new ventures with at least one full-time employee were started by faculty or were started as Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington use a consequence knowledge spillover theory of significant faculty inputs. These ventures, in turn, have generated at least 723 entrepreneurship to explain new jobs firm formation rates in Albertaregional economies during the 1990s period and beyond. Furthermore, our projections suggest The fastest-growing regions are those that faculty entrepreneurs will create approximately 14 ventures per year in have the near futurehighest rates of new firm formation, and which are not dominated by large businesses. Implications The authors of this text also find support for the role universities thesis that knowledge spillovers move across industries and governments should play are not confined within a single industry. As a result, they suggest, regional policies to encourage faculty and sustain growth should focus on entrepreneurship are discussedamong other factors.}, number language = {4en}, urldate publisher = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Business VenturingCambridge University Press}, author = {ChrismanAcs, James Zoltan J. and Hynes, Timothy and FraserArmington, ShelbyCatherine}, month = juljun, year = {19952006}, pages keywords = {267--281}, file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:Business \& Economics /UsersDevelopment /tonimasalehEconomic Development, Business \& Economics /LibraryEconomics /Application SupportGeneral, Business \& Economics /ZoteroEconomics /Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/8GNRIU7QTheory, Political Science /Chrisman et al. - 1995 - Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development.html:textPublic Policy /html}Economic Policy}

RandD, innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis by Hulya Ulku @articlebook{samila_venture_2010ulku_randd_2004, title = {Venture {CapitalRandD}, {Entrepreneurship}innovation, and {Economic} {Growth}: {An} {Empirical}, volume = {93Analysis}}, issn isbn = {0034978-1-4519-0480-65352}, url shorttitle = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00066{RandD}, doi = innovation, and {Economic} {10.1162/REST_a_00066Growth}}, abstract = {Using a panel This paper investigates the main postulations of U.S. metropolitan areasthe R\&D based growth models that innovation is created in the R\&D sectors and it enables sustainable economic growth, we find provided that increases there are constant returns to innovation in the supply terms of venture capital positively affect firm starts, employment, R\&D. The analysis employs various panel data techniques and uses patent and R\&D data for 20 OECD and aggregate income10 Non-OECD countries for the period 1981–97. Our The results remain robust to suggest a variety of specificationspositive relationship between per capita GDP and innovation in both OECD and non-OECD countries, including ones that address endogeneity. The estimated magnitudes imply that venture capital stimulates while the creation effect of more firms than it funds, which appears consistent R\&D stock on innovation is significant only in the OECD countries with two mechanisms: Firstlarge markets. Although these results provide support for endogenous growth models, would-be entrepreneurs anticipating financing needs more likely start firms when the supply there is no evidence for constant returns to innovation in terms of capital expands. SecondR\&D, funded companies may transfer know-how implying that innovation does not lead to their employeespermanent increases in economic growth. However, thereby enabling spin-offsthese results do not necessarily suggest a rejection of R\&D based growth models, given that neither patent nor R\&D data capture the full range of innovation and may encourage others to become entrepreneurs through demonstration effectsR\&D activities.}, number = {1}, urldate language = {2017-02-23en}, journal publisher = {Review of Economics and StatisticsInternational Monetary Fund}, author = {SamilaUlku, Sampsa and Sorenson, OlavHulya}, month = julsep, year = {20102004}, pages note = {338Google-Books-349ID: hfY8XHg8HCYC}, file keywords = {Review of Business \& Economics and Statistics Full Text PDF:/UsersEconomics /tonimasalehGeneral, Business \& Economics /LibraryEconomics /Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SQUNPGVA/Samila and Sorenson - 2010 - Venture CapitalMacroeconomics, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Gr.pdf:application/pdf;Review of Business \& Economics and Statistics Snapshot:/UsersInternational /tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/MC8SR7FG/Samila and Sorenson - 2010 - Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Gr.html:text/html}Economics}

Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Regional Differences in Economic Growth by Russell Sobel and Joshua Hall @article{audretsch_resolving_2008sobel_institutions_2008, series title = {Special Institutions, {SectionEntrepreneurship} , and {KnowledgeRegional} {DynamicsDifferences} out of in {BalanceEconomic}: {Knowledge} {Biased}, {Skewed} and {UnmatchedGrowth}}, title = {Resolving the knowledge paradox: {Knowledge}-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth}, volume = {37I}, issn = {00482164-73339685}, shorttitle = {Resolving the knowledge paradox}, url = {httphttps://www.sciencedirectceeol.com/sciencesearch/article/pii/S0048733308001881}, doi -detail?id= {10.1016/j.respol.2008.08.008152625}, abstract language = {The knowledge paradox suggests that high levels of investment in new knowledge do not necessarily and automatically generate the anticipated levels of competitiveness of growth. In particular, knowledge investments do not automatically translate into balanced growth and competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to explain why knowledge investments are inherently unbalanced, so that the competitiveness and growth ensuing from knowledge are not equally spread across individuals, firms, and spatial units of observation, such as regions and countries. Based on a data set linking entrepreneurial activity to growth within the context of German regions, this paper shows that entrepreneurship serves a conduit of knowledge spillovers.English}, number = {101}, urldate = {2017-02-2324}, journal = {Research PolicyAmerican Journal of Entrepreneurship}, author = {AudretschSobel, David BRussell S. and KeilbachHall, MaxJoshua C.}, month = dec, year = {2008}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Growth, Innovation, Knowledge}, pages = {169769--170596}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDFSnapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/TADZBQ3MCXW5A2UM/Audretsch Sobel and Keilbach Hall - 2008 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillov.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9ZDNQCVF/Audretsch Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Keilbach - 2008 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillovRegional Diffe.html:text/html}}

Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth} in Lagging Regions by Heather Stephens, Mark Partridge, and Alessandra Faggian @article{salgado-banda_entrepreneurship_2007stephens_innovation_2013, title = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship } and economic growth: an empirical analysis{Economic} {Growth} in {Lagging} {Regions}}, volume = {1253}, issn = {10841467-94679787}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and economic growth}, url = {http://wwwonlinelibrary.worldscientificwiley.com/doi/abs10.1111/10jors.114212019/S1084946707000538abstract}, doi = {10.11421111/S1084946707000538jors.12019}, abstract = {This study examines The paper investigates what are the impact of entrepreneurship on economic most important factors in fostering growth in rural, remote regions with historically low growth by using a new variable based rates. In particular, we focus on patent data the lagging Appalachian region and compare it to proxy for productive entrepreneurshipboth nearby counties and other similarly lagging U.S. counties. Data on Factors such as self-employment is used as an alternative proxy, human capital, creativity, university spillovers and high-technology clusters are considered. The study considers 22 OECD countries and finds a positive relationship between the proposed measure of productive Our results suggest that entrepreneurship — degree of innovativeness of different nations — and economic creativity factors are key to increasing growth, while in the alternative measureAppalachian region and in similar lagging regions nationally. However, there is little evidence that other knowledge-based on self-employment, appears factors are conducive to be negatively correlated with economic growthin these regions. A battery of econometric specifications and techniques backs the findings.}, language = {en}, number = {015}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Developmental EntrepreneurshipRegional Science}, author = {Salgado-BandaStephens, Heather M. and Partridge, Mark D. and Faggian, HéctorAlessandra}, month = mardec, year = {20072013}, pages = {3778--29812}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/T76GD2CE/Stephens et al. - 2013 - Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZGS7GAFFUK28EG9T/SalgadoStephens et al. -Banda - 2007 2013 - Innovation, Entrepreneurship and economic growth an empiricalEconomic Growth i.html:text/html}}

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development by Adam Szirmai, Wim Naude, and Micheline Goedhuys @articlebook{acs_entrepreneurship_2007szirmai_entrepreneurship_2011, title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {GrowthInnovation} , and {PublicEconomic} {PolicyDevelopment}}, volume isbn = {28}, issn = {0921978-898X, 15730-0913}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-00619-9012959651-35}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-006-9012-3}, abstract = {This paper is an introduction to Entrepreneurship and innovation are two of the second Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference. The conference focused on developing a better most pervasive concepts of our times, yet there are still gaps in our understanding of the relationships among interactions between entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policyinnovation, and variations according particularly in developing countries. This book is an attempt to fill this gap. It focuses on the stage of economic entrepreneurship-innovation-developmentnexus, drawing heavily on empirical evidence from developing countries. The papers in this special issue conduct analysis with GEM microCross-country and-macro dataindividual country experiences cover nations as diverse as Ethiopia, India, and offer several important policy recommendations. FirstTurkey, middle-income countries should focus on increasing human capitalVietnam, upgrading technology availability and promoting enterprise developmentalso examine lessons from advanced economies such as Finland. Three sets of questions are addressed. It What is important to start enterprise the impact of entrepreneurship and innovation on growth and development policies early because ? What determines the innovative performance of entrepreneurs in developing countries? What role does the main drivers are perceptual variables that are difficult to change institutional environment play in shaping the short run. Secondextent and impact of innovative activities? A key message is that entrepreneurial innovation, whether through small firms, for developed economieslarge national firms, reducing entry regulationsor multinational firms, is often vibrant in most casesdeveloping countries, will but does not result in more high-always realise its full potential startups. Both labor market reform This is due to institutional constraints, the absence of the appropriate mix of different types of small and large and domestic and foreign firms, and deregulation insufficiently developed firm capabilities. The contributions provide a better understanding of financial markets may be needed to the determinants and impacts of innovation in developing countries and the policies and institutions that support growth of high-performance venturesor hinder innovation.}, language = {en}, number publisher = {2-3OUP Oxford}, urldate author = {2017-02-23}Szirmai, journal = {Small Business Economics}Adam and Naudé, author = {Acs, Zoltan J. Wim and SzerbGoedhuys, LaszloMicheline}, month = marapr, year = {20072011}, pages note = {109Google-Books-122ID: ML8c8YPvTvsC}, file keywords = {Snapshot:Business \& Economics /UsersDevelopment /tonimasalehEconomic Development, Business \& Economics /LibraryEconomics /Application Support/ZoteroMicroeconomics, Business \& Economics /Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZZK72585/Acs and Szerb - 2007 - Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Polic.html:textBusiness \& Economics /html}General}

The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern @bookarticle{brown_innovation_2004-1gans_product_2003, title series = {Innovation, Special {EntrepreneurshipIssue} and on {CultureTechnology}: {TheEntrepreneurship} and {InteractionContact} {BetweenInformation} {Technologyfor corresponding authors}, title = {Progress} The product market and {Economicthe market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs} , volume = {Growth}32}, isbn issn = {9780048-1-84542-055-07333}, shorttitle = {InnovationThe product market and the market for “ideas”}, url = {Entrepreneurshiphttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302001038} and , doi = {Culture}10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00103-8}, abstract = {The purpose This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of this book these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is to examine translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the nature presence or absence of organizational innovation and change by looking at a “market for ideas”. By focusing on the complex interplay between entrepreneurshipoperating requirements, efficiency, innovation and cultureinstitutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.}, language number = {en2}, publisher urldate = {Edward Elgar Publishing2017-03-27}, journal = {Research Policy}, author = {BrownGans, Terrence EJoshua S. and UlijnStern, J. M.Scott}, month = janfeb, year = {20042003}, keywords = {Appropriability, Commercialization strategies, Ideas market, Product market, Technology entrepreneurs}, note pages = {Google333-Books-ID: nLvjQkBajocC350}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ Development ujmvea1t.default/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics zotero/storage/BVZBMHTS/Gans and Stern - 2003 - The product market and the market for “ideas” com.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BR8CUQAE/S0048733302001038.html:text/ General}html}

Clusters and entrepreneruship by Mercedes Delgado, Michael Porter, and Scott Stern @bookarticle{feldman_economics_2012delgado_clusters_2010, title = {The {Economics} of {Science} Clusters and {Technology}: {An} {Overview} of {Initiatives} to {Foster} {Innovationentrepreneurship}, volume = {Entrepreneurship10}, and issn = {Economic} {Growth}1468-2702}, isbn url = {978https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/10/4/495/913653/Clusters-1and-4615-0981-3entrepreneurship}, shorttitle doi = {The {Economics} of {Science} and {Technology}10.1093/jeg/lbq010}, abstract number = {Science and technology have long been regarded as important determinants of economic growth. Edwin Mansfield (1971, pp. 1- 2), a pioneer in the economics of technological change, noted: Technological change is an important, if not the most important, factor responsible for economic growth . . . without question, [it] is one of the most important determinants of the shape and evolution of the American economy. Science and technology are even more important in the "new economy," with its greater emphasis on the role of intellectual property and knowledge transfer. Therefore, it is unfortunate that most individuals rarely have the opportunity to explore the economic implications of science and technology. As a result, the antecedents and consequences of technological change are poorly understood by many in the general public. This lack of understanding is reflected in a recent survey conducted by the National Science Board (2000), summarized in Science \& Engineering Indicators. ' As shown in Table 1. 1, the findings of the survey indicated that many Americans, despite a high level of interests in such matters, are not as well-informed about technological issues as they are about other policy issues. As shown in the table, individuals self assess, based on a scale from 1 to 100, their interest in science and technology policy issues as being relatively high, yet they self assess their knowledge or informedness about these issues relatively lower.4}, language urldate = {en2017-03-27}, publisher journal = {Springer Science \& Business MediaJournal of Economic Geography}, author = {FeldmanDelgado, M. P. Mercedes and LinkPorter, Albert NMichael E. and SiegelStern, DonaldScott}, month = decjul, year = {20122010}, note pages = {Google495-Books-ID: wca9BwAAQBAJ518}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/9UJB7GDJ/Delgado et al. - 2010 - Clusters and entrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/ Development Zotero/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics Profiles/ General, Business \& Economics ujmvea1t.default/ Management Science, Business \& Economics zotero/ Production \& Operations Management, Business \& Economics storage/ Research \& Development, Political Science SPMPZECB/ Public Policy Clusters-and-entrepreneurship.html:text/ Economic Policy}html}

New Challenge to America's prosperity by Michael Porter and Scott Stern @book{stel_empirical_2006porter_new_1999, title = {Empirical new challenge to {Analysis} of {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {GrowthAmerica}'s prosperity}, isbn = {978-01-387889866-2941921-35}, abstract url = {The importance of entrepreneurship for achieving economic growth in contemporary economies is widely recognized, both by policy makers and economists. It is deeply embedded in the current European policy approach that the creativity and independence of entrepreneurs contribute to higher levels of economic activityhttp://agris. Indeed, according to the European Commission (2003, pfao. 9), "The challenge for the European Union is to identify the key factors for building a climate in which entrepreneurial initiative and business activities can thriveorg/agris-search/search. Policy measures should seek to boost the Union's levels of entrepreneurshipdo?recordID=US201300034528}, adopting the most appropriate approach for producing more entrepreneurs and for getting more firms to grow. " Audretsch (2003, p. 5) states that "Entrepreneurship has become the engine of economic and social development throughout the world. " The relation between entrepreneurship and economic growth is embedded in several strands of the economic literature. A first strand of literature involves the general understanding of the role of entrepreneurship in the modern economy. Seminal contributions were made by Schumpeter (1934), Knight (1921) and Kirzner (1973). These economists stress different aspects of the role of the entrepreneur. While Schumpeter stresses the innovating aspect, Knight stresses the risk assuming aspect. Kirzner, finally, stresses the role of the entrepreneur in leading markets to equilibrium. Acs (1992) discusses the contribution of small firms in modern economies. language = {English}, language urldate = {en2017-03-27}, publisher = {Springer Science \& Business MediaCouncil on Competitiveness}, author = {StelPorter, André vanMichael E. and 1947- and Stern, Scott and 1969-}, month = jun, year = {20061999}, note file = {Google-Books-IDSnapshot: VUOHlzSuqk0C}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics zotero/ Economics storage/ General, Business \& Economics WEKHN8V3/ Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics search.html:text/ General}html}

The Determinants of National Competitiveness by Mercedes Delgado, Christian Ketels, Michael Porter, and Scott Stern @booktechreport{acs_entrepreneurship_2006delgado_determinants_2012, title type = {Entrepreneurship, Working {GeographyPaper}}, and title = {The {AmericanDeterminants} of {EconomicNational} {GrowthCompetitiveness}}, isbn url = {978-1-139-45663-0http://www.nber.org/papers/w18249}, abstract = {The spillovers in knowledge among largely collegeWe define foundational competitiveness as the expected level of output per working-educated workers were among age individual that is supported by the key reasons for overall quality of a country as a place to do business. The focus on output per potential worker, a broader measure of national productivity than output per current worker, reflects the impressive degree dual role of economic growth workforce participation and spread of entrepreneurship output per worker in the United States during the 1990s. Prior determining a nation'industrial policies' in the 1970s and 1980s did not advance growth because these were based on outmoded large manufacturing modelss standard of living. Zoltan Acs Our framework highlights three broad and Catherine Armington use a knowledge spillover theory interrelated drivers of entrepreneurship to explain new firm formation rates in regional economies during foundational competitiveness: social infrastructure and political institutions, monetary and fiscal policy, and the microeconomic environment. We estimate this framework using multiple data sets covering more than 130 countries over the 1990s 2001-2008 period . We find a positive and beyondseparate influence of each driver on output per potential worker. The fastest-growing regions are those that have the highest rates of microeconomic environment has a positive effect on output per potential worker even after controlling for historical legacies. Using our framework we define a new firm formationconcept, global investment attractiveness, and which are not dominated by large businessesis the cost of factor inputs relative to a country's competitiveness. The authors This analysis reveals important insight into the economic trajectory of this text individual countries. Our framework also find support offers a novel methodology for the thesis that knowledge spillovers move across industries estimation of a theoretically grounded and are not confined within a single industryempirically validated measure of national competitiveness. As a result}, they suggest, regional policies to encourage and sustain growth should focus on entrepreneurship among other factors. number = {18249}, language urldate = {en2017-03-27}, publisher institution = {Cambridge University PressNational Bureau of Economic Research}, author = {AcsDelgado, Zoltan JMercedes and Ketels, Christian and Porter, Michael E. and ArmingtonStern, CatherineScott}, month = junjul, year = {20062012}, keywords note = {Business \& Economics DOI: 10.3386/ Development w18249}, file = {NBER Full Text PDF:/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ Economics ujmvea1t.default/ General, Business \& Economics zotero/ Economics storage/ Theory, Political Science HXSAFKCF/ Public Policy Delgado et al. - 2012 - The Determinants of National Competitiveness.pdf:application/ Economic Policy}pdf}

Innovation Policy and the Economy by Adam Jaffe, Josh Lerne, and Scott Sterne @articlebook{sobel_institutions_2008jaffe_innovation_2001, title = {Institutions, Innovation {EntrepreneurshipPolicy}, and the {Regional} {Differences} in {Economic} {GrowthEconomy}}, volume isbn = {I978-0-262-60041-5}, issn abstract = {2164-9685}This new annual series, sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research, url = {https://wwwwill provide a forum for research on the interactions between public policy and the innovation process.ceeolDiscussions will cover all types of policy that affect the ability of an economy to achieve scientific and technological progress or that affect the impact of science and technology on economic growth.com/search/article-detail?id=152625}, language = {English}, number = {1en}, urldate publisher = {2017-02-24MIT Press}, journal = {American Journal of Entrepreneurship}, author = {SobelJaffe, Russell SAdam B. and HallLerner, Joshua C.Josh and Stern, Scott}, year = {20082001}, pages note = {69Google-Books-96ID: Nc33ZS5nRa0C}, file keywords = {Snapshot:Business \& Economics /UsersDevelopment /tonimasalehEconomic Development, Business \& Economics /LibraryEconomics /Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.defaultGeneral, Technology \& Engineering /zotero/storage/CXW5A2UM/Sobel and Hall - 2008 - InstitutionsIndustrial Technology, Entrepreneurship, and Regional Diffe.html:textTechnology \& Engineering /html}Nanotechnology \& MEMS}

The Government as Venture Capitalist: The Long-Run Effects of the SBIR Program by Josh Lerner @booktechreport{szirmai_entrepreneurship_2011lerner_government_1996, type = {Working {Paper}}, title = {EntrepreneurshipThe {Government} as {Venture} {Capitalist}: {The} {Long}-{Run} {Effects} of the {SBIR} {Program}}, shorttitle = {The {InnovationGovernment}, and as {EconomicVenture} {DevelopmentCapitalist}}, isbn url = {978-0-19-959651-5http://www.nber.org/papers/w5753}, abstract = {Entrepreneurship and innovation are two of the most pervasive concepts of our timesPublic programs to provide early-stage financing to firms, particularly high-technology companies, yet there are still gaps have become commonplace in our understanding of the interactions between entrepreneurship United States and innovation, particularly in developing countriesabroad. This book is an attempt to fill this gap. It focuses on the entrepreneurshipThe long-innovation-development nexusrun effectiveness of these programs, however, drawing heavily on has attracted little empirical evidence from developing countriesscrutiny. Cross-country and individual country experiences cover nations as diverse as Ethiopia, India, Turkey, Vietnam, and also examine lessons from advanced economies such as Finland. Three sets of questions are addressed. What is This paper examines the impact of entrepreneurship and innovation on growth and development? What determines the innovative performance of entrepreneurs in developing countries? What role does largest U.S. public venture capital initiative, the institutional environment play in shaping the extent and impact of innovative activities? A key message is that entrepreneurial innovationSmall Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, whether through which has provided over \$6 billion to small high-technology firms, large national firms, or multinational firms, is often vibrant in developing countries, but does not always realise its full potentialbetween 1983 and 1995. This is due to institutional constraints, the absence Using a unique database" of awardees compiled by the appropriate mix U.S. General Accounting Office, I show that SBIR awardees grew significantly faster than a matched set of different types firms over a ten-year period. The positive effects of small and large and domestic and foreign SBIR awards were confined to firms, and insufficiently developed firm capabilitiesbased in zip codes with substantial venture capital activity. The contributions provide a better understanding of findings are consistent with both the determinants corporate finance literature on capital constraints and impacts the growth literature on the importance of innovation in developing countries and the policies and institutions that support or hinder innovationlocalization effects.}, language number = {en5753}, urldate = {2017-03-27}, publisher institution = {OUP OxfordNational Bureau of Economic Research}, author = {Szirmai, Adam and NaudéLerner, Wim and Goedhuys, MichelineJosh}, month = aprsep, year = {20111996}, note = {Google-Books-IDDOI: ML8c8YPvTvsC10.3386/w5753}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ Development ujmvea1t.default/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics zotero/ Economics storage/ Microeconomics, Business \& Economics EHHIB8W6/ Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics Lerner - 1996 - The Government as Venture Capitalist The Long-Run.pdf:application/ General}pdf}

The Venture Capital Revolution by Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner @bookarticle{center_for_history_and_new_media_zotero_????-1gompers_venture_2001, title = {Zotero The {QuickVenture} {StartCapital} {GuideRevolution}}, volume = {15}, issn = {0895-3309}, url = {http://zoterowww.jstor.org/supportstable/quick_start_guide2696596}, author number = {2}, urldate = {Center for History and New Media2017-03-27}, journal = {The Journal of Economic Perspectives}, annote author = {Welcome to Zotero!View the Quick Start Guide to learn how to begin collectingGompers, managingPaul and Lerner, citingJosh}, and sharing your research sources.Thanks for installing Zotero. year = {2001}, pages = {145--168}

Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation & Economic Growth by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner @articleincollection{holcombe_entrepreneurship_1998-1kortum_does_2001, title series = {Advances in the {Study} of {Entrepreneurship and economic growth}, {Innovation} \& {Economic} {Growth}}, volume title = {1Does venture capital spur innovation?}, issn volume = {1098-3708, 1936-480613}, url = {http://linkwww.springeremeraldinsight.com/articledoi/abs/10.10071016/s12113S1048-998-10084736%2801%2913003-1}, doi number = {10.1007/s12113-998-1008-113}, language urldate = {en2017-03-27}, number booktitle = {2Entrepreneurial inputs and outcomes: {New} studies of entrepreneurship in the {United}, urldate = {2017-02-17States}}, journal publisher = {The Quarterly Journal of Austrian EconomicsEmerald Group Publishing Limited}, author = {HolcombeKortum, Randall G.Samuel and Lerner, Josh}, month = junjan, year = {19982001}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1 DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1}, pages = {451--6244}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4EP9XT4QP8SJ5DJ9/s12113S1048-998-10084736(01)13003-1.html:text/html}}

What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising? by Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner @articletechreport{hoselitz_entrepreneurship_1952-1gompers_what_1999, title type = {Entrepreneurship and Working {Economic} {GrowthPaper}}, volume title = {12What {Drives} {Venture} {Capital}, issn = {0002-9246Fundraising}?}, url = {http://www.jstornber.org/stablepapers/3484612w6906}, abstract = {We examine the determinants of venture capital fundraising in the U.S. over the past twenty-five years. We study industry aggregate, state-level, and firm-specific fundraising to determine if macroeconomic, regulatory, or performance factors affect venture capital activity. We find that shifts in demand for venture capital appear to have a positive and important impact on commitments to new venture capital funds. Commitments by taxable and tax-exempt investors seem equally sensitive to changes in capital gains tax rates that decreases in capital gains tax rates increase the demand for venture capital as more workers are incented to become entrepreneurs. Aggregate and state level venture fundraising are positively affected by easing of pension investment restrictions as well as industrial and academic R\&D expenditures. Fund performance and reputation also lead to greater fundraising by venture organizations.}, number = {16906}, urldate = {2017-0203-1727}, journal institution = {The American Journal National Bureau of Economics and SociologyEconomic Research}, author = {HoselitzGompers, Bert FPaul A.and Lerner, Josh}, month = jan, year = {19521999}, pages note = {97--110DOI: 10.3386/w6906}, file = {JSTOR NBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/PR496B4HT95N8SZ9/Hoselitz Gompers and Lerner - 1952 1999 - Entrepreneurship and Economic GrowthWhat Drives Venture Capital Fundraising.pdf:application/pdf}}

Does venture capital spur innovation? by Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner @articleincollection{wennekers_linking_1999kortum_does_2001-1, title series = {Linking Advances in the {Study} of {Entrepreneurship} and , {Innovation} \& {Economic} {Growth}}, volume title = {13Does venture capital spur innovation?}, issn volume = {0921-898X, 1573-091313}, url = {http://linkwww.springeremeraldinsight.com/articledoi/abs/10.10231016/A:1008063200484S1048-4736%2801%2913003-1}, doi number = {10.1023/A:100806320048413}, abstract urldate = {In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously2017-03-27}, the 1980s booktitle = {Entrepreneurial inputs and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fieldsoutcomes: historical views on entrepreneurship, macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role {New} studies of entrepreneurship in the process of economic growth requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. A first part of our synthesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). A second part is to gain insight in the causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and economic growth. A third part is to make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of) entrepreneurship and economic growth.}, language = {enUnited}, number = {1States}, urldate = {2017-02-17}, journal publisher = {Small Business EconomicsEmerald Group Publishing Limited}, author = {WennekersKortum, Sander Samuel and ThurikLerner, RoyJosh}, month = augjan, year = {19992001}, note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1 DOI: 10.1016/S1048-4736(01)13003-1}, pages = {271--5644}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/I4DC7AX7Z27E3MFC/A1008063200484S1048-4736(01)13003-1.html:text/html}}

An analysis of compensation in the U.S. venture capital partnership by Paul Gompers @article{tang_venture_2004-1gompers_analysis_1999, title = {Venture An analysis of compensation in the {EntrepreneurshipU}, .{Innovation} {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {GrowthS}. venture capital partnership1}, volume = {9}, copyright = {Copyright Norfolk State University Foundation Aug 200451}, issn = {108494670304-405X}, url = {http://searchwww.proquestsciencedirect.com/docviewscience/208440561article/abstractpii/994F041007FE42E9PQ/1S0304405X98000427}, abstract doi = {This article makes a distinction between two types of entrepreneurship activities10. Venture Entrepreneurship 1016/S0304-405X(VE98)00042-7}, which deals with new venture creation and Innovation Entrepreneurship (IE), which involves innovations within existing enterprises. VE is found abstract = {Venture capital limited partnerships are an attractive arena to be positively related to GDP growth rate. IE is negatively related to economic growth rate in highstudy cross-income countries, while the findings for middle sectional and lowtime-income countries are mixedseries variations in compensation schemes. We empirically examine 419 partnerships. The study contributes compensation of new and smaller funds displays considerably less sensitivity to a relatively sparse body performance and less variation than that of literature by exploring the nature other funds. The fixed base component of the relationship compensation is higher for younger and smaller firms. We observe no relation between entrepreneurship incentive compensation and economic performance. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]}Our evidence is consistent with a learning model, language = {Englishin which the pay of new venture capitalists is less sensitive to performance because reputational concerns induce them to work hard.}, number = {21}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, journal = {Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship; NorfolkFinancial Economics}, author = {TangGompers, Linghui Paul and KoveosLerner, Peter E.Josh}, month = augjan, year = {20041999}, keywords = {Business And EconomicsContract, Correlation analysisLimited partnership, Economic Growth, Entrepreneurs, Innovations, StudiesPrivate equity, Venture capital}, pages = {1613--17144}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/EFU4NSQK7IEC7R6C/Tang Gompers and Koveos Lerner - 2004 1999 - Venture Entrepreneurship, Innovation EntrepreneursAn analysis of compensation in the U.S. venture ca.pdf:application/pdf};ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/HV9JFZX6/S0304405X98000427.html:text/html}

Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Why Public Efforts to Boost Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital Have Failed--and What to Do About It by Josh Lerner @book{hart_emergence_2003-2lerner_boulevard_2009, title = {The Boulevard of {Broken} {EmergenceDreams} of : {EntrepreneurshipWhy} {PolicyPublic}: {GovernanceEfforts}, to {StartBoost}-{UpsEntrepreneurship}, and {GrowthVenture} {Capital} {Have} in the {UFailed}--and {What}.to {SDo}. {KnowledgeAbout} {EconomyIt}}, isbn = {978-1-1394008-440783163-30}, shorttitle = {The {Emergence} Boulevard of {EntrepreneurshipBroken} {PolicyDreams}}, abstract = {This volume seeks to catalyze Silicon Valley, Singapore, Tel Aviv--the emergence global hubs of a novel field entrepreneurial activity--all bear the marks of policy studies: entrepreneurship policygovernment investment. Yet, for every public intervention that spurs entrepreneurial activity, there are many failed efforts that waste untold billions in taxpayer dollars. Practical experience When has governmental sponsorship succeeded in boosting growth, and academic research both point to when has it fallen terribly short? Should the central role government be involved in such undertakings at all? Boulevard of Broken Dreams is the first extensive look at the ways governments have supported entrepreneurs and venture capitalists across decades and continents. Josh Lerner, one of the foremost experts in the process field, provides valuable insights into why some public initiatives work while others are hobbled by pitfalls, and he offers suggestions for how public ventures should be implemented in the future. Discussing the complex history of economic growth Silicon Valley and to other pioneering centers of venture capital, Lerner uncovers the importance extent of public policy government influence in creating prompting growth. He examines the conditions under which entrepreneurial companies can flourish. The contributorspublic strategies used to advance new ventures, who hail from points to the disciplines challenges of economicsthese endeavors, geographyand reveals the common flaws undermining far too many programs--poor design, history, law, managementa lack of understanding for the entrepreneurial process, and political scienceimplementation problems. Lerner explains why governments cannot dictate how venture markets evolve, seek to crystallize key findings and why they must balance their positions as catalysts with an awareness of their limited ability to stimulate debate about future opportunities for policy-makers and researchers the entrepreneurial sector. As governments worldwide seek to spur economic growth in this areaever more aggressive ways, Boulevard of Broken Dreams offers an important caution. The chapters include surveys of the economic, social, and cultural contexts book argues for US entrepreneurship policy; assessments of regional efforts a careful approach to link knowledge producers to new enterprises; explorations government support of policies entrepreneurial activities, so that aim to foster entrepreneurship in under-represented communities; detailed analyses the mistakes of three key industries (biotechnology, e-commerce, and telecommunications); and considerations of challenges in policy implementationearlier efforts are not repeated.}, language = {en}, publisher = {Cambridge Princeton University Press}, author = {HartLerner, David M.Josh}, month = octsep, year = {20032009}, note = {Google-Books-ID: cv10iRcUXVgC}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / GeneralEntrepreneurship, Business \& Economics / General, Business \& Economics / Industrial Management, Political Science Finance / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy, Social Science / Sociology / General}, annote = {Google-Books-ID: 2fo6eEp42J4C}}

Special Issue on Technology Entrepreneurship and Contact Information for corresponding authors by Joshua Gans and Scott Stern @article{thurik_entrepreneurship_2004gans_product_2003-1, title series = {Special {Issue} on {Technology} {Entrepreneurship} and {Contact} {Information} for corresponding authors}, small business title = {The product market and economic growththe market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs}, volume = {1132}, issn = {14620048-60047333}, shorttitle = {The product market and the market for “ideas”}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsightsciencedirect.com/doiscience/absarticle/10.1108pii/14626000410519173S0048733302001038}, doi = {10.11081016/14626000410519173S0048-7333(02)00103-8}, abstract = {This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the presence or absence of a “market for ideas”. By focusing on the operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.}, number = {12}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, journal = {Journal of Small Business and Enterprise DevelopmentResearch Policy}, author = {ThurikGans, Roy Joshua S. and WennekersStern, SanderScott}, month = marfeb, year = {20042003}, keywords = {Appropriability, Commercialization strategies, Ideas market, Product market, Technology entrepreneurs}, pages = {140333--149350}, file = {SnapshotScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CQC8JDVXKA9BZJQ2/Thurik Gans and Wennekers Stern - 2004 2003 - Entrepreneurship, small business The product market and economic growthe market for “ideas” com.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/6HDNNZFW/S0048733302001038.html:text/html}}

Private Equity and Long-Run Investment: The Case of Innovation by Josh Lerner, Morten Sorensen, and Per Stromberg @article{valliere_entrepreneurship_2009-1lerner_private_2011, title = {Entrepreneurship Private {Equity} and economic growth{Long}-{Run} {Investment}: {EvidenceThe} {Case} of {Innovation} from emerging and developed countries}, volume = {2166}, issn = {08981540-56266261}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship Private {Equity} and economic growth{Long}-{Run} {Investment}}, url = {http://wwwonlinelibrary.tandfonlinewiley.com/doi/abs10.1111/10j.1540-6261.2010.01639.1080x/08985620802332723abstract}, doi = {10.10801111/08985620802332723j.1540-6261.2010.01639.x}, abstract = {This paper presents an extension to the economic growth model developed by Wong, Ho, and Autio A long-standing controversy is whether leveraged buyouts (2005LBOs)relieve managers from short-term pressures from public shareholders, or whether LBO funds themselves sacrifice long-term growth to reflect differences in the economic effects boost short-term performance. We examine one form of opportunity and necessitylong-based entrepreneurship run activity, namely, investments in both emerging and developed countries. Data from 44 countries for the years 2004 and 2005, innovation as collected measured by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research and Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) researchpatenting activity. Based on 472 LBO transactions, we find no evidence that LBOs sacrifice long-term investments. LBO firm patents are used to identify predictors of GDP growth more cited (a proxy for emerging and developed nations. The GEM data are used to determine the effect of different types of entrepreneurship on GDP growth. The GCR data operationalize additional control variables suggested by three economic growth theories: new economic geographyimportance), endogenous growth theory and national systems show no shifts in the fundamental nature of innovation. This contribution to the literature suggests thatresearch, and become more concentrated in developed countries, a significant portion important areas of economic growth rates can be attributed to high-expectation entrepreneurs exploiting national investments in knowledge creation and regulatory freedomcompanies' innovative portfolios. However}, in emerging countries this effect is absent. It is hypothesized that a threshold exists for entrepreneurs to gain access to the formal economy, below which entrepreneurial contributions act through informal mechanisms. language = {en}, number = {5-62}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional DevelopmentThe Journal of Finance}, author = {ValliereLerner, Dave Josh and PetersonSorensen, ReinMorten and Strömberg, Per}, month = sepapr, year = {2009}, keywords = {Economic Growth, emerging nations, Entrepreneurship, knowledge creation, regulatory freedom2011}, pages = {459445--480477}, file = {SnapshotFull Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/VDXFR7MUFWCUXVTH/Valliere and Peterson Lerner et al. - 2009 2011 - Entrepreneurship Private Equity and economic growth Evidence froLong-Run Investment The Case o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NTXHVB2K/abstract.html:text/html}}

Opportunities and Entrepreneurship by Jonathan Eckhardt and Scott Shane @incollection{carree_impact_2010-2, series = {International article{Handbook} {Series} on {Entrepreneurship}}eckhardt_opportunities_2003, title = {The {Impact} of Opportunities and {Entrepreneurship} on {Economic} {Growth}}, copyright volume = {©2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC29}, isbn issn = {978-1-4419-1190-2 978-1-44190149-1191-92063}, url = {http://linkdx.springerdoi.comorg/chapter10.1177/014920630302900304}, doi = {10.10071177/978-1-4419-1191-9_20014920630302900304}, abstract = {The present chapter deals with This article extends and elaborates the consequences of perspective on entrepreneurship for macro-economic growth. It consists of eight sections: articulated by Shane and Venkataraman (12000) Introduction; and Venkataraman (21997) The influence by explaining in more detail the role of economic development on entrepreneurship; (3) Types opportunities in the entrepreneurial process. In particular, the article explains the importance of examining entrepreneurship through a disequilibrium framework that focuses on the characteristics and their relation to economic growth; (4) The effects existence of entrepreneurial opportunities. In addition, the choice between entrepreneurship and employment; (5) Entrepreneurship in endogenous growth models; (6) Strands article describes several typologies of empirical evidence; (7) The time lag structure; opportunities and (8) Conclusiontheir implications for understanding entrepreneurship.}, language = {en}, number = {53}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, booktitle journal = {Handbook Journal of {Entrepreneurship} {Research}}, publisher = {Springer New YorkManagement}, author = {CarreeEckhardt, Martin AJonathan T. and ThurikShane, Scott A. Roy}, editor month = {Acs, Zoltan J. and Audretsch, David B.}jun, year = {20102003}, keywords = {Economic Growth, Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship}, pages = {557--594}, annote = {DOI: 10.1007/978333-1-4419-1191-9\_20349}, file = {SnapshotSAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZBIHJDPKBM6E5PW7/Carree et al. Eckhardt and Shane - 2010 2003 - The Impact of Opportunities and Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth.htmlpdf:textapplication/html}pdf}

Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation by Scott Shane @articlebook{wong_entrepreneurship_2005-1shane_academic_2004, title = {Academic {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation} and : {EconomicUniversity} {GrowthSpinoffs}: and {EvidenceWealth} from {GEMCreation} data}, volume isbn = {24}, issn = {0921978-1-84376-898X, 1573982-09138}, shorttitle = {Academic {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation} and {Economic} {Growth}}, url abstract = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-005-2000-1}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-005-2000-1}In this unique and timely volume, abstract = {Studies on Scott Shane systematically explains the impact formation of technological innovation on growth have been largely mute on the university spinoff companies and their role of␣new firm formation. Using cross-sectional data on in the 37 countries participating commercialization of university technology and wealth creation in GEM 2002, this paper uses an augmented Cobb–Douglas production to explore firm formation the United States and technological innovation as separate determinants of growthelsewhere. One area The importance of interest university spinoff activity is the contrast between different types of entrepreneurial activities as measured using GEM Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rates – high growth potential TEA, necessity TEA, opportunity TEA discussed and overall TEA. Of the four types historical development of entrepreneurship, only high growth potential entrepreneurship is found to have a significant impact on economic growth. This finding is consistent with extant findings in the literature that it university spinoff ventures is fast growing new firms, not new firms in general, that accounted for most of the new job creation by small and medium enterprises in advanced countriestraced over time.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2017-02-23}, journal publisher = {Small Business EconomicsEdward Elgar Publishing}, author = {Wong, Poh Kam and Ho, Yuen Ping and AutioShane, ErkkoScott Andrew}, month = aprjan, year = {20052004}, pages note = {335Google-Books-350ID: fMRGAgAAQBAJ}, file keywords = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KHMEBMVC/Wong et al. - 2005 - Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth .html:textBusiness \& Economics /html}General}

Technological Opportunities and New Firm Creation by Scott Shane @article{wennekers_relationship_2010-1shane_technological_2001, title = {The Technological {Relationship} between {EntrepreneurshipOpportunities} and {Economic} {Development}: {IsNew} {ItFirm} {UCreation}-{Shaped}?}, volume = {647}, issn = {15510025-3114, 1551-3122}, shorttitle = {The {Relationship} between {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {Development}1909}, url = {http://wwwpubsonline.nowpublishersinforms.comorg/articledoi/Detailsabs/ENT-02310.1287/mnsc.47.2.205.9837}, doi = {10.15611287/0300000023mnsc.47.2.205.9837}, abstract = {The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Research on the creation of new high-technology companies has typically focused either on industry-level factors such as market structure and Economic Development: Is It Utechnology regime or on individual-Shaped?}level factors such as the work experience of entrepreneurs. This study complements these approaches by examining the effect of technological opportunities on firm formation. In particular, the study shows that the probability that an invention will be commercialized through firm formation is influenced by its importance, radicalness, language = {Englishand patent scope.}, number = {32}, urldate = {2017-0203-2427}, journal = {Foundations and Trends® in EntrepreneurshipManagement Science}, author = {WennekersShane, Sander and Stel, André van and Carree, Martin and Thurik, RoyScott}, month = julfeb, year = {20102001}, pages = {167205--237220}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/C8AKZVMMNB3TMCIX/Wennekers et al. Shane - 2010 2001 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Technological Opportunities and EconNew Firm Creation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/BAHBVJ5DXBGW3B4J/Wennekers et almnsc.47.2. - 2010 - The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Econ205.html:text/html}}

Empirical studies of innovation and market structure by Wesley Cohen and Richard Levin @article{leff_entrepreneurship_1979-1cohen_chapter_1989, title = {Entrepreneurship and Chapter 18 {Economic} {Development}: {The} {Problem} {RevisitedEmpirical}studies of innovation and market structure}, volume = {172}, issn = {00221573-0515448X}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship and {Economic} {Development}}, url = {http://www.jstorsciencedirect.orgcom/science/article/stablepii/2723640S1573448X89020066}, number doi = {110.1016/S1573-448X(89)02006-6}, abstract = {This chapter discusses the perceptible movement of empirical scholars from a narrow concern with the role of firm size and market concentration toward a broader consideration of the fundamental determinants of technical change in industry. Although tastes, technological opportunity, and appropriability conditions themselves are subject to change over time, particularly in response to radical innovations that alter the technological regime, these conditions are reasonably assumed to determine inter-industry differences in innovative activity over relatively long periods. Although a substantial body of descriptive evidence has begun to accumulate on the way the nature and effects of demand, opportunity, and appropriability differ across industries, the absence of suitable data constrains progress in many areas. It has been observed that much of the empirical understanding of innovation derives not from the estimation of econometric models but from the use of other empirical methods. Many of the most credible empirical regularities have been established not by estimating and testing elaborate optimization models with published data but by the painstaking collection of original data, usually in the form of responses to relatively simple questions.}, urldate = {2017-0203-2427}, journal = {Journal Handbook of Economic LiteratureIndustrial Organization}, author = {LeffCohen, Wesley M. and Levin, Nathaniel HRichard C.}, month = jan, year = {19791989}, pages = {461059--641107}, file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/SGM2ERHI/S1573448X89020066.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship as Innovation by Joseph Schumpeter @articletechreport{galindo_innovation_2013-1schumpeter_entrepreneurship_2000, title address = {InnovationRochester, entrepreneurship and economic growthNY}, volume type = {51{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, issn title = {0025-1747Entrepreneurship as {Innovation}}, url = {httphttps://wwwpapers.emeraldinsightssrn.com/doi/abs/10.1108/00251741311309625abstract=1512266}, doi abstract = {10The chief characteristics of the entrepreneur are identified, one of which is the ability to combine already existing resources in creative ways.1108/00251741311309625Distinguishing}, number = {3ID 1512266}, urldate = {2017-0203-2427}, journal institution = {Management DecisionSocial Science Research Network}, author = {GalindoSchumpeter, Miguel‐Ángel and Méndez‐Picazo, María‐TeresaJoseph A.}, month year = mar{2000}, year keywords = {2013Capitalism, Creativity, Individual traits, Industrial organization, Innovation process, Leadership, Motivation, Personal success}, pages file = {501--514}Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/3Q3Z47HA/papers.html:text/html}

The Politics and Aesthetics of Entrepreneurship: A Fourth Movements in Entrepreneurship Book by Daniel Jhorth and Chris Steyaert @book{cameron_innovation_1996hjorth_politics_2010-1, title = {Innovation The {Politics} and economic growth{Aesthetics} of {Entrepreneurship}: {A} {Fourth} {Movements} in {Entrepreneurship} {Book}}, url isbn = {http://cep.lse.ac.uk978-1-84844-607-6}, abstract shorttitle = {This paper surveys the empirical evidence on the link between innovation The {Politics} and economic growth. It considers a number {Aesthetics} of different measures of innovation{Entrepreneurship}}, abstract = {Stylish, such as R\&D spendingbold, patentingfiery, and innovation countsfull of zest, as this book could well as the pervasive effect of technological spillovers between firms, industries, and countrieshave been called Embodying Entrepreneurship . . There are three main conclusions. The for perhaps the first is that innovation makes time, we have a significant contribution to growth. The second is there are significant spillovers between countriescultured, firms and industriesscholarly, and to a lesser extent from governmentin-the-funded researchflesh treatment of entrepreneurial life. Third, that these spillovers tend to be localized, wit foreign economies gaining significantly less Ranging from domestic innovation than other domestic firms. This suggests that although technological ”catch-up” may act to equalize productivity across countries, the process is likely striptease to be slow and uncertainde Sade, and require substantial domestic innovation effort.t}, language = {en}, urldate publisher = {2017-02-24Edward Elgar Publishing}, author = {CameronHjorth, Daniel and Steyaert, G.Chris}, month = febjan, year = {19962010}, file note = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/M4XXVNC7/Cameron Google- 1996 Books- Innovation and economic growth.pdfID:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/ZU9IKC7A/Cameron - 1996 - Innovation and economic growth.html:text/html\_CI5K8PG1TEC}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship}

Urban Entrepreneurship and the Sunbelt Frontier by William Angel @bookarticle{brown_innovation_2004-2angel_zenith_1980, title = {Innovation, {EntrepreneurshipZENITH} and {CultureREVISITED}: {TheURBAN} {InteractionENTREPRENEURSHIP} {BetweenAND} {TechnologyTHE}, {ProgressSUNBELT} and {EconomicFRONTIER} }, volume = {Growth}61}, isbn issn = {978-1-84542-0550038-04941}, shorttitle = {Innovation, {EntrepreneurshipZENITH} and {CultureREVISITED}}, abstract url = {The purpose of this book is to examine the nature of organizational innovation and change by looking at the complex interplay between entrepreneurship, innovation and culturehttp://www.jstor.org/stable/42860763}, language number = {en3/4}, publisher urldate = {Edward Elgar Publishing2017-03-27}, author journal = {Brown, Terrence E. and Ulijn, J. M.Social Science Quarterly}, month author = jan{ANGEL, year = {2004WILLIAM D.}, keywords year = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development, Business \& Economics / General1980}, annote pages = {Google434-Books-ID: nLvjQkBajocC}445}

Entrepreneurship and the City by Edward Galeser @articletechreport{chrisman_faculty_1995-1glaeser_entrepreneurship_2007, title type = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: {The} case of the Working {University} of {CalgaryPaper}}, volume title = {10}, issn = Entrepreneurship and the {0883-9026City}, shorttitle = {Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development}, url = {http://www.sciencedirectnber.comorg/sciencepapers/article/pii/088390269500015Zw13551}, doi abstract = {10.1016/0883Why do levels of entrepreneurship differ across America's cities? This paper presents basic facts on two measures of entrepreneurship: the self-9026(95)00015-Z}, abstract = {The common perception employment rate and the number of universities as merely institutions small firms. Both of higher learning these measures are correlated with urban success, suggesting that more entrepreneurial cities are more successful. There is giving way to considerable variation in the self-employment rate across metropolitan areas, but about one where universities are viewed as engines -half of economic growth this heterogeneity can be explained by demographic and developmentindustrial variation. This study documents Self-employment is particularly associated with abundant, older citizens and with the entrepreneurial activities presence of input suppliers. Conversely, small firm size and employment growth due to unaffiliated new establishments is associated most strongly with the faculty presence of the University of Calgary, as well as the impact the University has had input suppliers and an appropriate labor force. I also find support for the impact its recent budgetary problems might have on such activities. Results indicate Chinitz (1961) hypothesis that nearly 100 new ventures with at least one full-time employee were started by faculty or were started as entrepreneurship is linked to a consequence large number of significant faculty inputs. These ventures, small firms in turn, have generated at least 723 new jobs in Albertasupplying industries. FurthermoreFinally, our projections suggest that faculty entrepreneurs will create approximately 14 ventures per year in the near future. Implications for the role universities there is a strong connection between area-level education and governments should play to encourage faculty entrepreneurship are discussed.}, number = {413551}, urldate = {2017-0203-2427}, journal institution = {Journal National Bureau of Business VenturingEconomic Research}, author = {ChrismanGlaeser, James JEdward L. and Hynes, Timothy and Fraser, Shelby}, month = juloct, year = {19952007}, pages note = {267--281DOI: 10.3386/w13551}, file = {ScienceDirect SnapshotNBER Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/W3NNXTRFGGUKUU84/Chrisman et al. Glaeser - 1995 2007 - Faculty entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship and economic developmentthe City.htmlpdf:textapplication/html}pdf}

Entrepreneurship and welfare by Jagannadha Pawan Tamvada @article{audretsch_resolving_2008-1, series = {Special {Section} {Knowledge} {Dynamics} out of {Balance}: {Knowledge} {Biased}, {Skewed} and {Unmatched}}tamvada_entrepreneurship_2010, title = {Resolving the knowledge paradox: {Knowledge}-spillover entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship and economic growthwelfare}, volume = {3734}, issn = {00480921-7333}898X, shorttitle = {Resolving the knowledge paradox1573-0913}, url = {httphttps://wwwlink.sciencedirectspringer.com/science/article/pii10.1007/S0048733308001881s11187-009-9195-5}, doi = {10.10161007/j.respol.2008.08.008s11187-009-9195-5}, abstract = {The knowledge paradox suggests that high levels Here, I examine returns to entrepreneurship using a standard measure of investment in new knowledge do not necessarily and automatically generate welfare, the anticipated levels of competitiveness of growthper-capita consumption expenditure. In particularThis analysis, knowledge investments do not automatically translate into balanced growth and competitivenessusing quantile regressions, reveals the existence of a welfare hierarchy in occupations. The purpose results suggest that, across the welfare distribution, entrepreneurs who employ others have the highest returns in terms of this paper consumption, while those entrepreneurs who work for themselves, that is to explain why knowledge investments are inherently unbalanced, so that the competitiveness and growth ensuing from knowledge are not equally spread across self-employed individuals, firmshave slightly lower returns than the salaried employees. However, self-employment entails higher returns than casual labor and spatial units of observation, such as regions and countriesa relative escape from poverty. Based on a data set linking entrepreneurial activity to growth within the context of German regions}, this paper shows that entrepreneurship serves a conduit of knowledge spillovers. language = {en}, number = {101}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, journal = {Research PolicySmall Business Economics}, author = {Audretsch, David B. and KeilbachTamvada, MaxJagannadha Pawan}, month = decjan, year = {20082010}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Growth, Innovation, Knowledge}, pages = {169765--170579}, file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/6VHSSIDEXCZDSSXS/Audretsch and Keilbach Tamvada - 2008 2010 - Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge-spillovEntrepreneurship and welfare.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7GBAHZMI52GUIKIW/Audretsch and Keilbach s11187- 2008 009- Resolving the knowledge paradox Knowledge9195-spillov5.html:text/html}}

The interaction of entrepreneurship and institutions by Magnus Henrekson and Tino Sanandaji @article{acs_entrepreneurship_2007-1henrekson_interaction_2011, title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {Growth} The interaction of entrepreneurship and {Public} {Policy}institutions}, volume = {287}, issn = {09211744-898X1382, 15731744-09131374}, url = {https://linkwww.springercambridge.comorg/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/10.1007/s11187interaction-of-006entrepreneurship-9012and-3institutions/DD9AF1A1BFA6DC0714066B09E9D52E0C}, doi = {10.10071017/s11187-006-9012-3S1744137410000342}, abstract = {This paper is an introduction to Abstract:Previous research, notably Baumol (1990), has highlighted the second Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference. The conference focused on developing a better understanding role of the relationships among entrepreneurshipinstitutions in channeling entrepreneurial supply into productive, unproductive, economic growth and public policyor destructive activities. However, and variations according to the stage of economic developmententrepreneurship is not only influenced by institutions – entrepreneurs often help shape institutions themselves. The papers bilateral causal relation between entrepreneurs and institutions is examined in this special issue conduct analysis with GEM micro-and-macro data, and offer several important policy recommendationspaper. First, middle-income countries should focus on increasing human capital, upgrading technology availability and promoting enterprise developmentEntrepreneurs affect institutions in at least three ways. It Entrepreneurship abiding by existing institutions is important occasionally disruptive enough to challenge the foundations of prevailing institutions. Entrepreneurs sometimes have the opportunity to evade institutions, which tends to start enterprise development policies early because undermine the effectiveness of the main drivers are perceptual variables that are difficult institutions, or cause institutions to change in for the short runbetter. SecondLastly, for developed economies, reducing entry regulations, in most casesentrepreneurs can directly alter institutions through innovative political entrepreneurship. Like business entrepreneurship, will not result in more high-potential startups. Both labor market reform and deregulation of financial markets innovative political activity may be needed to support growth of high-performance venturesproductive or unproductive, depending on the incentives facing entrepreneurs.}, language = {en}, number = {2-31}, urldate = {2017-0203-2327}, journal = {Small Business Journal of Institutional Economics}, author = {AcsHenrekson, Zoltan J. Magnus and SzerbSanandaji, LaszloTino}, month = mar, year = {20072011}, pages = {10947--12275}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/K6SSGC7ARMIM2R2C/Acs and Szerb - 2007 - Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public PolicDD9AF1A1BFA6DC0714066B09E9D52E0C.html:text/html}}

High-growth firms: does location matter? by Jose Miguel Giner, Marian Santa-Maria, and Antonio Fuster @bookarticle{brown_innovation_2004miguel_giner_high-3growth_2017, title = {Innovation, {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}High-growth firms: {The} {Interaction} {Between} {Technologydoes location matter?}, volume = {Progress} and {Economic} {Growth}13}, isbn issn = {978-1-84542-0551554-07191}, shorttitle = {InnovationHigh-growth firms}, doi = {Entrepreneurship} and {Culture}10.1007/s11365-016-0392-9}, abstract = {The purpose challenge for economies lies in boosting employment growth, not just by fostering entrepreneurship, but also by improving the growth potential of existing firms. Consequently, many studies have focused on assessing the dynamism of firms, and especially the capacity of this book is high-growth firms (HGFs) to examine generate employment. This study aimed to identify HGFs in Spain during two periods, 2003-2006 and 2007-2010 and to analyse their characteristics and territorial distribution during the initial years of the economic crisis. Accordingly, a key area of inquiry of the nature study was the influence of organizational innovation agglomeration (in metropolitan areas, industrial districts and change by looking at technological districts) on the locations of HGFs. To analyse the influence of location on the probability of firms being HGFs, a logit model was estimated. The main results supported the study's hypotheses that technological districts and large urban areas are significantly associated with the complex interplay between entrepreneurshipprobability of firms being HGFs, innovation because firms profit from comparative locational advantages offered by these areas. The importance of HGFs requires special emphasis in relation to Spain's context of economic crisis and culturehigh unemployment levels because of their significant contribution to employment generation.}, language = {enEnglish}, publisher number = {Edward Elgar Publishing1}, journal = {International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal}, author = {BrownMiguel Giner, Terrence E. Jose and Jesus Santa-Maria, Maria and UlijnFuster, J. M.Antonio}, month = janmar, year = {20042017}, note = {WOS:000394301700003}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic DevelopmentAgglomeration, empirical-analysis, Firm growth, gazelles, geography, High-growth firms, Innovation, Job creation, Location, performance, smes, Business \& Economics / Generalspillovers}, annote pages = {Google75-Books-ID: nLvjQkBajocC}96}

The city as innovation machine by Richard Florida, Patrick Adler, and Charlotta Mellander @techreportarticle{georgiou_entrepreneurship_2009-1florida_city_2017, address title = {Rochester, NYThe city as innovation machine}, type volume = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}51}, title issn = {Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}: {An} {Empirical} {Analysis} for {Western} {European} {Countries} and the {United} {States} 19900034-20043404}, shorttitle doi = {Entrepreneurship {Causes} {Economic} {Growth}}, url = {https:10.1080//papers00343404.ssrn2016.com/abstract=14789031255324}, abstract = {In this The city as innovation machine. Regional Studies. This paper a distinction will be made between manager puts cities and urban regions at the very centre of the processes of innovation and owner entrepreneurship. It combines the insights of Jane Jacobs and it will be attempted recent urban research on the role of the city with the literature on innovation and entrepreneurship going back to estimate numerically Joseph Schumpeter. Innovation and entrepreneurship and their geography privileges the firm, industry clusters and/or the individual and poses the country’s total economy’s entrepreneuricity as a container for them. By marrying Jacobs' insights on cities to those of Schumpeter on innovation, it is argued that innovation and entrepreneurship do not simply take in place in cities but in fact require them.}, number language = {ID 1478903English}, urldate number = {2017-02-241}, institution journal = {Social Science Research NetworkRegional Studies}, author = {GeorgiouFlorida, Richard and Adler, Patrick and Mellander, Miltiades N.Charlotta}, month = sepjan, year = {20092017}, note = {WOS:000394438300008}, keywords = {corporate governanceacademic research, cities, Creativity, Economic Growtheconomic-geography, Entrepreneurship, firm formation, geography, industry, Innovation, knowledge spillovers, life-cycle, patent citations, product innovation, regions, technological-change, united-states, urbanism}, file pages = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/DCBBBHFW/Georgiou 86- 2009 - Entrepreneurship Causes Economic Growth An Empiri.html:text/html}96}

Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the United States: 1899–1988 by Scott Shane @bookarticle{feldman_economics_2012-1shane_explaining_1996, title = {The {Economics} Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the {ScienceUnited} and {TechnologyStates}: {An} {Overview} of {Initiatives} to {Foster} {Innovation1899–1988}, volume = {Entrepreneurship}, and {Economic} {Growth}22}, isbn issn = {978-1-4615-09810149-32063}, shorttitle = {The {Economics} Explaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship in the {ScienceUnited} and {TechnologyStates}}, abstract url = {Science and technology have long been regarded as important determinants of economic growthhttp://www.sciencedirect. Edwin Mansfield (1971com/science/article/pii/S0149206396900215}, pp doi = {10. 11016/S0149- 22063(96)90021-5}, a pioneer abstract = {This paper examines rates of entrepreneurship over time in the economics of technological change, noted: Technological change is an important, if not the most important, factor responsible for economic growth U. S. economy. without question, [it] is one of It finds strong support for the most important determinants argument that variations in rates of the shape and evolution of the American economyentrepreneurship follow a Schumpeterian model. Science and technology are even more important Changes in the "new economy," with its greater emphasis on the role rates of intellectual property and knowledge transfer. Therefore, it is unfortunate that most individuals rarely have the opportunity entrepreneurship appear to explore the economic implications of science and technology. As a result, the antecedents and consequences of technological change are poorly understood be driven by many changes in the general publictechnology. This lack of understanding Some evidence is reflected in a recent survey conducted by the National Science Board (2000), summarized in Science \& Engineering Indicators. ' As shown in Table 1. 1, also found for the findings effects of the survey indicated that many AmericansProtestant Ethic, interest rates, despite a high level prior rates of interests in such mattersentrepreneurship, are not as wellrisk-informed about technological issues as they are about other policy issues. As shown in the tabletaking propensity, business failure rates, individuals self assesseconomic growth, based on a scale from 1 to 100immigration, their interest in science and technology policy issues as being relatively highage distribution of the population.}, yet they self assess their knowledge or informedness about these issues relatively lower. number = {5}, language urldate = {en2017-04-03}, publisher journal = {Springer Science \& Business MediaJournal of Management}, author = {Feldman, M. P. and Link, Albert N. and SiegelShane, DonaldScott}, month = decjan, year = {20121996}, pages = {747--781}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/ Development Users/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/ General, Business \& Economics Profiles/ Management Science, Business \& Economics ujmvea1t.default/ Production \& Operations Management, Business \& Economics zotero/ Research \& Development, Political Science storage/ Public Policy TATNEWCT/ Economic Policy}, annote = {GoogleShane -Books1996 -IDExplaining variation in rates of entrepreneurship .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot: wca9BwAAQBAJ}/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/Z27SXHIS/S0149206396900215.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship in the United States: The Future Is Now by Paul Reynolds @incollectionbook{audretsch_knowledge_2005-3reynolds_entrepreneurship_2007, series title = {Research on Entrepreneurship in the {TechnologicalUnited} {InnovationStates}, {Management} and {Policy}}, title = : {The {Knowledge} {SpilloverFuture} {TheoryIs} of {Entrepreneurship} and {Economic} {GrowthNow}}, volume isbn = {9}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S0737978-0-387-1071(05)0900345671-73}, number shorttitle = {9Entrepreneurship in the {United}, urldate = {2017-02-24States}}, booktitle abstract = {The {Emergence} Entrepreneurship is among the most vibrant and important parts of the economy. This important book enhances understanding of entrepreneurial dynamics, providing the first analysis of changes in US entrepreneurial activity. Based on the unprecedented Panel Study of {EntrepreneurialDynamics, it examines adult participation in new firm creation and differences in regional firm creation activity.  Shedding light on the importance of new firms for job growth, productivity enhancements, innovation, and routes for social mobility, the author tracks the success or failure of entrepreneurs, including comparisons of different groups, such as women and minorities, along with different countries.  All sectors of the population are making significant contributions. Significant implications for practitioners, educators and policy makers are discussed.} , language = {Economics}en}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing LimitedSpringer Science \& Business Media}, author = {AudretschReynolds, David BPaul D.}, month = jansep, year = {20052007}, pages keywords = {37--54}Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, annote = {DOI: 10.1016Business \& Economics /S0737-1071(05)09003-7 DOI: 10.1016General, Business \& Economics /S0737-1071(05)09003-7}Management Science, file = {Snapshot:Business \& Economics /UsersUrban \& Regional, Political Science /tonimasalehPublic Policy /Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/XM25974A/Audretsch - 2005 - The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship.html:text/html}Economic Policy}

The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom: A socioecological perspective by Martin Obschonka, Eva Schmitt-Rodermund, Rainer Silbereisen, and Samuel Gosling, and Jeff Potter @bookarticle{stel_empirical_2006-1obschonka_regional_2013, title = {Empirical The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the {AnalysisUnited} of {EntrepreneurshipStates}, {Germany} , and the {EconomicUnited} {GrowthKingdom}: {A} socioecological perspective}, volume = {105}, isbn copyright = {978-0-387(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved}, issn = {1939-294191315 0022-33514}, abstract shorttitle = {The importance regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship for achieving economic growth -prone personality profile in contemporary economies is widely recognizedthe {United} {States}, {Germany}, both by policy makers and economiststhe {United} {Kingdom}}, doi = {10. It is deeply embedded 1037/a0032275}, abstract = {In recent years the topic of entrepreneurship has become a major focus in the current European policy approach that social sciences, with renewed interest in the creativity links between personality and independence of entrepreneurs contribute entrepreneurship. Taking a socioecological perspective to higher levels of economic activity. Indeedpsychology, according to which emphasizes the European Commission (2003, p. 9)role of social habitats and their interactions with mind and behavior, "The challenge for the European Union is to identify the key factors for building a climate we investigated regional variation in which entrepreneurial initiative and business activities can thrive. Policy measures should seek to boost the Union's levels correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone Big Five profile. Specifically, adopting the most appropriate approach for producing more entrepreneurs and for getting more firms to growwe analyzed personality data collected from over half a million U.S. " Audretsch residents (2003N = 619, p397) as well as public archival data on state-level entrepreneurial activity (i. 5e., business-creation and self-employment rates) states . Results revealed that "Entrepreneurship has become an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile is regionally clustered. This geographical distribution corresponds to the engine of economic and social development throughout pattern that can be observed when mapping entrepreneurial activity across the worldUnited States. " The relation Indeed, the state-level correlation (N = 51) between entrepreneurship an entrepreneurial personality structure and economic growth is embedded entrepreneurial activity was positive in direction, substantial in several strands of the magnitude, and robust even when controlling for regional economic literatureprosperity. A first strand of literature involves These correlations persisted at the general understanding level of the role of entrepreneurship in the modern economyU.S. Seminal contributions metropolitan statistical areas (N = 15) and were made by Schumpeter replicated in independent German (1934)N = 19, Knight (1921842; 14 regions) and Kirzner British (1973N = 15,617; 12 regions)samples. These economists stress different aspects of the role of the entrepreneur. While Schumpeter stresses the innovating aspectIn contrast to these profile-based analyses, Knight stresses an analysis linking the risk assuming aspect. Kirzner, finally, stresses the role individual Big Five dimensions to regional measures of the entrepreneur in leading markets to equilibriumentrepreneurial activity did not yield consistent findings. Acs (1992) discusses Discussion focuses on the contribution implications of small firms in modern economiesthese findings for interdisciplinary theory development and practical applications.}, language = {enEnglish}, publisher number = {Springer Science \& Business Media1}, author journal = {Stel, André vanJournal of Personality and Social Psychology}, month author = jun{Obschonka, Martin and Schmitt-Rodermund, Eva and Silbereisen, Rainer K. and Gosling, Samuel D. and Potter, Jeff}, year = {20062013}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic Development*Entrepreneurship, *Personality Traits, Business \& Economics / Economics / General*Regional Differences, Business \& Economics / EntrepreneurshipEcological Factors, Business \& Economics / GeneralSociology}, annote pages = {Google104-Books-ID: VUOHlzSuqk0C122}, file = {APA Psycnet Fulltext PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/NKW7AHQ9/Obschonka et al. - 2013 - The regional distribution and correlates of an ent.pdf:application/pdf}

Entrepreneurship: a weak link in the welfare state? by Magnus Henrekson @article{hayter_harnessing_2013-1henrekson_entrepreneurship:_2005, title = {Harnessing {University} {Entrepreneurship} for {Economic} {Growth}: {Factors} of {Success} {Among} {University} {Spin}-offsa weak link in the welfare state?}, volume = {2714}, issn = {08910960-24246491}, shorttitle = {Harnessing {University} {Entrepreneurship} for {Economic} {Growth}}, url = {httphttps://journalsacademic.sagepuboup.com/doiicc/article/14/abs3/10.1177437/0891242412471845}, doi = {10.1177679151/0891242412471845}, abstract = {University spinEntrepreneurship-a-weak-offs are an important vehicle for knowledge dissemination and have the potential to generate jobs and economic growth. Despite their importance, little research exists on spinlink-off performance or impact, especially from the perspective of academic entrepreneurs. Using logit regression, this article makes a scholarly contribution by testing the relationship between spinin-off success—defined here as technology commercialization—and multiple factors derived from the extant literature. Several significant variables are found to enable commercialization success within the sample, including venture capital, multiple and external licenses, outside management, joint ventures with other companies, previous faculty consulting experience, and—surprisingly—a negative relationship to post-spinwelfare-off services provided by universities. The results have important implications for public policy and management, supporting an overall “open innovation” approach to spin-off success.state}, language doi = {en10.1093/icc/dth060}, number = {13}, urldate = {2017-0204-2403}, journal = {Economic Development QuarterlyIndustrial and Corporate Change}, author = {HayterHenrekson, Christopher S.Magnus}, month = febjun, year = {20132005}, pages = {18437--28467}, file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/KKWH46HX/Henrekson - 2005 - Entrepreneurship a weak link in the welfare state.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/CKQVD3IK/Entrepreneurship-a-weak-link-in-the-welfare-state.html:text/html}

Entrepreneurship, Economic Risks, and Risk Insurance in the Welfare State: Results with OECD Data by Pekka Ilmakunnas and Vesa Kanniainen @bookarticle{ulku_randd_2004-1ilmakunnas_entrepreneurship_2001, title = {Entrepreneurship, {Economic} {RandDRisks}, innovation, and {EconomicRisk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {GrowthState}: {AnResults} with {EmpiricalOECD} {AnalysisData}1978–93}, isbn volume = {978-1-4519-04802}, issn = {1468-20475}, shorttitle = {Entrepreneurship, {RandDEconomic} {Risks}, innovation, and {EconomicRisk} {Insurance} in the {Welfare} {GrowthState}}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0475.00034/abstract }, doi = {This paper investigates 10.1111/1468-0475.00034}, abstract = {We find evidence in the main postulations of OECD cross-country data to support the R\&D based growth models Knightian view that innovation is created in the R\&D sectors and it enables sustainable non-diversifiable economic growth, provided that there are constant returns to innovation risks shape equilibrium entrepreneurship in terms an occupational choice model. Differential social insurance of R\&D. The analysis employs various panel data techniques entrepreneurial and uses patent labor risk is found to be statistically significant and R\&D data for 20 OECD and 10 Non-OECD countries for the period 1981–97detrimental to entrepreneurship. The results suggest a positive relationship between per capita GDP and innovation in both OECD and noncrowding-OECD countries, while out effect of public production of private goods on entrepreneurship dominates the crowding-in effect of R\&D stock on innovation is significant only public production of public goods in the OECD countries with large marketsdata. Although these results provide support Weak evidence is found for endogenous growth models, there the proposition that the rate of entrepreneurship is no evidence for constant returns related to innovation in terms the degree of R\&D, implying that innovation does not lead income inequality and to permanent increases the union power in economic growththe economy. However, these The results do not necessarily also suggest a rejection of R\&D based growth modelsthat in countries with low GDP per capita ratio, given that neither patent nor R\&D data capture the full range of innovation and R\&D activitiesself-employment is high.}, language = {en}, publisher number = {International Monetary Fund3}, urldate = {2017-04-03}, journal = {German Economic Review}, author = {UlkuIlmakunnas, Pekka and Kanniainen, HulyaVesa}, month = sepaug, year = {20042001}, pages = {195--218}, keywords file = {Business \& Economics Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/ Economics Application Support/ General, Business \& Economics Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/ Economics zotero/ Macroeconomics, Business \& Economics storage/ International 8ZVRACRP/ Economics}, annote = {Google-Books-IDabstract.html: hfY8XHg8HCYC}text/html}

Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship by Christian Keuschnigg and Soren Nielsen @article{sobel_institutions_2008-1keuschnigg_tax_2003, title series = {Institutions, Proceedings of the {Trans} {Atlantic} {Public} {Economics} {EntrepreneurshipSeminar}, and on ``{RegionalTaxation} of {DifferencesFinancial} in {EconomicIncomet} `` 22-24 {GrowthMay}, 2000.}, title = {Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship}, volume = {I87}, issn = {21640047-96852727}, url = {httpshttp://www.ceeolsciencedirect.com/searchscience/article/pii/S0047272701001700}, doi = {10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00170-detail?id=1526250}, language abstract = {EnglishThe paper studies the effects of tax policy on venture capital activity. Entrepreneurs pursue a single high risk project each but have no own resources. Financiers provide funds, covering investment cost plus an upfront payment, in exchange for a share in the firm. The contract must include incentives to enlist full effort of entrepreneurs. Venture capitalists also assist with valuable business advice to enhance survival chances. The paper develops a general equilibrium framework with a traditional and an entrepreneurial sector and investigates the effects of taxes on the equilibrium level of managerial advice, entrepreneurship and welfare. It considers differential wage and capital income taxes, a comprehensive income tax, progressive taxation as well as investment and output subsidies to the entrepreneurial sector.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2017-0204-2403}, journal = {American Journal of EntrepreneurshipPublic Economics}, author = {SobelKeuschnigg, Russell S. Christian and HallNielsen, Joshua C.Soren Bo}, month = jan, year = {20082003}, keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Moral hazard, Subsidies, Taxes, Venture capital}, pages = {69175--96203}, file = {SnapshotScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/M7D6WP8W4RAXSM49/Sobel Keuschnigg and Hall Nielsen - 2008 2003 - InstitutionsTax policy, Entrepreneurshipventure capital, and Regional Diffeentrepreneurship.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/4UBMTNG9/S0047272701001700.html:text/html}}

Financial Distress, Employee}' Welfare and Entrepreneurship Among SMEs by John Inekwe @article{stephens_innovation_2013-1inekwe_financial_2016, title = {InnovationFinancial {Distress}, {EntrepreneurshipEmployees} and ' {EconomicWelfare} and {GrowthEntrepreneurship} in {LaggingAmong} {RegionsSMEs}}, volume = {53129}, issn = {14670303-97878300}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jors.12019/abstract}, doi = {10.11111007/jors.12019s11205-015-1164-6}, abstract = {The paper investigates what are the most important factors study predicts ex-ante financial distress in fostering growth small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and examines its significance in rural, remote regions with historically low growth ratesentrepreneurial activity. In particularThus, we focus on the lagging Appalachian region study provides the dynamic characterization of the link between financial distress, employment and compare it to both nearby counties and other similarly lagging Uthe growth in the establishment of SMEs.S. counties. Factors such as self-employment, human capital, creativity, university spillovers The study further examines employees' welfare and high-technology clusters are consideredfinancial distress of SMEs. Our The results suggest reveal that entrepreneurship financial ratios and creativity factors market variables are key to increasing growth significant in predicting financial distress risks. In the Appalachian region and wake of financial distress, the results reveal contractions in similar lagging regions nationallythe growth of SMEs. HoweverIn addition, there is little evidence that other knowledge-based factors are conducive to growth financial distress in SMEs induces an adverse effect on the level of employment and a reduction in these regionsemployees' welfare.}, language = {enEnglish}, number = {53}, urldate = {2017-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Regional ScienceSocial Indicators Research}, author = {StephensInekwe, Heather M. and Partridge, Mark D. and Faggian, AlessandraJohn Nkwoma}, month = dec, year = {20132016}, pages note = {778--812WOS:000387421700010}, file keywords = {Full Text PDF:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/5BGTSNH2/Stephens et al. - 2013 - Innovationbankruptcy prediction, Clogit, Entrepreneur, Financial distress, market, models, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/7SWBU5S5/Stephens et al. - 2013 - Innovationrisk, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth i.html:text/htmlsmes}, pages = {1135--1153}

Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth by Sander Wennekers and Roy Thurik @bookarticle{szirmai_entrepreneurship_2011-1wennekers_linking_1999, title = {Linking {Entrepreneurship, {Innovation}, and {Economic} {DevelopmentGrowth}}, isbn volume = {13}, issn = {9780921-0898X, 1573-19-959651-50913}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008063200484}, doi = {10.1023/A:1008063200484}, abstract = {Entrepreneurship In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and innovation are two 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the most pervasive concepts role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of our times, yet there are still gaps in our understanding this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the interactions relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation, particularly in developing countries. This book is an attempt to fill this gap. It focuses economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on the entrepreneurship, macro-innovation-development nexuseconomic growth theory, drawing heavily on empirical evidence from developing countries. Cross-country and individual country experiences cover industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations as diverse as Ethiopia), India, Turkey, Vietnamevolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and also examine lessons from advanced economies such as Finland. Three sets fall of questions are addressednations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. What is Understanding the impact role of entrepreneurship and innovation on in the process of economic growth and development? What determines requires the innovative performance decomposition of entrepreneurs in developing countries? What role does the institutional environment play in shaping the extent and impact concept of innovative activities? entrepreneurship. A key message first part of our synthesis is that entrepreneurial innovation, whether through small firms, large national firms, or multinational firms, is often vibrant in developing countries, but does not always realise its full potential. This is due to institutional constraints, contribute to the absence understanding of the appropriate mix dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of different types of small and large and domestic and foreign firmsanalysis (individual, firm and insufficiently developed firm capabilitiesaggregate level). The contributions provide a better understanding of A second part is to gain insight in the determinants causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and impacts economic growth. A third part is to make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of innovation in developing countries ) entrepreneurship and the policies and institutions that support or hinder innovationeconomic growth.}, language = {en}, publisher number = {1}, urldate = {2017-04-03}, journal = {OUP OxfordSmall Business Economics}, author = {Szirmai, Adam and NaudéWennekers, Wim Sander and GoedhuysThurik, MichelineRoy}, month = apraug, year = {20111999}, keywords pages = {Business \& Economics 27--56}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/ Development Profiles/ Economic Development, Business \& Economics ujmvea1t.default/ Economics zotero/ Microeconomics, Business \& Economics storage/ Entrepreneurship, Business \& Economics 9QVV7PRD/ General}, annote = {Google-Books-ID10.html: ML8c8YPvTvsC}text/html}

Employment Growth and Entrepreneurial Activity in Cities by Zoltan Acs and Catherine Armington @bookarticle{audretsch_entrepreneurship_2006-3acs_employment_2004, title = {Entrepreneurship Employment {Growth} and {EconomicEntrepreneurial} {Activity} in {GrowthCities}}, isbn volume = {97838}, issn = {0034-0-19-518351-13404}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000280938}, doi = {10.1080/0034340042000280938}, abstract = {By serving as a conduit for knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship is the missing link between investments in new knowledge Acs Z. J. and economic Armington C. (2004) Employment growthand entrepreneurial activity in cities, Regional Studies38, 911-927. The knowledge spillover theory Recent theories of entrepreneurship provides not just an explanation of why entrepreneurship has become more prevalent as economic growth have stressed the factor role of knowledge has emerged as a crucial source for comparative advantage, but also why entrepreneurship plays a vital role externalities in generating economic growth. Entrepreneurship is an important mechanism permeating Using data from the Census Bureau that tracks all employers in the knowledge filter to facilitate whole US private-sector economy, the spill over impact of knowledge these externalities, as measured by entrepreneurial activity, on employment growth in Local Market Areas are examined. Differences in levels of entrepreneurial activity, diversity among geographically proximate industries and ultimately generate economic the extent of human capital are positively associated with variation in growthrates, but the manufacturing sector appears to be an exception. Acs Z. J. et Armington C. (2004) La croissance de l'emploi et l'esprit d'entreprise dans les grandes villes, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Des théories récentes de la croissance économique ont souligné l'importance des effets externes. A partir des données provenant du Census Bureau, institut national de la statistique qui fait le suivi de tous les employeurs dans toute l'économie privée aux Etats-Unis, cet article cherche à examiner les retombées de ces effets externes-là, mesurés en termes de l'esprit d'entreprise, sur la croissance de l'emploi dans les bassins d'emplois locaux. Il s'avère que les écarts des les niveaux de l'esprit d'entreprise, la diversité des industries à proximité, et l'importance du capital humain sont en corrélation étroite avec la variation des taux de croissance, à une exception près, le secteur industriel. Acs Z. J. und Armington C. (2004) Zunahme der Arbeitsstellen und Unternehmertätigkeit in Städten, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Kürzlich aufgekommene Theorien wirtschaftlichen Wachstums haben die Rolle externer Effekte bei der Wachstumsentwicklung betont. Mit Hilfe von Daten des Census Bureaus, das sämtliche Arbeitgeber des Privatsektors der Wirtschaft der USA erfaßt, wird die Auswirkung dieser externen Effekte auf die Zunahme von Erwerbsstellen in 'Local Market Areas' durch Messung an Hand unternehmerischer Aktivität untersucht. Es wird festgestellt, daß Unterschiede der Stufen unternehmerischer Aktivität, Vielfalt in geographisch benachbarten Industrien und der Umfang des Menschenkapitals in positiver Verbindung mit Abweichungen bei Zuwachsraten auftreten, obschon der herstellende Sektor hierbei eine Ausnahme darstellt. Acs Z. J. y Armington C. (2004) Crecimiento en el empleo y actividad emprendedora en las ciudades, Regional Studies38, 911-927. Las teorías recientes sobre el crecimiento económico han enfatizado el rol de las externalidades en la generación de crecimiento. Utilizando datos de la Oficina del Censo que siguen la trayectoria de todos los empresarios en la totalidad de la economía del sector privado en los Estados Unidos, examinamos el impacto de estas externalidades, medido por medio del grado de actividad emprendedora, en el crecimiento del empleo en Áreas de Mercado Local. Encontramos que las diferencias en los niveles de actividad empresarial, la diversidad entre industrias que estÁn geogrÁficamente próximas, y el grado de capital humano estÁn positivamente asociados a una variación en los índices de crecimiento, pero el sector manufacturero parece presentar una excepción.}, language number = {en8}, publisher urldate = {Oxford University Press2017-04-03}, USA journal = {Regional Studies}, author = {AudretschAcs, David B. Zoltan and KeilbachArmington, Max C. and Lehmann, Erik E.Catherine}, month = aprnov, year = {20062004}, keywords = {Business \& Economics / Development / Economic DevelopmentGrowth, Business \& Economics / Entrepreneurship, Industry diversity, Knowledge spillovers}, annote pages = {Google911-Books-ID: 4dzsGA62mcgC927}, file = {Snapshot:/Users/tonimasaleh/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/ujmvea1t.default/zotero/storage/35FA6H4D/0034340042000280938.html:text/html}