Startup Density Literature Review

McNair Project

Startup Density Literature Review
Project Information
Project Title	Startup Density Literature Review
Owner	Yunnie Huang
Start Date	10/23/2017
Deadline
Primary Billing
Notes
Has project status
Is dependent on	Urban Start-up Agglomeration
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Below is a list of citations I have gathered looking up key words related to startup.

startup density

Path-Dependent Startup Hubs - Comparing Metropolitan Performance: High-Tech and ICT Startup Density by Dane Stangler

  @techreport{stangler_path-dependent_2013,
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  title = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}: {High}-{Tech} and {ICT} {Startup} {Density}},
  shorttitle = {Path-{Dependent} {Startup} {Hubs} - {Comparing} {Metropolitan} {Performance}},
  url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2321145},
  abstract = {Kansas City and other areas viewed as "new" startup hubs actually have been fostering a culture of entrepreneurship for some time. Many of these cities have a history of strong technology sectors or experienced strong growth among technology startups over the past two decades. A strong regional or local culture of technology entrepreneurship is not a recent phenomenon, contrary to the opinions of many. The top 10 cities in 2010 also ranked among the top 20 cities two decades earlier.This analysis shows that many cities' recent adoption of new entrepreneurship programs is more an indication of the underlying strength of the region and its base of talent on which those programs can build than it is a cause of startup activity. Cities such as Kansas City, Seattle, Portland and Boise all owe their emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems to many years of spinoffs and entrepreneurial spawning.Research universities and other postsecondary institutions are important for metropolitan entrepreneurship, but are not the sole cause in spurring such activity. Instead, the most fertile source of entrepreneurial spawning is the population of existing companies, which has implications for economic policymaking and economic development strategies.Entrepreneurs come from somewhere - this seems obvious, but that observation runs against the prevailing stereotype that entrepreneurs are, or should be, recent college grads or college dropouts. That 'somewhere' usually is a previous job in a big company or at an institution, such as a university, which helps explain the age distribution of entrepreneurs.However, regions should be careful in turning these observations into policy. While spinoffs are important for tech startup growth, such a strategy could be wrongly interpreted as supporting traditional economic development strategies of tax incentives for big companies. More work must be done to understand the local and regional dynamics of entrepreneurship, barriers that may exist to catalyzing a self-fulfilling dynamic of entrepreneurial spinoffs and what the proper role of supporting institutions should be.},
  number = {ID 2321145},
  urldate = {2017-10-24},
  institution = {Social Science Research Network},
  author = {Stangler, Dane},
  month = sep,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {entrepreneur, local entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, startup hub}

Startup and Quadidtationary Drive of Plasma Current by Lower Hybrid Waves in a Tokamaki by K. Toi

  @article{toi_startup_1984,
  title = {Startup and {Quasistationary} {Drive} of {Plasma} {Current} by {Lower} {Hybrid} {Waves} in a {Tokamak}},
  volume = {52},
  url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.2144},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.2144},
  abstract = {A plasma current is initiated and raised to a quasistationary level of about 20 kA by injection of the lower hybrid wave into a cold and low-density plasma produced by electron cyclotron resonance. The plasma current rises more slowly than the experimentally obtained LpRp magnetic diffusion time of the bulk plasma. The current rise time is inversely proportional to the bulk electron density, and agrees well with the collision time of the current-carrying high-energy electrons with the bulk plasma.},
  number = {24},
  urldate = {2017-10-24},
  journal = {Physical Review Letters},
  author = {Toi, K. and Ohkubo, K. and Kawahata, K. and Kawasumi, Y. and Matsuoka, K. and Noda, N. and Ogawa, Y. and Sato, K. and Tanahashi, S. and Tetsuka, T. and Kako, E. and Hirokura, S. and Taniguchi, Y. and Kitagawa, S. and Hamada, Y. and Fujita, J. and Matsuura, K.},
  month = jun,
  year = {1984},
  pages = {2144--2147}

Tech Starts: High-Technology Business Formation and Job Creation in the United States by Ian Hathaway

  @techreport{hathaway_tech_2013,
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  title = {Tech {Starts}: {High}-{Technology} {Business} {Formation} and {Job} {Creation} in the {United} {States}},
  shorttitle = {Tech {Starts}},
  url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2310617},
  abstract = {New and young businesses — as opposed to small businesses generally — play an outsized role in net job creation in the United States. But not all new businesses are the same — the substantial majority of nascent entrepreneurs do not intend to grow their businesses significantly or innovate, and many more never do. Differentiating growth-oriented “start-ups” from the rest of young businesses is an important distinction that has been underrepresented in research on business dynamics and in small business policy.To advance the conversation, we contrast business and job creation dynamics in the entire U.S. private sector with the innovative high-tech sector — defined here as the group of industries with very high shares of employees in the STEM fields of science, technology, engineering, and math. We highlight these differences at the national level, as well as detailing regions throughout the country where high-tech start-ups are being formed each year. The major findings include:• The high-tech sector and the information and communications technology (ICT) segment of high-tech are important contributors to entrepreneurship in the U.S. economy. During the last three decades, the high-tech sector was 23 percent more likely and ICT 48 percent more likely than the private sector as a whole to witness a new business formation.• High-tech firm births were 69 percent higher in 2011 compared with 1980; they were 210 percent higher for ICT and 9 percent lower for the private sector as a whole during the same period. This is important because the productivity growth and job creation unleashed by these new and young firms — aged less than five years — require a continual flow of births each year.• Of new and young firms, high-tech companies play an outsized role in job creation. High tech businesses start lean but grow rapidly in the early years, and their job creation is so robust that it offsets job losses from early-stage business failures. This is a key distinction from young firms across the entire private sector, where net job losses resulting from the high rate of early-stage failures are substantial.• Young firms exhibit an “up-or-out” dynamic, where they tend to either fail or grow rapidly in the early years. The job-creating strength of surviving young firms, while strong for young businesses across the private sector as a whole, is especially distinct for high-tech start-ups:  the net job creation rate of these surviving young firms is twice as robust. • High-tech and ICT firm formations are becoming increasingly geographically dispersed. As technological advancement allows for the production of high-tech goods and services in a wider set of areas, many regions are catching up. The opposite has been true for the private sector as a whole, where new business growth has been occurring most in regions with already higher rates of new business formation.},
  number = {ID 2310617},
  urldate = {2017-10-24},
  institution = {Social Science Research Network},
  author = {Hathaway, Ian},
  month = aug,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, high-tech, job creation, startup, technology}

Demonstration of Plasma Startup by Coaxial Helicity Injection by R. Raman

  @article{raman_demonstration_2003,
  title = {Demonstration of {Plasma} {Startup} by {Coaxial} {Helicity} {Injection}},
  volume = {90},
  url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.075005},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.075005},
  abstract = {The first successful results on the transfer of a coaxial helicity injection (CHI) produced discharge to inductive operation are reported. CHI-assisted plasma startup is more robust than inductive only operation. After hand off for inductive operation, the initial 90 kA of CHI-produced current drops to 40 kA, then ramps up to 170 kA, using only 30 mV s, more than 30\% higher than that produced by induction alone. These significant performance enhancing results were obtained on the HIT-II spherical torus experiment (major/minor radius of 0.3/0.2 m).},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2017-10-24},
  journal = {Physical Review Letters},
  author = {Raman, R. and Jarboe, T. R. and Nelson, B. A. and Izzo, V. A. and O’Neill, R. G. and Redd, A. J. and Smith, R. J.},
  month = feb,
  year = {2003},
  pages = {075005}

start-up density

The roles of calcium in sludge granulation during uasb reactor start-up by H. Q. Yu

  @article{yu_roles_2001,
  title = {The roles of calcium in sludge granulation during uasb reactor start-up},
  volume = {35},
  issn = {0043-1354},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135400003456},
  doi = {10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00345-6},
  abstract = {Six upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors were concurrently operated for 146d to examine the effects of calcium on the sludge granulation process during start-up. Introduction of Ca2+ at concentrations from 150 to 300mg/l enhanced the biomass accumulation and granulation process. The calcium concentration in the granules was nearly proportional to the calcium concentration in the feed, and calcium carbonate was the main calcium precipitate in the granules. The specific activity of granules decreased with increasing influent calcium concentration. The optimum calcium concentration for the granulation was from 150 to 300mg/l. The addition of low-concentration calcium to the UASB reactors appeared to enhance the three steps of sludge granulation: adsorption, adhesion and multiplication, but it did not lead to a different proliferation of predominant microorganisms in the granules.},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2017-10-27},
  journal = {Water Research},
  author = {Yu, H. Q and Tay, J. H and Fang, Herbert H. P},
  month = mar,
  year = {2001},
  keywords = {calcium, granulation, start-up, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor},
  pages = {1052--1060}

Field Studies of Pedestrian Walking Speed and Start-Up Time by Richard Knoblauch

  @article{knoblauch_field_1996,
  title = {Field {Studies} of {Pedestrian} {Walking} {Speed} and {Start}-{Up} {Time}},
  volume = {1538},
  issn = {0361-1981},
  url = {http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/1538-04},
  doi = {10.3141/1538-04},
  abstract = {Today's traffic environment is not well adapted to the needs of the older pedestrian. Unfortunately, except in the case of children, little is known about the characteristics and behavior of pedestrians. Although the simple fact that older pedestrians walk more slowly than younger ones is easily supported by field data, existing data on walking speeds and start-up time (i.e., the time from the onset of a Walk signal until the pedestrian steps off the curb) have many shortcomings. A series of field studies was conducted to quantify the walking speed and start-up time of pedestrians of various ages under different conditions. Sixteen crosswalks in four urban areas were studied. Data were collected on walking speeds and start-up times relative to site and environmental factors, including street width, posted speed, curb height, grade, number of vehicle travel lanes, signal cycle length, pedestrian-signal type, street functional classification, crosswalk type, and channelization. Data on a subject group of pedestrians who appeared to be 65 years of age or older and a control group of pedestrians under age 65 were collected. Results indicate a broad range of walking speeds among pedestrians. The 15th-percentile walking speed for younger pedestrians (ages 14 to 64) was 1.25 m/sec (4.09 ft/sec); for older pedestrians (ages 65 and over) it was 0.97 m/sec (3.19 ft/sec). For design purposes values of 1.22 m/sec (4 ft/sec) for younger pedestrians and 0.91 m/sec (3 ft/sec) for older pedestrians are appropriate. Results also indicated that walking rates are influenced by a variety of factors, including the functional classification and vehicle volumes on the street being crossed, the street width, weather conditions, the number of pedestrians crossing in a group, the signal cycle length, the timing of the various pedestrian-signal phases, whether right turn on red is allowed, pedestrian signals, medians, curb cuts, crosswalk markings, stop lines, and on-street parking. However, for each of these factors, the effect on crossing speeds, although statistically significant, is not meaningful for design.},
  urldate = {2017-10-27},
  journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board},
  author = {Knoblauch, Richard and Pietrucha, Martin and Nitzburg, Marsha},
  month = jan,
  year = {1996},
  pages = {27--38}

Environments and Strategies of Organization Start-Up: Effects on Early Survival Elaine Romanlli

  @article{romanelli_environments_1989,
  title = {Environments and {Strategies} of {Organization} {Start}-{Up}: {Effects} on {Early} {Survival}},
  volume = {34},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  shorttitle = {Environments and {Strategies} of {Organization} {Start}-{Up}},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2393149},
  doi = {10.2307/2393149},
  abstract = {This paper explores the effects of two factors that influence the likelihood of an organization's surviving its startup years: (1) environmental resource and competitive conditions at the time of founding, and (2) strategies that an organization uses during its early years to exploit environmental conditions. The principal hypotheses link changes in industry sales and changes in concentration ratios (resource and competitive conditions) and early organizational strategies (market breadth and market aggressiveness) to the likelihood of early survival. Results from a longitudinal study of start-ups in the minicomputer industry indicate that, for most environmental conditions, specialist and aggressive strategies increase chances for early survival. When industry sales are increasing, generalists fare better than specialists. When industry sales are declining, efficient organizations have higher likelihoods of early survival than aggressive organizations. The findings suggest that founders can overcome hazards of start-up by tailoring strategies to environmental conditions.},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-10-27},
  journal = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  author = {Romanelli, Elaine},
  year = {1989},
  pages = {369--387}

Venture Capitalists and Cooperative Start-up Commercialization Strategy by David H. Hsu

  @article{hsu_venture_2006,
  title = {Venture {Capitalists} and {Cooperative} {Start}-up {Commercialization} {Strategy}},
  volume = {52},
  issn = {0025-1909},
  url = {http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0480},
  doi = {10.1287/mnsc.1050.0480},
  abstract = {This paper examines the possible impact of venture capital (VC) backing on the commercialization direction of technology-based start-ups by asking: To what extent (if at all) do VC-funded start-ups engage in cooperative commercialization strategies (strategic alliances or technology licensing, or both) relative to a comparable set of start-ups, and with what consequences? To address these questions, I assemble a novel data set that matches firms receiving a federal research and development subsidy through the U.S. Small Business Innovative Research program to VC-funded firms by observable characteristics in five technology-intensive industries. These data allow decoupling of cooperative activity resulting from start-up development via the passage of calendar time from that due to association with VCs. An analysis of the 696 start-ups in the sample (split by an external funding source) suggests substantial boosts in both cooperative activity associated with VC-backed firms and in the likelihood of an initial public offering.},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-10-27},
  journal = {Management Science},
  author = {Hsu, David H.},
  month = feb,
  year = {2006},
  pages = {204--219}

startup clustering

Super-peer-based Routing and Clustering Strategies for RDF-based Peer-to-peer Networks by Wolfgang Nejdi

  @inproceedings{nejdl_super-peer-based_2003,
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  series = {{WWW} '03},
  title = {Super-peer-based {Routing} and {Clustering} {Strategies} for {RDF}-based {Peer}-to-peer {Networks}},
  isbn = {9781581136807},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/775152.775229},
  doi = {10.1145/775152.775229},
  abstract = {RDF-based P2P networks have a number of advantages compared with simpler P2P networks such as Napster, Gnutella or with approaches based on distributed indices such as CAN and CHORD. RDF-based P2P networks allow complex and extendable descriptions of resources instead of fixed and limited ones, and they provide complex query facilities against these metadata instead of simple keyword-based searches.In previous papers, we have described the Edutella infrastructure and different kinds of Edutella peers implementing such an RDF-based P2P network. In this paper we will discuss these RDF-based P2P networks as a specific example of a new type of P2P networks, schema-based P2P networks and describe the use of super-peer based topologies for these networks. Super-peer based networks can provide better scalability than broadcast based networks, and do provide perfect support for inhomogeneous schema-based networks, which support different metadata schemas and ontologies (crucial for the Semantic Web). Furthermore, as we will show in this paper, they are able to support sophisticated routing and clustering strategies based on the metadata schemas, attributes and ontologies used. Especially helpful in this context is the RDF functionality to uniquely identify schemas, attributes and ontologies. The resulting routing indices can be built using dynamic frequency counting algorithms and support local mediation and transformation rules, and we will sketch some first ideas for implementing these advanced functionalities as well.},
  urldate = {2017-10-27},
  publisher = {ACM},
  author = {Nejdl, Wolfgang and Wolpers, Martin and Siberski, Wolf and Schmitz, Christoph and Schlosser, Mario and Brunkhorst, Ingo and Löser, Alexander},
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {distributed RDF repositories, peer-to-peer, schema-based routing, semantic web},
  pages = {536--543}

Lowest-ID with adaptive ID reassignment by D. Gavalas

  @inproceedings{gavalas_lowest-id_2006,
  title = {Lowest-{ID} with adaptive {ID} reassignment: a novel mobile ad-hoc networks clustering algorithm},
  shorttitle = {Lowest-{ID} with adaptive {ID} reassignment},
  doi = {10.1109/ISWPC.2006.1613559},
  abstract = {Clustering is a promising approach for building hierarchies and simplifying the routing process in mobile ad-hoc network environments. The main objective of clustering is to identify suitable node representatives, i.e. cluster heads (CHs), to store routing and topology information and maximize clusters stability. Traditional clustering algorithms suggest CH election exclusively based on node IDs or location information and involve frequent broadcasting of control packets, even when network topology remains unchanged. More recent works take into account additional metrics (such as energy and mobility) and optimize initial clustering. However, in many situations (e.g. in relatively static topologies) re-clustering procedure is hardly ever invoked; hence initially elected CHs soon reach battery exhaustion. Herein, we introduce an efficient distributed clustering algorithm that uses both mobility and energy metrics to provide stable cluster formations. CHs are initially elected based on the time and cost-efficient lowest-ID method. During clustering maintenance phase though, node IDs are re-assigned according to nodes mobility and energy status, ensuring that nodes with low-mobility and sufficient energy supply are assigned low IDs and, hence, are elected as CHs. Our algorithm also reduces control traffic volume since broadcast period is adjusted according to the nodes mobility pattern: we employ infrequent broadcasting for relative static network topologies, and increase broadcast frequency for highly mobile network configurations. Simulation results verify that energy consumption is uniformly distributed among network nodes and that signaling overhead is significantly decreased.},
  booktitle = {2006 1st {International} {Symposium} on {Wireless} {Pervasive} {Computing}},
  author = {Gavalas, D. and Pantziou, G. and Konstantopoulos, C. and Mamalis, B.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {Ad hoc networks, Batteries, Broadcasting, Clustering algorithms, Communication system traffic control, Intrusion detection, Network topology, Nominations and elections, Routing, Stability, ad hoc networks, adaptive ID reassignment, battery exhaustion, broadcast period, broadcasting, cluster heads, clustering maintenance, control packets, control traffic volume, cost-efficient lowest-ID method, distributed clustering algorithm, energy metrics, highly mobile network configurations, infrequent broadcasting, mobile ad-hoc networks clustering algorithm, mobile radio, nodes mobility, nodes mobility pattern, relative static network topologies, routing process, stable cluster formations, telecommunication network routing, telecommunication network topology, topology information},
  pages = {5 pp.--}

A P2P hierarchical clustering live video streaming system by De-Kai Liu and Ren-Hung Hwang

  @inproceedings{liu_p2p_2003,
  title = {A {P}2P hierarchical clustering live video streaming system},
  doi = {10.1109/ICCCN.2003.1284158},
  abstract = {This paper describes P2broadcast, a novel live video streaming system for P2P networks which organizes peers into hierarchical clusters to reduce startup latency and the service interruption probability. P2broadcast has two key features: highly available and efficient join, and low service interruption probability. The highly available and efficient join algorithm uses RTT of two peers as a hint of available bandwidth between them. As a consequence, the startup latency can be shortened and overhead can be reduced. In addition, P2broadcast constructs a "short and wide" overlay tree which reduces the probability of service interruption due to the leave or failure of a peer. Our simulation results show that P2broadcast outperforms in startup latency and service interrupt probability over existing approaches in the literature.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings. 12th {International} {Conference} on {Computer} {Communications} and {Networks} ({IEEE} {Cat}. {No}.03EX712)},
  author = {Liu, De-Kai and Hwang, Ren-Hung},
  month = oct,
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Availability, Bandwidth, Clustering algorithms, Computer science, Delay estimation, IP networks, Information retrieval, Internet, Network servers, Scalability, Streaming media, application level multicasting, hierarchical clustering, live video streaming system, multicast communication, overlay tree network, peer broadcast, peer-to-peer network, round trip time, service interruption probability, startup latency},
  pages = {115--120}

start-up clustering

University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public by Joshua Powers

  @article{powers_university_2005,
  title = {University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public: a resource-based view of academic entrepreneurship},
  volume = {20},
  issn = {0883-9026},
  shorttitle = {University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883902604000291},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.008},
  abstract = {Although academic entrepreneurship is a topic receiving some attention in the literature, higher education's appetite for expanding technology transfer activities suggests that more research is needed to inform practice. This study investigates the effects of particular resource sets on two university commercialization activities: the number of start-up companies formed and the number of initial public offering (IPO) firms to which a university had previously licensed a technology. Utilizing multisource data on 120 universities and a resource-based view of the firm framework, a set of university financial, human capital, and organizational resources were found to be significant predictors of one or both outcomes.},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2017-10-27},
  journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
  author = {Powers, Joshua B. and McDougall, Patricia P.},
  month = may,
  year = {2005},
  keywords = {Entrepreneurship, Industry, Start-up formation, University},
  pages = {291--311}

A taxonomy of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size by Sue Birley and Paul Westhead

 @article{birley_taxonomy_1994,
  title = {A taxonomy of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {0883-9026},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0883902694900248},
  doi = {10.1016/0883-9026(94)90024-8},
  abstract = {Based on a survey of 405 principal owner-managers of new independent business in Great Britain this paper explores two research questions— are there any differences in the reasons that owner-managers articulate for starting their businesses, and, if there are, do they appear to affect the subsequent growth and size of the businesses? The results of the study indicate an affirmative answer to the first question. From the 23 diverse reasons leading to start-up that were identified in the literature, an underlying pattern emerged via the Principal Components Analysis. Moreover, these were similar to those found in earlier studies. Thus, five of the seven components identified by the model correspond to those identified by Scheinberg and MacMillan (1988) in their eleven-country study of motivations to start a business: “Need for Approval,” “Need for Independence,” “Need for Personal Development,” “Welfare Considerations,” and “Perceived Instrumentality of Wealth.” Two further components were identified by this current study. The first vindicates the decision to add a question not included in the previous study that related to “Tax Reduction and Indirect Benefits,” and the second, the desire to “Follow Role Models” was identified by Dubini (1988) in her study in Italy. In order to take account of possible multiple motivations in the start-up period, cluster analysis was used to provide a classification of founder “types.” The seven generalized “types” of owner-managers were named as follows—the insecure (104 founders), the followers (49 founders), the status avoiders (169 founders), the confused (15 founders), the tax avoiders (18 founders), the community (49 founders), and the unfocused (1 founder). Further, evidence from the final discriminant analysis model suggested that the seven-cluster classification of owner-managers was appropriate and optimal. However, despite these clear differences between clusters, this was not found to be an indicator of subsequent size or growth, as measured by sales and employment levels. The answer to the second research question would be in the negative. Therefore, we conclude that, whereas new businesses are founded by individuals with significantly different reasons leading to start-up, once the new ventures are established these reasons have a minimal influence on the growth of new ventures and upon the subsequent wealth creation and job generation potential. This result is important for investors and policy-makers. It suggests that strategies for “picking winners” solely based upon the characteristics of owner-managers and their stated reasons for wanting to go into business are not supported. Thus, for example, targeting scarce resources to those with high opportunistic and materialistic reasons for venture initiation would miss those with a wider sense of community or those with personal needs for independence who establish similarly sized businesses with comparable levels of wealth creation.},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2017-10-27},
  journal = {Journal of Business Venturing},
  author = {Birley, Sue and Westhead, Paul},
  month = jan,
  year = {1994},
  pages = {7--31}

startup agglomeration

The New Economics Off Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: Areview Of Empirical Studies by Maryann P. Feldman

  @article{feldman_new_1999,
  title = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}: {Areview} {Of} {Empirical} {Studies}},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1043-8599},
  shorttitle = {The {New} {Economics} {Of} {Innovation}, {Spillovers} {And} {Agglomeration}},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002},
  doi = {10.1080/10438599900000002},
  abstract = {This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identilies four separate strains in thc empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowlcdge, and the characteristics of firms.},
  number = {1-2},
  urldate = {2017-10-28},
  journal = {Economics of Innovation and New Technology},
  author = {Feldman, Maryann P.},
  month = jan,
  year = {1999},
  keywords = {Geography, Innovation, L2, Location JEL Classification: 03, Spillovers},
  pages = {5--25}

Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange

  @article{rosenthal_geography_2003,
  title = {Geography, {Industrial} {Organization}, and {Agglomeration}},
  volume = {85},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882},
  doi = {10.1162/003465303765299882},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-10-28},
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
  month = may,
  year = {2003},
  pages = {377--393}

Chapter 49 - Evidence on the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies by Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange

  @incollection{rosenthal_chapter_2004,
  series = {Cities and {Geography}},
  title = {Chapter 49 - {Evidence} on the {Nature} and {Sources} of {Agglomeration} {Economies}},
  volume = {4},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574008004800063},
  abstract = {This paper considers the empirical literature on the nature and sources of urban increasing returns, also known as agglomeration economies. An important aspect of these externalities that has not been previously emphasized is that the effects of agglomeration extend over at least three different dimensions. These are the industrial, geographic, and temporal scope of economic agglomeration economies. In each case, the literature suggests that agglomeration economies attenuate with distance. Recently, the literature has also begun to provide evidence on the microfoundations of external economies of scale. The best known of these sources are those attributed to Marshall (1920): labor market pooling, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. Evidence to date supports the presence of all three of these forces. In addition, there is also evidence that natural advantage, home market effects, consumption opportunities, and rent-seeking all contribute to agglomeration.},
  urldate = {2017-10-28},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {Regional} and {Urban} {Economics}},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  author = {Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Strange, William C.},
  editor = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-François},
  month = jan,
  year = {2004},
  note = {DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3},
  keywords = {agglomeration economies, external economies, microfoundations, productivity, urban growth},
  pages = {2119--2171}

start-up agglomeration

Intellectual capital and business start‐up success by Iñaki Peña

  @article{pena_intellectual_2002,
  title = {Intellectual capital and business start‐up success},
  volume = {3},
  issn = {1469-1930},
  url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/14691930210424761},
  doi = {10.1108/14691930210424761},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-10-28},
  journal = {Journal of Intellectual Capital},
  author = {Peña, Iñaki},
  month = jun,
  year = {2002},
  pages = {180--198}

Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process by Beate Rotefoss and Lars Kolvereid

  @article{rotefoss_aspiring_2005,
  title = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process},
  volume = {17},
  issn = {0898-5626},
  shorttitle = {Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs},
  url = {http://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985620500074049}
  doi = {10.1080/08985620500074049},
  abstract = {This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented.},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2017-10-28},
  journal = {Entrepreneurship \& Regional Development},
  author = {Rotefoss, Beate and Kolvereid, Lars},
  month = mar,
  year = {2005},
  pages = {109--127}